A Break of the Etesian Winds Regime Early in July 2022 †

. Abstract: The predominant climatological wind regime in summer over the Greek Seas and especially over the Aegean Sea is undoubtedly the Etesian winds system, very well known since the time of the ancient Greeks, who ﬁrst identiﬁed and described its main characteristics. The Etesian winds have been under continuous and intensive research since early 1900s, and numerous papers have been published, which have revealed all the secrets associated with the physical mechanisms responsible for their creation and maintenance. The ordinary synoptic situation, which is closely associated with the appearance of spells of Etesian winds outbreaks over the Aegean Sea, refers to cases in which the Subtropical Jet Stream (SJS) is situated over the Greek mainland. Then the frontal surfaces associated with the Polar Jet Stream (PJS), or a polar jet streak, passing through Greece from the north can cause severe weather in northern Greece as far south as Larisa (39.39 ◦ N, 22.26 ◦ E). Precipitation does not usually occur south of Larisa, because the SJS constitutes a barrier to the southward extension of the upper half of the frontal surface. In this case, cold advection occurs in the lower troposphere, resulting in a drop in temperatures even in southern Greece, due to the establishment of an Etesian winds outbreak. Thereafter, these north-easterly winds persist for a long time, weakening gradually, following the variation of the pressure gradient due to the combination of the mobile dynamic anticyclone positioned over the Balkans, after the passage of the cold front and the permanent Cyprus surface low. The main goal of this article is to investigate how much the case of a time period around 9 July 2022 differs from the conceptual model mentioned above, as deep convection occurred over all of Greece over three successive days, breaking the Etesian winds regime and defeating the low tropospheric stability usually accompanying this wind regime.


Introduction
Two subjects pulled the author's special attention as he started working as a forecaster in early 1970s, "the origin, structure and movement of the northwest Africa depressions" and the possible interaction between polar (PJS) and subtropical (SJS) jet streams.The main reasons for this were their strong questionable nature and their importance to the configuration of the weather conditions over the Balkans.This sort of jet interaction is something different from the well-known one contributing mainly to the rejuvenation of relatively low latitude origin depressions during northern hemisphere cold seasons, transforming them into vigorous extratropical systems.Many publications have appeared in the international meteorological literature, satisfactorily studying this atmospheric circulation phenomenon.Most of these papers are referenced in [1], where the role of the coincidence of the right entrance region of a PJ stream with the left exit region of the SJS is stressed.An opportunity was given to the author to deal with the investigation of the North Africa depressions, leading to three papers [2][3][4] revealing their baroclinic nature and also the way that they affect the weather in the Balkans and the neighboring countries.The research regarding North African cyclogenesis is continuing steadily, and many papers have appeared in the international meteorological literature up to the present day, certifying the findings of the abovementioned pioneering papers.These new papers utilize new terminology, changing the term "absolute vorticity advection" to "stratospheric intrusion of PV" without providing analyses of thermal (not dynamical) tropopause and maximum winds charts indicating the positions of its sharp folds, ignoring the fact that the sources of relative vorticity and PV are many and variable inside the troposphere.Maxima of PVs greater than the value of the dynamical tropopause should be examined more carefully before being characterized as "stratospheric intrusions".
In addition, the possible interaction of the PJS and SJS in summer over Greece and its neighboring countries was investigated at the same time as the gathering of scientific findings presented in conferences and in journals cited in [5].Thus, in this short article, it is not necessary to repeat all of the findings resulting from the study of the atmospheric circulation conditions occurring when the subtropical jet stream (SJS) advances poleward far from its normal position, which is through Crete during summer.We will be restricted to mentioning the much more interesting and frequent phenomenon, because it is closely associated with the initiation of spells of Etesian winds outbreaks over the Aegean Sea [5], which constitutes the so called "ordinary wind regime over the Greek Seas and mainly the Aegean one in summer".This finding refers to cases in which the SJS is situated over the Greek mainland.Then the frontal surfaces associated with the polar jet stream or a polar jet streak passing through Greece coming from the north cause severe weather in northern Greece as far south as Larisa (WMO 16648, 39.39 • N, 22.26 • E).Precipitation does not usually occur south of Larisa because the SJS constitutes a barrier to the southward extension of the upper half part of the cold frontal surface.The only atmopheric process in this case is cold advection in the lower troposphere, resulting in a temperature drop even in south Greece, with the simultaneous establishment of an Etesian winds outbreak, since the combination of the mobile dynamic anticyclone being positioned over the Balkans after the passage of the cold front, while the permanent Cyprus surface low is very active.The main task of this article is to present the weather which occurred from 7 to 10 July 2022, focusing at the same time on identifying how much this case differs from the abovementioned ordinary situation.

