An Overview on 3D Printing of Ceramics Using Binder Jetting Process †

: Binder jetting is a promising 3D printing technology that employs a liquid binder to selectively attach the particles of a pulverised material to form three-dimensional objects. It is also a popular technique for fabricating ceramics, as it permits the creation of intricate geometries and customised shapes that would be hard or impossible to achieve using conventional ceramic manufacturing techniques. This study focuses on the capabilities of some of the most essential ceramic materials, such as alumina, SiC, and calcium phosphate, to construct complicated geometries with a high level of accuracy and precision when using a process called binder jetting. These ceramic components find widespread usage in a broad variety of applications, including those relating to aircraft, biomedical, and industry.


Introduction
Additive manufacturing, often known as 3D printing, is a technique for fabricating three-dimensional solid items by adding them together in successive layers.In accordance with the ASTM standard [1] the great majority of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing technologies can be sorted into one of seven groups.Binder jetting (BJ) is one of the latest AM processes.ASTM describes binder jetting as an "additive manufacturing processes where powder materials are joined by selectively depositing a liquid bonding agent".In the late 1980s, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was the first institution to develop binder jetting [2,3].Other major 3D printing industries then went on to commercialize the technology [4].
BJ is made up of a succession of distinct steps, which are as follows: In the first step of the process, which is known as "Design Preparation", a 3D digital model of the object that is going to be printed is created.The computer-aided design (CAD) programme that is commonly used to produce this model is one among several that are currently available.The second stage is called "powder bed preparation", and powdered metal, ceramic, or polymer is evenly distributed across a build platform to create a smooth surface for 3D printing [5].Each layer's thickness can be adjusted to obtain the appropriate resolution and object characteristics.In the third step, print heads or nozzles are used to deposit a liquid binder in precise patterns onto the powdered material.The binder adheres the particles together to form the 3D model's desired shape.Subsequently, an additional layer of powdered material is applied atop the previously printed layer, thereby facilitating the continuation of the aforementioned procedure.To secure the fresh layer to the old one, the binder is applied strategically.This deposition process continues until the final object is complete.When printing overhanging or otherwise complex geometries, it may be necessary to incorporate additional supports or structures to ensure their structural integrity.After the printing process is complete, infiltration may be performed on the green (unfired) portion [6].The printed object is submerged in a liquid, which penetrates the porous structure and gives the finished part additional strength or the desired qualities.After printing and infiltrating, the object undergoes post-processing.This includes eliminating surplus powder, curing the binder, and removing supporting structures.The material and end use determine the post-processing procedures.
For processing ceramic materials, BJ is one of the most promising AM technologies because of its great degree of design freedom, lack of explicitly needed supporting structures, ability to print a wide range of materials, and scalability [5].Furthermore, binder jetting of ceramics has several advantages over conventional ceramic production methods.When using conventional manufacturing methods, tooling may account for as much as 80% of the total cost of producing complicated ceramic components.BJ is a quick and cost-effective method for manufacturing complex shapes, and it can be used to produce highly precise and accurate parts, as shown in Figure 1.Additionally, BJ may be used to simultaneously print multiple components, which can reduce production time and costs.For instance, every year, millions of people choose to have artificial joints implanted.Ceramics are an excellent option for joint implants because of their high hardness and biocompatibility, excellent wear and corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to other implant materials.However, they are not widely used because of the high cost of fabrication using traditional manufacturing technologies.
printing [5].Each layer s thickness can be adjusted to obtain the appropriate resolution and object characteristics.In the third step, print heads or nozzles are used to deposit a liquid binder in precise patterns onto the powdered material.The binder adheres the particles together to form the 3D model s desired shape.Subsequently, an additional layer of powdered material is applied atop the previously printed layer, thereby facilitating the continuation of the aforementioned procedure.To secure the fresh layer to the old one, the binder is applied strategically.This deposition process continues until the final object is complete.When printing overhanging or otherwise complex geometries, it may be necessary to incorporate additional supports or structures to ensure their structural integrity.After the printing process is complete, infiltration may be performed on the green (unfired) portion [6].The printed object is submerged in a liquid, which penetrates the porous structure and gives the finished part additional strength or the desired qualities.After printing and infiltrating, the object undergoes post-processing.This includes eliminating surplus powder, curing the binder, and removing supporting structures.The material and end use determine the post-processing procedures.
For processing ceramic materials, BJ is one of the most promising AM technologies because of its great degree of design freedom, lack of explicitly needed supporting structures, ability to print a wide range of materials, and scalability [5].Furthermore, binder jetting of ceramics has several advantages over conventional ceramic production methods.When using conventional manufacturing methods, tooling may account for as much as 80% of the total cost of producing complicated ceramic components.BJ is a quick and costeffective method for manufacturing complex shapes, and it can be used to produce highly precise and accurate parts, as shown in Figure 1.Additionally, BJ may be used to simultaneously print multiple components, which can reduce production time and costs.For instance, every year, millions of people choose to have artificial joints implanted.Ceramics are an excellent option for joint implants because of their high hardness and biocompatibility, excellent wear and corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to other implant materials.However, they are not widely used because of the high cost of fabrication using traditional manufacturing technologies.

