Sensitivity analysis of internally reinforced beams subjected torsion loading

: The objective of this study was to examine various techniques aimed at improving the mechanical performance and maneuverability of industrial machinery that incorporates movable components under the influence of three-point torsional loads. Multiple measures were implemented to achieve the goal of creating effective technical solutions. A sensitivity analysis was performed on one of the beams to assess the impact of each parameter within the mass and displacement parameter space. Previous studies have shown that the process of parameterizing the ANSYS input file is advantageous in assessing the system's suitability to the design factors being considered. The parameters analysed were the distance of the inner side plates to the center of mass (VA1), the distance of the inner upper and bottom plates to the center of mass (VA2) and the thickness of all the plates (VA3). The methodology followed was based on the parametrization of an ANSYS input file, that was run every time the value of a parameter was changed. This work has potential applications in design optimization procedures, as well as in practical engineering applications, such as laser cutting and engraving machines, and industrial printers, including 3D printers. In future investigations, further research could be undertaken to employ the methodology in diverse circum-stances and/or models.


Introduction
Motor-driven, high-speed moving parts find application in several industrial equipment contexts.These motors provide acceleration that is twelve times more than the acceleration due to gravity.To accommodate accelerations, it is necessary to enhance the strength and robustness of structures.The efficacy of a given apparatus is not exclusively contingent upon its power; rigidity also constitutes a significant factor.It is conceivable that the existence of accelerations may induce deflection in the apparatus, thus resulting in a reduction in output [1].Previous studies have shown that geometric optimization has a more pronounced effect on improving stiffness when compared to material selection [1,2].In fact, design improvements presented in [1,2] proved to result in substantial improvement compared to the selection of a steel of higher grade, for structural applications.Design improvements were suggested in [3], where beams of novel geometries were presented.Those beams were subjected to design optimization in [4].The significant improvements obtained confirm the higher effectiveness of design improvements and design optimization in relation to materials selection.Hollow solid sections are deemed more suitable for engineering applications compared to bulk beams with equivalent outer section size and shape due to their interior reinforcing capacity and superior stiffness-tomass ratio [3,4].Plates and shells are required to exhibit a specific level of rigidity.To enhance structural rigidity, several techniques such as the use of ribs, lattice structures, and curved walls are employed.To achieve this goal, it is imperative to incorporate the initial two components.The incorporation of ribs and webbing enhances the structural robustness of components with thin walls [5].The mechanical parameters related to reinforcing structures were investigated by Vieira et al. [6].The incorporation of the author's design has the potential of improving the mechanical behavior of engineering parts, in practical engineering applications.The potential exists to improve the mechanical performance of mass units by implementing effective reinforcement designs on the beams examined in this investigation.Based on the findings outlined in the referenced scholarly publication [7], the incorporation of diagonal ribs into slender beams enhances their resistance to torsional forces when subjected to static loading.According to the findings presented in reference [8], it is possible to enhance the bending and torsion strength of thin-walled steel columns without introducing additional weight.During the transportation process, Liu and Gannon engaged in the act of welding plates onto a steel W-shaped beam.The prediction of reinforcement patterns, welding preload quantities, and flaws in unreinforced beams was conducted using the finite element approach [9].The authors of the cited reference [10] offer recommendations regarding the appropriate specifications, dimensions, and positioning of stiffeners.Heins and Potocko conducted an estimation of the torsional response of box-stiffened I-sections by the utilization of two analytical methodologies.According to the reference cited as [11], the strategies encompass compatibility links and fundamental torsion theory.The objective of this study is to improve the mechanical properties of slender beams by employing a design approach that incorporates rectangular hollow-box beams featuring ribs, webs, and sandwich panels.

