Tribological Testing and Analysis of Surface-Textured Metal Surfaces †

: This study investigates the friction-reducing potential of “micro surface texturing” on H-13 steel metal surfaces. Tribological tests were performed on a ball-on-plate reciprocating tribometer using SAE30 oil. Circular micro textures with a 0.1 mm diameter and 5–8 µ m depth were applied at varying area densities (5%, 10%, and 15%). The results were compared to identify the most effective area density for the micro textures. A friction reduction of 37.95% was observed compared to the untextured sample at 15% area density. The average friction for all the textures is reduced, which shows the effectiveness of laser surface texturing on tribological performance.


Introduction
Tribology, the study of friction, wear, and lubrication, is of the utmost importance in engineering applications.The efficient management of friction not only extends the lifespan of machines and components but also improves the overall system efficiency while reducing energy consumption [1].One effective approach to minimize friction and enhance tribological performance is surface texturing.Surface texturing involves the creation of micro-scale features, such as dimples, ridges, or grooves, on material surfaces.These features have demonstrated the potential to reduce friction between contacting metal surfaces by promoting enhanced lubricant retention, load distribution, and surface roughness [2].By decreasing the contact area and adhesion between the surfaces, surface texturing contributes to lower friction and wear rates [3].
This study focuses on investigating the impact of micro-surface texturing on the friction reduction between two metal surfaces.We conducted tribological tests using a ball-on-plate reciprocating tribometer, employing SAE30 oil as the lubricant [4,5].The metal surfaces were modified with circular micro textures, and different area densities (5%, 10%, and 15%) were examined.Through a systematic comparison of the friction coefficients for each area density, our aim is to identify the most effective micro-texture configuration.This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on surface texturing and its potential to optimize tribological behavior in engineering applications.Surface texturing has emerged as a promising approach to enhance mechanical efficiency, minimize wear, and extend component lifespan.By exploring the influence of textured surfaces on friction and wear characteristics, this study provides valuable insights into designing and implementing tribological systems with improved performance [6,7].This current research is focused on the study of the effect of surface texture area density on friction reduction.The surface textures in this work have been produced using a 20 W fiber laser engraver, which required additional iterative processes to create optimal texture design, followed by post-surface cleaning processes.

Methodology
H-13 (chromium-molybdenum hot work steel) steel base plate (60 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) prepared by cutting and filing.Laser engraving with the "X700" laser engraver and "ezcad" software for precise micro-scale patterns.Rigorous calculations determined the number of dimples for each area density (5%, 10%, and 15%).The surface texture diameter is kept less than contact area so that hydrodynamic pressure is created, and surface area densities are selected on the basis of the literature that proved its effectiveness in this range.Texturing is executed with meticulous attention to detail using "ezcad" software.Plate is cleaned using silicon carbide abrasive paper for surface preparation.The laser engraver parameters and required texture details are given in Table 1.Diamond slurry and the Metkon Gripo 2 V Grinder-Polisher achieved exceptional surface quality.
The DSX1000 digital microscope provided detailed insights into the texture's unique characteristics shown in Figure 1.The schematic diagram of the LST is shown in Figure 2.
and wear characteristics, this study provides valuable insights into designing and implementing tribological systems with improved performance [6,7].
This current research work is focused on the study of the effect of surface texture area density on friction reduction.The surface textures in this work have been produced using a 20 W fiber laser engraver, which required additional iterative processes to create optimal texture design, followed by post-surface cleaning processes.