Different Ceramics 2.1. Alumina Ceramics
Alumina is a popular ceramic material that has extensive uses in refractory, grinding, dental implants, joint replacements, and other medical equipment because of its high melting point, great biocompatibility, strong thermal and mechanical capabilities, and resistance to corrosion and wear [7].The impact of uneven particle size of aluminium powder on the qualities of binder jetted parts that may be utilised as electrical components was studied by Joanna Marczyk et al. [8].Coarse-to-fine powder mixes (73:27 wt.%) and fine-to-coarse powder blends (27:73 wt.%) were studied, as were powders of varying particle sizes.The layers were printed at a thickness of 120 µm, the rollers rotated at 10 mm/s, and 80% binder saturation was maintained throughout the printing process.The final findings, as shown in Figure 2, show that 3D parts successfully manufactured utilising BJ technology are suitable for usage as electronic components like transistor parts and heat sinks.

Alumina Ceramics
Alumina is a popular ceramic material that has extensive uses in refractory, grindi dental implants, joint replacements, and other medical equipment because of its hi melting point, great biocompatibility, strong thermal and mechanical capabilities, and sistance to corrosion and wear [7].The impact of uneven particle size of aluminium po der on the qualities of binder jetted parts that may be utilised as electrical compone was studied by Joanna Marczyk et al. [8].Coarse-to-fine powder mixes (73:27 wt.%) a fine-to-coarse powder blends (27:73 wt.%) were studied, as were powders of varying p ticle sizes.The layers were printed at a thickness of 120 µm, the rollers rotated at 10 mm and 80% binder saturation was maintained throughout the printing process.The fi findings, as shown in Figure 2, show that 3D parts successfully manufactured utilising technology are suitable for usage as electronic components like transistor parts and h sinks.In this study, Marco Mariani et al. [9] examined binder jetting 3D printing of alum (α-Al2O3) components.The results demonstrate that excellent powder size distributi has generated highly dense green bodies (61.2%) and the greatest final sintered dens (75.4%) using BJ s pressureless traditional sintering technique of alumina.Software sim lations, the LS algorithm, and the DEM model predict powder behaviour.Ceramic a mina made via photosensitive binder jetting was studied by Supalak Manotham et al. [ for its shrinkage, porosity, density, microstructures, mechanical characteristics, and pri ing patterns.For the entire printing sample, there was an 11% shrinkage, a 39% dens decrease, a 1.04 MPa flexural strength, and a 1.78 MPa compressive strength.Powder f mulations were created by Solis et al. [11] and made up of stearic acid-coated aluminiu (Al) powder and dextrin-coated aluminium oxide (Al2O3) powder, applied via binder ting, and then processed using reaction-bonding aluminium oxide (RBAO) in order quickly manufacture alumina ceramic powders for the standard binder jetting techniq Understanding the effect of powder quality and processing settings is discussed by Ch et al. [12], who also provide some fundamental guidelines.