Numerical procedure
A single Finite Element Method (FEM) model was used to complete the sensitivity analysis.Specific focus sites placed at both the perimeter (two sites) and the center (one site) have been selected to assemble the data reported in this academic research (see Figure 1, right panel).The points P1, P2 and P3 were selected, because they are at the midspan, which is where the maximum deflections are expected to occur.The choice of these key points is based on the condition that their coordinates remain constant during the optimization process, irrespective of the value of the variable.Those sections have strong rib support.As such, due to the contact between the inner ribs and the upper plate, where the points P1, P2 and P3 are located, the membrane effect, typical of shell structures/elements, is not expected to be substantial at the designated thicknesses. .The findings align with the observations made during the linear static analysis.The analysis is excluded from this study due to its scope limitations.The study conducted on the VA3 variable involved the evaluation of thickness values ranging from 2 to 4 millimeters.In all other cases, the thickness consistently measures 3 millimeters.The mechanical behavior of lateral reinforcements holds greater significance when compared to sandwich panels.As a result of this specific event, there is a reduction in the vertical dimensions of the sandwich panels.The chosen locations were situated at spots where the coordinates remained consistent irrespective of alterations to the geometric variables.The implementation of this method helps to reduce the immediate impact of changes made to the design parameters on the resulting outcomes.If the collection of local data involved querying sites with varying coordinates due to changes in geometric variables, the resulting findings would undoubtedly be false.The present study employs Young's modulus (E) of 210 GPa, density of 7890 kg/m3, and Poisson's ratio of 0.29 as material properties.The applied load is a binary loading, originating torsion, and has an intensity of 1500 N. The investigation utilized a quadrilateral free mesh including an average element size of 2.5 mm and the SHELL63 element type.Three design factors were chosen for the sensitivity analysis and optimization of each model.Figure 2 illustrates the geometric variables VA1, VA2, and VA3.
LG1 is the distance from the center of the bean to the inner wall of the beam in the direction of the section width.
LG2 is the distance from the center of the section of the beam to the inner wall of the beam in the direction of the section height.
LG3 is the thickness of all the walls of the beam Typically, the proportions of the outside part remain constant.From an industrial perspective, there is a belief that the complete collection of timbers should be produced using sheets of consistent thickness.The objective is to design reinforcements that can be easily fabricated within an industrial context.

Results and discussion
This section presents the sensitivity analysis results for the variables VA1, VA2 e VA3.The results for each variable, which shows their relationship with the linear deflection, in the y (vertical) axis, are shown in Figs.3-5.A fit was done to each chart, to obtain analytical models for the prediction of the stiffness behaviour of the studied variables.The data presented in Figs.3-5 was collected using ANSYS MECHANICAL APDL.The AN-SYS input file was performed in an iterative manner, where the value of a single variable was modified in each iteration.The values of the remaining geometrical variables are kept constant.The mass of the beam will fluctuate even if a single geometric variable is modified.A linear regression analysis was performed to assess the level of linearity between the variables and the mass, as well as between the variables and the deflections.The results illustrated in Figures 3-5 were obtained through the summation of absolute deflection values at these sites for all possible combinations of variable values.In comparison to the deflections reported at the other two keypoints, which are approximately 1*10-5 m in magnitude, the deflections observed at point P2 (3-4*10-11 m) are of trivial magnitude.Significant decreases in deflection are observed at points P1 and P3, whereas no noticeable change in the variable VA1 is evident at point P2.There exists a direct relationship between the magnitude of the VA2 variable and the deflection.The data collected from both locations P1 and P3 demonstrates a clear correlation between the increase in the variable VA3 and the ongoing decrease in deflection.When the variable j undergoes a transition from 1 to 2, the deflection demonstrates a marginal increase in relation to point P1, accompanied by small-scale oscillations.A continuous and statistically significant decrease in the amount of the deflection is observed within the specified range of j values, which spans from 2 to 5. Table 1 presents relevant details about the analytical models, obtained from the results of Fig. 3-5.), with values very close to 1.However, variable VA3 has a correlation slightly higher than 0,95.Each variable was only studied in isolation, so the influence of each variable in others was not considered in this study.However, if design optimization studies are performed in the future, the relationships between the variables must be considered.This study has the implications of evaluating if the selected design variables are suitable for future optimization purposes, as their sensitivity was studied, under torsion loadings.

Conclusions
The following are the key findings of this study:

•
It is evident that the geometric variables VA1, VA2, and VA3 have been appropriately chosen for the optimization technique.

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The findings suggest that the deflections of the Finite Element Method (FEM) model exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to the elements indicated earlier.

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The models demonstrate geometric restrictions, particularly with respect to their interior arrangement.To avoid the interference of structural elements from the sides or top/bottom, it is necessary for the variables VA1 and VA2 to possess a significant magnitude, hence enabling the continuation of optimization analyses without hindrance.

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The approach followed mitigates the inability to identify the most ideal solution.
• It is imperative that the size of the parameter remains within a modest range to facilitate the development of lightweight components that align with the specific aims of the study.Simultaneously, it should be sufficiently high to avoid substantial nonlinear effects in any future practical applications.

•
Prior studies have established that the utilization of parameterization in the ANSYS input file is a viable approach for assessing the system's responsiveness to the design factors under investigation.This has implications in practical applications, considering that the behavior of the manufactured structure, if properly optimized, is much better than if the optimization setup is not the best, i.e., does not originate the best results, according to the objective, Therefore, the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis have the potential to inform future decision-making processes on the determination of variable weights for optimization techniques and procedures.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Applied load and DOF constraints (left); points used to calculate displacements on sensitivity analysis and on the calculation of the objective function on optimization procedure (right) [12].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Geometric variables of the FEM model used on the design optimization [12].