Simulating the Impact of Solar Energy on Pyramid and Stair Urban Blocks

Developing countries such as Iran are rapidly expanding, putting pressure on non-renewable energy resources. The building sector takes a major share of the total energy consumption of the country and is projected to increase further, resulting in the call for strategies to reduce energy use by improving the thermal performance of buildings. This study addresses the compelling need to provide optimum design guidelines for future apartment buildings in the city of Shiraz by investigating two urban cluster typologies, stair and pyramid, arranged in five orientations. The results showcase the ideal combination of 155° for the Pyramid typology, which contributes the least to the annual energy loads of the buildings.


Introduction
In Iran, the building sector is a significant user of energy, accounting for 33% of the total energy consumption [1]. Fossil fuel-based energy use [2] is expected to rise due to the growing population that resides in apartment buildings in urban areas [3]. Highperformance residential apartment design can improve the overall urban energy efficiency through solar urban design [4].
Existing examples of urban design research for Iran include the impact analysis of building form and orientation on the thermal performance of apartment buildings [5] and the social aspects of urban morphology [3]. Many international studies have explored solar urban design by investigating the impact of overshadowing [6], orientation, building heights, density, and the cluster grid [7] on the solar capture potential while attempting to define a template for efficient future urban design [8].
This study has been built on previous local and international research and aims to investigate two specific urban block typologies: the stair and pyramid. Five orientation scenarios have been chosen and investigated to determine the optimal design solution in terms of thermal performance and energy use.
Iran presents values of solar radiation that are higher than the global average [9]. The city of Shiraz has been selected to perform this analysis, as it experiences warm arid climate conditions with high solar irradiation of 5.8-6.2 kWh/m 2 , which is on the higher end of the solar irradiation range received by Iran [10].

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0 • , 45 • , 90 • , 135 • , and 155 • , for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers.

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. Table 1. Solar access and shadowing for the stair and pyramid typology oriented at 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, respectively.

Urban Typology
The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. Table 1. Solar access and shadowing for the stair and pyramid typology oriented at 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, respectively.

Urban Typology
The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90°

Methodology
The proposed orientation scenarios were preliminarily modelled in Ecotect [11] as solid rectangular towers without openings to isolate the influence of the urban clustering layout on the solar capture potential of the building surfaces for each typology. As shown in Table 1, the building blocks are arranged in five orientations of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 155°, for which the two urban typologies of stair and pyramid are assessed in a linear arrangement of five towers. The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for highrise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90° orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45° and 135° provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12]. The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0° and 90° The simulated blocks include 45 residential units that have been arranged and designed in a site area of 7000 m 2 . The layout of the units is based on the optimum proportion of 1:2, which was determined based on daylight penetration [12], resulting in each unit being 10 m long, 20 m wide, and 3 m in height, with 1 unit on each floor. The distance between the blocks is 1.5 times the height to allow the desired daylight levels, according to the regulations of the Iran Urbanism and Architectural Supreme Council [13] for high-rise density and construction.
As brick has traditionally been used as an appropriate material for the climate of Shiraz [14], it was therefore selected as the building material for the simulated apartment blocks. A mixed-mode space conditioning system for cooling, heating, and fresh air supply has been chosen to provide indoor thermal comfort temperature for the occupants. Additionally, four sitting and standing occupants (two adults and two children) per block have been considered in the model to assess the heat that is generated by occupant activities.
The weather data for Shiraz have been obtained from Meteonorm [15]. Sunlight accessibility and surface absorption have been analyzed through a schematic shadow analysis of the proposed layouts along with the annual energy demand for each urban block and orientation scenario. Simulation results have been assessed to recognise the most optimum urban layout and material combination. Table 1 compares the solar access and shadowing potential of the simulated scenarios for the five orientations in both the stair and pyramid urban typologies.

Shadow Analysis and Solar Intensity
It is apparent that the 90 • orientation receives more of the available daylight due to high exposure. Although this provides adequate light during the day and cuts down on energy that is consumed for artificial lighting, it also results in increased solar heat ingress that raises the space cooling requirement during the warm season in Shiraz. It can be further deduced that the orientations of 45 • and 135 • provide a balance between daylighting and thermal shading by the placement of the blocks, while the 155 • models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements [12].
The results of the shadowing analysis show that the scenarios with orientations of 0 • and 90 • present less shadow at their sites for both the stair and pyramid typologies compared to the other orientation scenarios.
The presented inferences are further explored through a thermal analysis.

Thermal Analysis
The simulated annual heating and cooling energy consumption results indicate that the 155 • orientation demonstrates a significant decrease in the cooling load, particularly for the pyramid model.
A further comparison between the two urban block typologies shows that the pyramid model performs better than the stair model, as illustrated by the plot in Figure 1. The total annual energy consumption is distinctly reduced in the pyramid case. This can be attributed to the overshadowing angles that are caused by adjacent blocks, which cut down on the incidence of solar radiation on the facades. present less shadow at their sites for both the stair and pyramid typologies compared to the other orientation scenarios. The presented inferences are further explored through a thermal analysis.

Thermal Analysis
The simulated annual heating and cooling energy consumption results indicate that the 155° orientation demonstrates a significant decrease in the cooling load, particularly for the pyramid model.
A further comparison between the two urban block typologies shows that the pyramid model performs better than the stair model, as illustrated by the plot in Figure 1. The total annual energy consumption is distinctly reduced in the pyramid case. This can be attributed to the overshadowing angles that are caused by adjacent blocks, which cut down on the incidence of solar radiation on the facades.

Conclusions
This study discerns the optimal thermal performance of residential apartment blocks by investigating different urban layout options for the city of Shiraz, Iran.
The findings indicate that the pyramid urban model has lower annual cooling and heating energy costs, with the 155° orientation to be most suitable. However, the 155° models experience overshadowing, leading to daylighting below the acceptable requirements.
A detailed analysis of the openings and façade materials with suitable insulation levels can provide more accurate results, leading to a precise estimate of energy needs. Funding: This research received no external funding.