Silicon Carbide Ceramics
Silicon carbide ceramics have been widely used in the nuclear and petrochemical dustries, metallurgical machinery, electronic devices, aerospace, and other fields due their better physicochemical properties, such as high chemical stability and thermal co ductivity, high corrosion and wear resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient, a good mechanical properties [13].Two cycles of binder jet 3D printing with SiC powd produced the greatest density, Young s modulus, flexural strength, and thermal cond tivity.This was followed by many cycles of phenolic infiltration and pyrolysis, and a fi In this study, Marco Mariani et al. [9] examined binder jetting 3D printing of alumina (α-Al 2 O 3 ) components.The results demonstrate that excellent powder size distribution has generated highly dense green bodies (61.2%) and the greatest final sintered density (75.4%) using BJ's pressureless traditional sintering technique of alumina.Software simulations, the LS algorithm, and the DEM model predict powder behaviour.Ceramic alumina made via photosensitive binder jetting was studied by Supalak Manotham et al. [10] for its shrinkage, porosity, density, microstructures, mechanical characteristics, and printing patterns.For the entire printing sample, there was an 11% shrinkage, a 39% density decrease, a 1.04 MPa flexural strength, and a 1.78 MPa compressive strength.Powder formulations were created by Solis et al. [11] and made up of stearic acid-coated aluminium (Al) powder and dextrincoated aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) powder, applied via binder jetting, and then processed using reaction-bonding aluminium oxide (RBAO) in order to quickly manufacture alumina ceramic powders for the standard binder jetting technique.Understanding the effect of powder quality and processing settings is discussed by Chen et al. [12], who also provide some fundamental guidelines.

Silicon Carbide Ceramics
Silicon carbide ceramics have been widely used in the nuclear and petrochemical industries, metallurgical machinery, electronic devices, aerospace, and other fields due to their better physicochemical properties, such as high chemical stability and thermal conductivity, high corrosion and wear resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient, and good mechanical properties [13].Two cycles of binder jet 3D printing with SiC powders produced the greatest density, Young's modulus, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity.This was followed by many cycles of phenolic infiltration and pyrolysis, and a final silicon reactive melt infiltration procedure [14].A commercial binder jetting technique produced bimodal powder feedstocks using modelling and experiments, as reported by Du et al. [15].The model accurately predicted bimodal powder tap density.Bimodal powder prints had greater green densities than unimodal ones.Using binder jetting and subsequent densification by phenolic-binder impregnation and liquid Si infiltration, Thomas et al. [16] showed a technique for printing a silicon-carbide ceramic counter-flow heat exchanger (HX) with integrated headers.In addition, as shown in Figure 3, the thick SiC ceramics HX body with channels has been effectively prototyped via binder-jetting printing, demonstrating the possibility of replacing conventional metal HXs with these devices.The investigation of silicon nitride ceramics by Rabinskiy et al. [17] using the BJ procedure and pressureless sintering with the application of the suggested epoxy-based binder demonstrates sufficiently good mechanical characteristics without any extra approaches for the post-processing of the samples.
silicon reactive melt infiltration procedure [14].A commercial binder jetting technique produced bimodal powder feedstocks using modelling and experiments, as reported by Du et al. [15].The model accurately predicted bimodal powder tap density.Bimodal powder prints had greater green densities than unimodal ones.Using binder jetting and subsequent densification by phenolic-binder impregnation and liquid Si infiltration, Thomas et al. [16] showed a technique for printing a silicon-carbide ceramic counter-flow heat exchanger (HX) with integrated headers.In addition, as shown in Figure 3, the thick SiC ceramics HX body with channels has been effectively prototyped via binder-jetting printing, demonstrating the possibility of replacing conventional metal HXs with these devices.The investigation of silicon nitride ceramics by Rabinskiy et al. [17] using the BJ procedure and pressureless sintering with the application of the suggested epoxy-based binder demonstrates sufficiently good mechanical characteristics without any extra approaches for the post-processing of the samples.

