Properties of the Cement, Slag and Fly Ash Mixture Composition Corresponding to CEM II/C-M and CEM VI †

: In the study, cement mixtures containing granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and siliceous ﬂy ash (SFA) were tested, including those corresponding to special cements according to the PN-B-19707: 2013 standard. Measurements included the period of development of standard strength (up to 28 days) and concerned the compressive strength, linear changes and phase composition of cement mixtures. Furthermore, an evaluation of the microstructure of cement mortar was carried out by SEM. The mixture of composition CEM II/C-M (S-V) satisﬁes the requirements of the 32.5R or 32.5N strength class, whereas that of CEM VI (S-V) is of the 32.5N strength class


Introduction
In 2021, worldwide emissions from the cement industry reached almost 2.9 billion tons of CO 2 , which is more than 7% of the total global CO 2 emissions [1]. For the production of 1 Mg of Portland cement clinker, about 1.7 Mg of natural resources are used, mainly carbonate raw materials, such as limestone and marl [2]. About 60% of the total CO 2 emissions released by a cement plant come from the calcination of carbonates in the raw material bulk. The remaining 40% of all CO 2 emissions in a cement plant are derived from the burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, the world cement industry has to meet the constantly growing environmental requirements, which mainly concern the reduction in CO 2 emissions [3].
One way to reduce CO 2 emissions is the production of multicomponent cements CEM II-CEM V according to the PN-EN 197-1 standard [4] using significant amounts of main ingredients other than Portland clinker, mainly granulated blast furnace slag or siliceous fly ashes. Cements containing significant amounts of these components are characterized by low hydration heat, higher compressive strength, longer curing periods, and higher resistance to chemical aggression [5][6][7][8][9][10].
The PN-EN 197-5 standard [11] defines the framework conditions for a significant reduction in the clinker content of cements. It extends the range of Portland multicomponent cements (the possibility of using several main components in the composition of cement) by a group of Portland multicomponent cements CEM II/C-M with a minimum content of Portland clinker of 50% and a newly created group of multicomponent cements CEM VI, in which the share of non-clinker components can reach 65% at a maximum. This paper presents the results of research into the properties of the CEM II/C-M cements with a mixture of granulated blast furnace slag and siliceous fly ashes at 20 and 15% or 30 and 15%, respectively, and the CEM VI cement containing 40% granulated 2 of 7 blast furnace slag and 15% siliceous fly ashes. Cement tests were performed to analyze the compressive strength, linear changes, phase composition, and microstructure after a specified period of time.

Materials
The materials used were the ordinary Portland cement type of CEM I 42.5R (PC) according to the PN-EN 197-1 standard [4], granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), siliceous fly ash (SFA), and gypsum (G). The chemical composition and physical characteristics of these materials are presented in Table 1. (1) D 10 , D 50 , D 90 : the portion of particles with diameters smaller than this value is 10, 50, and 90%, respectively; D 50 is also known as the median diameter.
The XRD analysis of PC, GBFS and SFA (at 10-65 • 2θ range) is presented in Figure 1. The GBFS is composed of a glassy phase (a background signal at 24-38 • 2θ) with XRD peaks from the crystalline phases, such as akermanite and merwinite. For SFA, the identified phases were the glassy phase (a broad background signal at 16-38 • 2θ), mullite, quartz and hematite.

Composition of Cement Mixtures and Measured Properties
In the study, three cement mixtures were prepared, and their compositions are shown in Table 2. The proportions between the components were selected to achieve the compositions of the cement types CEM II/C-M (S-V) and CEM VI (S-V) included in the PN-EN 197-5 standard [11]. Measurements included the period of development of standard strength (up to 28 days) and concerned the compressive strength, linear change, and phase composition of the cement mixture specimens. Evaluation of the microstructure of the cement mortars was carried out by SEM. The GBFS and SFA used meet the requirements according to the PN-EN 197-1 standard [4]. The chemical modulus of GBFS (CaO + MgO + SiO2) and ((CaO + MgO)/SiO2) were 87.2% and 1.4%, respectively. For SFA, the reactive SiO2 content was 38.87%, while the contents of MgO, SO3, and Na2Oe (Na2Oe = Na2O + 0.658K2O) were 8.22, 1.51, and 3.13%, respectively. SFA showed 0.013% chloride ion composition.