Methodology
H-13 (chromium-molybdenum hot work steel) steel base plate (60 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) prepared by cutting and filing.Laser engraving with the "X700" laser engraver and "ezcad" software for precise micro-scale patterns.Rigorous calculations determined the number of dimples for each area density (5%, 10%, and 15%).The surface texture diameter is kept less than contact area so that hydrodynamic pressure is created, and surface area densities are selected on the basis of the literature that proved its effectiveness in this range.Texturing is executed with meticulous attention to detail using "ezcad" software.Plate is cleaned using silicon carbide abrasive paper for surface preparation.The laser engraver parameters and required texture details are given in Table 1.The DSX1000 digital microscope provided detailed insights into the texture's unique characteristics shown in Figure 1.The schematic diagram of the LST is shown in Figure 2.  Laser engraving involved fine-tuning key parameters to create textured surfaces with dimple depth of 5-8 µm, dimple diameter of 0.1 mm, and densities of 5%, 10%, and 15%.The textured plate's properties were validated via tribometer testing.Testing parameters Laser involved fine-tuning key parameters to create textured surfaces with dimple depth of 5-8 µm, dimple diameter of 0.1 mm, and densities of 5%, 10%, and 15%.The textured plate's properties were validated via tribometer testing.Testing parameters are given in Table 2.

Results and Discussion
The untextured sample exhibited a higher friction compared to the textured samples.As the texture density increased from 5% to 10% and then to 15%, the friction was significantly reduced by 23.5%, 41.39%, and 37.95%, respectively.The introduction of micro-scale roughness and enhanced lubricant retention contributed to smoother sliding and minimized adhesion, resulting in the observed friction reduction [8].With 15% texture density, diminishing returns may occur as closely spaced features limit the lubricant's effectiveness.The ball and textured plates contact visualization is shown in Figure 3. Laser engraving involved fine-tuning key parameters to create textured surfaces with dimple depth of 5-8 µm, dimple diameter of 0.1 mm, and densities of 5%, 10%, and 15%.The textured plate's properties were validated via tribometer testing.Testing parameters are given in Table 2.

Results and Discussion
The untextured sample exhibited a higher friction compared to the textured samples.As the texture density increased from 5% to 10% and then to 15%, the friction was significantly reduced by 23.5%, 41.39%, and 37.95%, respectively.The introduction of microscale roughness and enhanced lubricant retention contributed to smoother sliding and minimized adhesion, resulting in the observed friction reduction [8].With 15% texture density, diminishing returns may occur as closely spaced features limit the lubricant's effectiveness.The ball and textured plates contact visualization is shown in Figure 3.

Comparative Analysis and Discussion
The graph in Figure 4 shows decreasing friction with increasing texture density.A lower density of 5% provides a noticeable reduction, while a higher 10% offers a more substantial decrease.A potential plateau effect of 15% may result from the limitations in hydrodynamic layer formation.The integration of advanced software aids in informed decision making.

Comparative Analysis and Discussion
The graph in Figure 4 shows decreasing friction with increasing texture density.A lower density of 5% provides a noticeable reduction, while a higher 10% offers a more substantial decrease.A potential plateau effect of 15% may result from the limitations in hydrodynamic layer formation.The integration of advanced software aids in informed decision making.

Conclusions
Surface texturing proved highly effective in substantially reducing friction within the ball-on-plate reciprocating system.The 5% texture sample achieved a remarkable 23.5% friction reduction, while the 10% texture resulted in approximately 41.39% reduction.At

5 Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Comparison of friction between untextured and textured samples for 5%, 10%, and 15%.These findings hold promise for engineering applications with reduced friction, increased efficiency, and prolonged component life.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Comparison of friction between untextured and textured samples for 5%, 10%, and 15%.These findings hold promise for engineering applications with reduced friction, increased efficiency, and prolonged component life.

Table 1 .
Laser engraver parameters and required texture details.

Table 1 .
Laser engraver parameters and required texture details.
Diamond slurry and the Metkon Gripo 2 V Grinder-Polisher achieved exceptional surface quality.

Table 2 .
Testing parameters of tribo-testing.The metal plate underwent a ball-on-plate reciprocating test with SAE-30 oil and a 20 N load.The tribometer ensured precise alignment, delivering reliable results for different area densities.

Table 2 .
Testing parameters of tribo-testing.The metal plate underwent a ball-on-plate reciprocating test with SAE-30 oil and a 20 N load.The tribometer ensured precise alignment, delivering reliable results for different area densities.