Material and Methods
The data utilized in this article are ECMWF operational analyses retrieved in the GRIB2 format and browsing charts coming from the websites of the meteorological services of Greece, Italy, and Germany and also of the ECMWF.The visualized meteorological material provided by many sources and mainly by the ECMWF is more than enough to conduct diagnostic studies, utilizing only the ability of the researcher to read and interpret the material not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively.Most of the material used for this article consists of the visualized cross-sections along 23 • N, where the interaction of the jet streams are better seen mainly along their height.

Results and Discussion
During the time period between 7 and 10 July 2022, the weather over almost all of Greece was particularly severe, with much precipitation and many thunderstorms.As this period falls in the Etesian winds season characterized by northeasterlies and synoptic scale atmospheric stability, as we have mentioned above, the phenomenon has been rare so far, but not unprecedented.The Etesian winds regime sometimes breaks down with the arrival of a low-pressure system over the central and southern Aegean Sea, which is advected, or more often created, by temporary cyclogenesis establishing southerly winds in its south and east sectors [5].We will attempt below to identify the physical processes which led to this kind of weather.
On 6 July, a low-index atmospheric circulation prevailed over the north Atlantic and Europe, with a significant wave train perturbation further north than 55 • N showing signs of downstream development.The Azores' high response to the planetary wave number 2 extended northward just west of the British Isles, and a particularly warm subtropical anticyclone settled over almost all of Europe.The permanent Persian summer trough influenced the MSL pressure as far as central Aegean Sea as usual.On the next day, the 7th of July, an anticyclonic breaking of the wave started just east of Britain and northwest Europe.This was a precursor of surface cyclogenesis over southeastern Europe [6,7].Of course, nowadays this kind of precursor is not needed any more, as the ECMWF-IFS works successfully.For a better understanding of the evolution of the perturbation in question, see the brown contour labelled 5560-5564 gpm (Figure 1).At the end of the day, a 500 hPa trough accompanied by a maximum of relative vorticity appeared just northwest of Greece, moving southward and influencing Italy and Greece.In the morning of 8 July, severe weather occurred (Figure 2) over most of Italy and north-eastern Greece.The type of heavy precipitation, accompanied by strong electric phenomena, indicated the occurrence of deep convection over Italy and Greece, restricted to Greece over the last half of the considered period.The surface charts obtained from the National Meteorological Service of Italy (www.meteoam.it,accesed on 10 July 2022) (Figure 3a) depict a rather smooth low-pressure field over Greece, measured at 1004 hPa, clearly marking the group troughs and the face trough centers of the wave's baroclinic perturbation at 500 hPa, and outside this, overall, fronts at the surface.
of downstream development.The Azores' high response to the planetary wave numbe extended northward just west of the British Isles, and a particularly warm subtrop anticyclone settled over almost all of Europe.The permanent Persian summer trough fluenced the MSL pressure as far as central Aegean Sea as usual.On the next day, the of July, an anticyclonic breaking of the wave started just east of Britain and northw Europe.This was a precursor of surface cyclogenesis over southeastern Europe [6,7].course, nowadays this kind of precursor is not needed any more, as the ECMWFworks successfully.For a better understanding of the evolution of the perturbation question, see the brown contour labelled 5560-5564 gpm (Figure 1).At the end of the d a 500 hPa trough accompanied by a maximum of relative vorticity appeared just nor west of Greece, moving southward and influencing Italy and Greece.In the morning o July, severe weather occurred (Figure 2) over most of Italy and north-eastern Greece.T type of heavy precipitation, accompanied by strong electric phenomena, indicated the currence of deep convection over Italy and Greece, restricted to Greece over the last h of the considered period.The surface charts obtained from the National Meteorolog Service of Italy (www.meteoam.it,accesed on 10 July 2022) (Figure 3a) depict a rat smooth low-pressure field over Greece, measured at 1004 hPa, clearly marking the gro troughs and the face trough centers of the wave's baroclinic perturbation at 500 hPa, a