Calcium Phosphate Ceramics
In recent years, calcium phosphate, or CaP, has become an intriguing material in geology, chemistry, biology, and medicine [18].This is primarily due to the fact that CaP is widespread in the natural environment and is present in every single living thing.Because of its great biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties, CaP is an important inorganic component.These features make CaP useful in a variety of environments, including bone tissue engineering and medication delivery [19].To improve the binder jetting 3D printing of HA powder, Zhou et al. [20] explored several water-soluble adhesives.Maltodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) of varying molecular weights (10-30 wt%) were combined with HA.Fabricated samples using a variety of adhesives and mixing ratios attained or exceeded 85% geometrical precision and showed an exceptional green compressive strength of 5.63 ± 0.27 MPa, which is 500% more than the regular BJ powder.Using a BJ 3D printer, Ryohei et al. [21] studied the mechanical anisotropy and fracture mechanism of calcium sulphate moulds manufactured in a variety of orientations.The findings showed that the amount of dihydrate precipitated during the hemihydrate hydration hardening process was regulated by the ink/volume ratio.By adjusting the resolution and nozzle pattern of the print head, they discovered that they could modify the mechanical anisotropy and fracture mode of the printed mouldings.Dongxu et al. [22] produced porous scaffolds made of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and MgO/ZnO-TCP using a unique binder-jet 3D printing technology.These scaffolds were then sintered at a temperature of 1250 °C.These results show that the TCP surface area rose from 1.17 ± 0.02 m 2 /g to 2.64 ± 0.03 m 2 /g in the presence of MgO and ZnO, the bulk den-sity increased from 37.90 ± 0.82% to 50.82 ± 1.10%, and the compressive strength in-creased from 17.93 ± 1.66 MPa to 27.46 ± 2.64 MPa.In addition to this study, existed welding and joining technologies which were applied for various materials are resulted in numerous challenges [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], and are solved by systematic studies to obtain the required properties [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].

Calcium Phosphate Ceramics
In recent years, calcium phosphate, or CaP, has become an intriguing material in geology, chemistry, biology, and medicine [18].This is primarily due to the fact that CaP is widespread in the natural environment and is present in every single living thing.Because of its great biocompatibility and osteoinductive properties, CaP is an important inorganic component.These features make CaP useful in a variety of environments, including bone tissue engineering and medication delivery [19].To improve the binder jetting 3D printing of HA powder, Zhou et al. [20] explored several water-soluble adhesives.Maltodextrin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) of varying molecular weights (10-30 wt.%) were combined with HA.Fabricated samples using a variety of adhesives and mixing ratios attained or exceeded 85% geometrical precision and showed an exceptional green compressive strength of 5.63 ± 0.27 MPa, which is 500% more than the regular BJ powder.Using a BJ 3D printer, Ryohei et al. [21] studied the mechanical anisotropy and fracture mechanism of calcium sulphate moulds manufactured in a variety of orientations.The findings showed that the amount of dihydrate precipitated during the hemihydrate hydration hardening process was regulated by the ink/volume ratio.By adjusting the resolution and nozzle pattern of the print head, they discovered that they could modify the mechanical anisotropy and fracture mode of the printed mouldings.Dongxu et al. [22] produced porous scaffolds made of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and MgO/ZnO-TCP using a unique binder-jet 3D printing technology.These scaffolds were then sintered at a temperature of 1250 • C.These results show that the TCP surface area rose from 1.17 ± 0.02 m 2 /g to 2.64 ± 0.03 m 2 /g in the presence of MgO and ZnO, the bulk den-sity increased from 37.90 ± 0.82% to 50.82 ± 1.10%, and the compressive strength in-creased from 17.93 ± 1.66 MPa to 27.46 ± 2.64 MPa.In addition to this study, existed welding and joining technologies which were applied for various materials are resulted in numerous challenges [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], and are solved by systematic studies to obtain the required properties [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].

Conclusions
The ceramic binder jetting method of 3D printing offers a number of distinct benefits.The binder jetting 3D printing technique is discussed in this study, along with its capacity to produce complex geometries with a high degree of precision and accuracy out of some of the most important ceramic materials such as alumina, SiC, and calcium phosphate.These ceramic components are used in aerospace, biomedical, and industrial applications.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Process flow diagram for 3D printing with binder jetting.Figure 1. Process flow diagram for 3D printing with binder jetting.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Process flow diagram for 3D printing with binder jetting.Figure 1. Process flow diagram for 3D printing with binder jetting.