Composition of Cement Mixtures and Measured Properties
In the study, three cement mixtures were prepared, and their compositions are shown in Table 2. The proportions between the components were selected to achieve the compositions of the cement types CEM II/C-M (S-V) and CEM VI (S-V) included in the PN-EN 197-5 standard [11]. Measurements included the period of development of standard strength (up to 28 days) and concerned the compressive strength, linear change, and phase composition of the cement mixture specimens. Evaluation of the microstructure of the cement mortars was carried out by SEM.
Compressive strength tests of the cement mortars were carried out on prismatic samples of 40 mm height, 40 mm width, and 160 mm length after 2, 7, and 28 days according to the procedure described in the PN-EN 196-1 standard [12].
Linear change measurements were performed on cement paste samples prepared with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.33. Cement pastes were molded into prismatic samples of 25 mm height, 25 mm width, and 100 mm length. Molded samples were stored for 24 h in a high-moisture atmosphere and at a temperature of 20 °C. Samples were then removed from the molds and stored under water at a temperature of 20 °C until testing. Linear changes in cement paste prisms were investigated in the Grauf-Kaufman apparatus every day for up to 7 days. Compressive strength tests of the cement mortars were carried out on prismatic samples of 40 mm height, 40 mm width, and 160 mm length after 2, 7, and 28 days according to the procedure described in the PN-EN 196-1 standard [12].
Linear change measurements were performed on cement paste samples prepared with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.33. Cement pastes were molded into prismatic samples of 25 mm height, 25 mm width, and 100 mm length. Molded samples were stored for 24 h in a high-moisture atmosphere and at a temperature of 20 • C. Samples were then removed from the molds and stored under water at a temperature of 20 • C until testing. Linear changes in cement paste prisms were investigated in the Grauf-Kaufman apparatus every day for up to 7 days.
The identification of the phase composition of the cement paste samples prepared with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.33 was determined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. A Philips X'Pert Pro MD diffractometer (Cu Kα1 line monochromatized with a Ge(111) monochromator) was used. The standard Bragg-Brentano geometry with a θ-2θ setup was applied (0.008 • step size and 5-90 • 2θ range). Studies were performed for cement pastes 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA and 40PC-40GBFS-15SFA after 2, 7, 14, and 28 days.
The microstructure of the cement paste was observed with the FEI Nova NanoSEM 200 scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS microanalyzer. Polished crosssections of pastes were covered with a thin layer of carbon to avoid charging. Studies were made for the cement paste 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA after 2 and 28 days.

Compressive Strength of the Cement Mortar Samples
The compressive strength measurements were performed for all cement mixtures studied. Results are given in Table 3. According to Table 3 From Table 3, after 7 days, the strength of the 50PC-30GBFS-15SFA and 40PC-40GBFS-15SFA mixtures was still lower than that of the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA mixture, but the difference between the strength of these cement mixtures was less. After 7 days the strength of the 40PC-40GBFS-15SFA mortar was 23.49 MPa, while the strength of the 50PC-30GBFS-15SFA and 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA mixtures was 19.75 MPa and 17.69 MPa, respectively. The high increase in the strength of the 40PC-40GBFS-15SFA mortar in the period from 2 to 7 days, two and half times compared to the strength after 2 days, results from the highest content of granulated blast furnace slag of laten hydraulic properties in this mixture. After 7 days the strength of the 40PC-40GBFS-15SFA mortar met the required 16 MPa according to the PN-EN 197-1 standard [4].

Linear Changes in the Cement Paste Samples
The linear changes were defined as the change in the length of the prismatic cement paste samples. Length changes are given in Table 4. Table 4. Length changes of the cement paste prismatic samples. All the cement pastes studied showed dimensional stability for up to 7 days, as shown in Table 4. No or little shrinkage was observed due to the hydration process. These slight linear changes in the initial curing period probably resulted from the disappearance of monocarboaluminates in favor of higher amounts of ettringite.

Phase Composition of the Cement Paste Samples
Phase composition analysis was performed for the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA and 40PC-40GBFS-15SF cement pastes. The XRD patterns after 2, 7, 14, and 28 days of hydration are presented in Figure 2. All the cement pastes studied showed dimensional stability for up to 7 days, as shown in Table 4. No or little shrinkage was observed due to the hydration process. These slight linear changes in the initial curing period probably resulted from the disappearance of monocarboaluminates in favor of higher amounts of ettringite.

Phase Composition of the Cement Paste Samples
Phase composition analysis was performed for the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA and 40PC-40GBFS-15SF cement pastes. The XRD patterns after 2, 7, 14, and 28 days of hydration are presented in Figure 2. For the cement paste samples with a higher proportion of Portland cement (60PC-20GBFS-15SFA cement paste), more hydration products were formed ( Figure 2a); mainly portlandite. Ettringite dominated among the reaction products of the aluminate phase. After 7 and 14 days the monocarboaluminate was visible. After 28 days the hydrotalcite also appeared.  For the cement paste samples with a higher proportion of Portland cement (60PC-20GBFS-15SFA cement paste), more hydration products were formed ( Figure 2a); mainly portlandite. Ettringite dominated among the reaction products of the aluminate phase. After 7 and 14 days the monocarboaluminate was visible. After 28 days the hydrotalcite also appeared. Figure 3a and b present the SEM images of the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA cement paste with a magnification of 2000 times after 2 and 28 days of hydration, respectively. after 2, 7, 14, and 28 days.

Microstructure of Cement Paste Samples
For the cement paste samples with a higher proportion of Portland cement (60PC-20GBFS-15SFA cement paste), more hydration products were formed ( Figure 2a); mainly portlandite. Ettringite dominated among the reaction products of the aluminate phase. After 7 and 14 days the monocarboaluminate was visible. After 28 days the hydrotalcite also appeared.  As shown in Figure 3a, after 2 days of hydration, the microstructure of the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA cement paste was porous, which, as is known from the literature [2], is associated with a slower hydration process of the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA mixture in the early stages. This is due to the fact that the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA mixture contains less CEM I 42.5R and, as a result, less C-S-H phase is formed after 2 days of hydration. As the hydration process is carried out, the microstructure of the 60PC-20GBFS-15SFA becomes denser, similar to previous results [13] (hydration products of Portland cement and granulated blast furnace slag, as shown in Figure 3b). However, after 28 days, the siliceous fly ashes were still unreacted; siliceous fly ashes do not represent hydraulic properties, but only pozzolanic properties, which become apparent over a longer period of time [2].

Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the results presented above: Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.