outside this, overall, fronts at the surface.This fact leads to the inference that cold advection only in the upper troposph above a uniform warm air mass destabilizes the stratification of the atmosphere, conv ing a great deal of total atmospheric energy to Convective Available Potential Ene (CAPE).The release of CAPE needs a trigger effect to raise the surface air parcels up the Level of Free Convection (LFC).These trigger effects, lacking up-sliding frontal fo are a result of the Greek summer sun overheating the ground, mainly the mountains midday and the advection of relative vorticity both at night and during the day.This fact leads to the inference that cold advection only in the upper troposphere above a uniform warm air mass destabilizes the stratification of the atmosphere, converting a great deal of total atmospheric energy to Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE).The release of CAPE needs a trigger effect to raise the surface air parcels up to the Level of Free Convection (LFC).These trigger effects, lacking up-sliding frontal force, are a result of the Greek summer sun overheating the ground, mainly the mountains, at midday and the advection of relative vorticity both at night and during the day.The whole development and evolution of the baroclinic perturbation from 6 t July 2022, is clearly visible in the visualized cross-sections along 23° N meridian pas through Athens (Figures 4 and 5).These cross-sections show the north-south variatio wind and temperature (θ) from 20° N to 60° N, where the interactions of the jet stre are better seen mainly along their height, certifying the weather conditions mentioned     The whole development and evolution of the baroclinic perturbation from 6 to July 2022, is clearly visible in the visualized cross-sections along 23° N meridian pass through Athens (Figures 4 and 5).These cross-sections show the north-south variation wind and temperature (θ) from 20° N to 60° N, where the interactions of the jet strea are better seen mainly along their height, certifying the weather conditions mentioned The whole development and evolution of the baroclinic perturbation from 6 to 10 July 2022, is clearly visible in the visualized cross-sections along 23 • N meridian passing through Athens (Figures 4 and 5).These cross-sections show the north-south variation of wind and temperature (θ) from 20 • N to 60 • N, where the interactions of the jet streams are better seen mainly along their height, certifying the weather conditions mentioned just above.On 6 July 2022, at 12:00 UTC, the location of SJS appears to be above 33 • N at 200 hPa, extending northwards up to about 45 • N (Figure 4).The lowering of the dynamical tropopause and the parallel flow from the north already indicate the presence of a polar jet stream beneath the SJS, just south of 45 • N.That is, the face trough of the polar jet stream is located between the brown and green areas of opposite vertical motion.On 7 July, at 12:00 UTC, the interaction between the two jet streams continues clearly resulting in the restriction of the SJS between 35 • N and 40 • N (Figure 5a), whereas the polar one appears to be just north of Athens, just beneath the SJS.Over the two next days (Figure 5b,c), the SJS core was concentrated over Crete Island (35 • N), with the PJS advancing southward on 9 July.On these two days, the presence of PV valued at more than 2 PVU in the lower troposphere could contribute to triggering the release of the existing CAPE. Figure 6 clearly shows the positions of the two jets, verifying Figure 5c.Finally, since the maximum vorticity had passed the previous day, the rain over Crete on 10 July (Figure 2) should be attributed to the release of CAPE due to overheating of the Cretan mountains under the Greek summer sun.
above.On 6 July 2022, at 12:00 UTC, the location of SJS appears to be above 33° N at hPa, extending northwards up to about 45° N (Figure 4).The lowering of the dynam tropopause and the parallel flow from the north already indicate the presence of a po jet stream beneath the SJS, just south of 45° N.That is, the face trough of the polar stream is located between the brown and green areas of opposite vertical motion.O July, at 12:00 UTC, the interaction between the two jet streams continues clearly result in the restriction of the SJS between 35° N and 40° N (Figure 5a), whereas the polar o appears to be just north of Athens, just beneath the SJS.Over the two next days (Fig 5b,c), the SJS core was concentrated over Crete Island (35° N), with the PJS advanc southward on 9 July.On these two days, the presence of PV valued at more than 2 P in the lower troposphere could contribute to triggering the release of the existing CA Figure 6

