Utilizing AEOLUS to Improve Dust Transport Modelling †

: The European Space Agency’s AEOLUS mission provides vertical proﬁles of the horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) wind component in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, as well as secondary products with retrievals of extinction and backscatter coefﬁcients. Under the scope of the ESA L2A+ project, we present an assimilation system of both wind and aerosol information from AEOLUS in a regional numerical weather prediction model (WRF). This study aims to highlight the impact of such a dataset on desert dust transport through assimilation experiments over the broader North Atlantic Ocean region, which features high dust transport events through the Saharan Air Layer. The results will be validated through comparisons with observations from the ESA-ASKOS/JATAC experiments.


Introduction
While it has been demonstrated that the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric aerosols can be improved through the assimilation of vertical aerosol profiles from lidar instruments [1] (such as the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization satellite-CALIOP [2]-or the ground-based European Aerosol Research Lidar Network-EARLINET [3]) through multiple studies, most operational aerosol forecasting systems use only column-integrated observations of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) from satellites [4][5][6].Therefore, the vertical structure of the aerosol layers is only determined using the numerical model and only the magnitude of the dust load is adjusted through observations.
The AEOLUS mission by the European Space Agency (ESA) is uniquely positioned to aid in aerosol modelling through its unique products.While primarily providing vertical profiles of horizontal line-of-sight wind speeds (HLOS), the satellite also provides secondary products of extinction and backscatter profiles.Joint assimilation of both products, wind and aerosol, impacts aerosol representation in two ways.Firstly, wind information affects dust emission, transport, and deposition, while the extinction and backscatter profiles provide direct information about the vertical distributions of aerosols in the atmosphere.
The aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of AEOLUS on regional NWP, focusing on dust transport patterns over the general North Atlantic region.Our assimilation system consists of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry enabled (WRF-CHEM) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART), which implements Ensemble Kalman Filters.To account for some deficiencies of the aerosol product of AEO-LUS, we will utilize the L2A+ dataset that is developed under the scope of the ESA L2A+ project.The results of the assimilation experiments will be validated through comparison with independent (i.e., not assimilated) ground-based and airborne measurements from the ESA ASKOS-JATAC tropical campaign that took place on Cabo Verde during the summers of 2021 and 2022.

Methods and Materials
In this section, we describe the various methods, tools, and datasets we utilize in the assimilation studies to assess the impact of AEOLUS assimilation in dust transport modelling.

AEOLUS
AEOLUS, the European Space Agency's satellite mission, launched in August of 2018 carrying the Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) with the purpose of providing wind speed profiles on a global scale.ALADIN emits laser pulses at 354.8 nm and receives molecular and particulate backscatter in one channel (Mie channel), and backscatter from hydrometeors in another (Rayleigh channel).The primary scientific goal of the mission was to improve numerical weather prediction and it has been shown that assimilation of the horizontal line-of-sight wind profiles (HLOS) has a disproportionately large impact compared to their volume [7].The improved wind information directly impacts aerosol transport, and it has been demonstrated that this can help the numerical models accurately capture extreme events, such as volcanic plume transport.
While the aerosol product of AEOLUS (L2A) is of reasonable quality [8], the lack of a cross-polar channel means that the instrument underestimates the backscatter of highly polarizing targets, such as desert dust.This limitation also hampers the ability to distinguish between aerosols and clouds.Under the scope of the ESA L2A+ project, an improved aerosol product from AEOLUS is developed to address these concerns through data fusion techniques.To create the new product, rigorous cloud-screening is performed to remove contaminated bins and then dust layers are identified through comparisons with other datasets (such as the CAMS reanalysis).Finally, a weighting factor is applied to the dust layers to account for the measurement deficiency.
In this study, we use both the original L2A and the improved L2A+ products to highlight the improvements for further processing, but also to emphasize the importance of a cross-polar measurement channel in future missions.The exact experimental setup is described in a subsection further down.

WRF-CHEM
The regional model we are using is the Weather Research and Forecasting model, coupled with the GOCART/AFWA aerosol and dust emission module [9].Our numerical simulations take into account the radiative impact of aerosols to study the impact of the improved aerosol fields on the atmosphere.We aim for a horizontal resolution of 20 × 20 km (subject to availability of computational resources) and 38 vertical levels.As initial conditions, we use IFS outputs for the period of interest that have been produced without any AEOLUS assimilation, courtesy of ECMWF.

Data Assimilation Research Testbed
The Ensemble Kalman Filter we use to perform our assimilation experiments is implemented in the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART).DART is an open-source, model-agnostic assimilation toolkit by NCAR that implements a collection of ensemble assimilation algorithms [10].The Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF) is the one most commonly used and has been extensively studied.In this setup, an ensemble of 24 members is used to estimate the background (i.e., model) error before observations are used to correct the model state.Our assimilation experiment size consists of 1 month, plus 7 days for model spin-up.Observations are assimilated every 24 h (00:00 UTC), meaning the analysis increments are calculated using observations from 24 h before the assimilation step.

Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter
The Ensemble Adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) has been extensively used in data research for its ability to retain higher-order moments in the prior (i.e., background error) distributions.The filtering computation is performed in two steps, with the first computing the observational increment produced by the kth observation for the ith ensemble member as where the first two terms represent the change in the ensemble mean and the last third term represents the adjustment of variance, as per the Bayes rule (assuming normal observation errors).For all variables, the superscript O refers to observation quantities, while the superscript P refers to quantities related to the prior (i.e., background).y refers to the ensemble mean, while κ is the ratio of standard deviations of the model ensemble and the observation.The second step consists of calculating the final adjustment based on the above increment for each grid point j.
with x i,j being the state vector.The above procedure is repeated for all observations, at which point the analysis is complete and the model is initialized, using the resulting fields as initial conditions.This ensures that the corrected fields are considered for the next forecast period.This procedure is described in more detail in Zhang and Rosati (2010) [11] and Anderson (2001) [12].Since AEOLUS does not measure model state variables directly but HLOS does, it is necessary to use an appropriate observational operator to transform the model state into an observation space.In the case of AEOLUS winds, we use the following forward operator [13]: where u is the zonal wind component, v the meridional wind component, and ϕ is the azimuth angle of measurement.For dust concentration, the exact formulation of the operator is still under development.

Experiment Setup
Our experimental setup consists of running the model forward for 24 h, assimilating AEOLUS observations, and then using the resulting analysis for the next forward run.This setup is shown visually in Figure 1.The first experiment, CTRL, will be a single model run over the period of interest without any AEOLUS assimilation, to establish a baseline.The second experiment, EXP-0, will be an ensemble run that includes AEOLUS wind profiles.Finally, experiments EXP-L2A and EXP-L2A+ will include both AEOLUS winds and L2A or L2A+, respectively.This setup is shown visually in Figure 1.The first experiment, CTRL, will be a single model run over the period of interest without any AEOLUS assimilation, to establish a baseline.The second experiment, EXP-0, will be an ensemble run that includes AEOLUS wind profiles.Finally, experiments EXP-L2A and EXP-L2A+ will include both AEOLUS winds and L2A or L2A+, respectively.

Future Work
The team is currently working on testing the assimilation system on AEOLUS wind data and will continue to develop the necessary observational operator to also assimilate dust concentrations into the model.

Future Work
The team is currently working on testing the assimilation system on AEOLUS wind data and will continue to develop the necessary observational operator to also assimilate dust concentrations into the model.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Overview of the assimilation cycle system used for the study.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Overview of the assimilation cycle system used for the study.