Concluding Remarks and Suggestions for Future Research
The analysis of weather conditions during the time period from 7 to 9 July r veals the superiority of mesoscale vertical motion against that of the synoptic scale.A hough the ordinary interaction between the SJS and PJS functioned fairly well and t synoptic scale subsistence usually occurring equatorward of the SJS axis suppressed t upward motion of the same scale owing to the PJS, severe weather occurred in and ov all of Greece.The combination of the warm air in the lower troposphere with the co advection in the upper one created favorable conditions for CAPE generation.The relea of this CAPE caused deep convection with mesoscale upward motion.This motion much stronger than that of the synoptic scale.The ordinary interaction is characterized the presence of a cold frontal surface being followed by a cold anticyclone, moving sout ward as a pair.This pair is missing in this case.The cold front did not appear at all, an the anticyclone was warm, weak, and far north from its ordinary position.Thus, in t case around 9 July 2022, despite demonstrating an interaction between the two jets, lac most of the other basic characteristics that would mark it as ordinary.This is an exceptio This case must drawn the interest of Greek climatologists, who have to study the phenom enon for more than 30 last years, indicating findings possibly associated with clima change and the appearing crisis.

Concluding Remarks and Suggestions for Future Research
The analysis of weather conditions during the time period from 7 to 9 July 2022, reveals the superiority of mesoscale vertical motion against that of the synoptic scale.Although the ordinary interaction between the SJS and PJS functioned fairly well and the synoptic scale subsistence usually occurring equatorward of the SJS axis suppressed the upward motion of the same scale owing to the PJS, severe weather occurred in and over all of Greece.The combination of the warm air in the lower troposphere with the cold advection in the upper one created favorable conditions for CAPE generation.The release of this CAPE caused deep convection with mesoscale upward motion.This motion is much stronger than that of the synoptic scale.The ordinary interaction is characterized by the presence of a cold frontal surface being followed by a cold anticyclone, moving southward as a pair.This pair is missing in this case.The cold front did not appear at all, and the anticyclone was warm, weak, and far north from its ordinary position.Thus, in the case around 9 July 2022, despite demonstrating an interaction between the two jets, lacks most of the other basic characteristics that would mark it as ordinary.This is an exception.This case must drawn the interest of Greek climatologists, who have to study the phenomenon for more than 30 last years, indicating findings possibly associated with climate change and the appearing crisis.
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. 6 h cumulative total precipitation in mm during the period from 8 to 10 July 2022 i vicinity of Greece.Red dots indicate convective precipitation.

Figure
Figure 3b (source: "www.resources.eumetrain.org/eport__MapViewer/index.htaccessed on 22 July 2022) shows that the temperature at the 500 hPa level over Gree NW of the Upper Level Front (ULFnt) seen over Chios Island is about −13 °C, while southernmost part of the ULFnt has collapsed due mainly to adiabatic heating of the p air mass under the SJS.CAPE values are greater than 1000 j/kg just north of Crete lower at the rest of Greece.Stream lines show a closed low over the Greek mainland.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) Surface chart at 12:00 UTC on 9 July 2022.Black isobars per 4 hPa, Black bold segments, trough lines, and bold bullet center of low at 500 hPa.The wind and the fronts are r sented with WMO conventional symbols.(b) Infrared satellite chart: with 500 hPa temperature contours), 300 hPa stream lines (thin red lines), upper level cold front (black broken line) and C (yellow/red contours) per 200 j/kg bellow/above 1000 j/kg.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. 6 h cumulative total precipitation in mm during the period from 8 to 10 July 2022 in the vicinity of Greece.Red dots indicate convective precipitation.

Figure
Figure 3b (source: "www.resources.eumetrain.org/eport__MapViewer/index.html",accessed on 22 July 2022) shows that the temperature at the 500 hPa level over Greece at NW of the Upper Level Front (ULFnt) seen over Chios Island is about −13 • C, while the southernmost part of the ULFnt has collapsed due mainly to adiabatic heating of the polar air mass under the SJS.CAPE values are greater than 1000 j/kg just north of Crete and lower at the rest of Greece.Stream lines show a closed low over the Greek mainland.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. 6 h cumulative total precipitation in mm during the period from 8 to 10 July 2022 in vicinity of Greece.Red dots indicate convective precipitation.

Figure
Figure 3b (source: "www.resources.eumetrain.org/eport__MapViewer/index.htmaccessed on 22 July 2022) shows that the temperature at the 500 hPa level over Greec NW of the Upper Level Front (ULFnt) seen over Chios Island is about −13 °C, while southernmost part of the ULFnt has collapsed due mainly to adiabatic heating of the po air mass under the SJS.CAPE values are greater than 1000 j/kg just north of Crete a lower at the rest of Greece.Stream lines show a closed low over the Greek mainland.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) Surface chart at 12:00 UTC on 9 July 2022.Black isobars per 4 hPa, Black bold segments, trough lines, and bold bullet center of low at 500 hPa.The wind and the fronts are re sented with WMO conventional symbols.(b) Infrared satellite chart: with 500 hPa temperature (b contours), 300 hPa stream lines (thin red lines), upper level cold front (black broken line) and CA (yellow/red contours) per 200 j/kg bellow/above 1000 j/kg.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) Surface chart at 12:00 UTC on 9 July 2022.Black isobars per 4 hPa, Black bold line segments, trough lines, and bold bullet center of low at 500 hPa.The wind and the fronts are represented with WMO conventional symbols.(b) Infrared satellite chart: with 500 hPa temperature (blue contours), 300 hPa stream lines (thin red lines), upper level cold front (black broken line) and CAPE (yellow/red contours) per 200 j/kg bellow/above 1000 j/kg.
clearly shows the positions of the two jets, verifying Figure 5c.Finally, since maximum vorticity had passed the previous day, the rain over Crete on 10 July (Figure should be attributed to the release of CAPE due to overheating of the Cretan mounta under the Greek summer sun.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Cross-section along 23° meridian from 20° N to 60° N on 6 July 2022/12:00 UTC.Labe dotted lines: potential temperature (θ) with a contour interval of 5 K; increasing shading enclo by solid isotachs: normal (u) component of the wind speed ≥ 5 m/s, with a contour interval 5 m Red arrows: air flow parallel to the section (v, ω).Colored contours indicate synoptic scale vert motion in Pa/s.The bold black line is the dynamical tropopause, labelled 2 PVU.The vertical das black line indicates the location of Athens.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Cross-section along 23 • meridian from 20 • N to 60 • N on 6 July 2022/12:00 UTC.Labelled dotted lines: potential temperature (θ) with a contour interval of 5 K; increasing shading enclosed by solid isotachs: normal (u) component of the wind speed ≥ 5 m/s, with a contour interval 5 m/s; Red arrows: air flow parallel to the section (v, ω).Colored contours indicate synoptic scale vertical motion in Pa/s.The bold black line is the dynamical tropopause, labelled 2 PVU.The vertical dashed black line indicates the location of Athens.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Wind speed at 300 hPa.The axes of PJS and PJS are depicted clearly.

Funding:
This research received no external funding.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Wind speed at 300 hPa.The axes of PJS and PJS are depicted clearly.