Dynamic model to expand energy storage in form of battery and hydrogen production using solar powered water electrolysis for off grid communities

In this version, we used a 50WP PV panel to generate electricity, according to this strength output is getting used directly and it's far being gathered in a rechargeable battery. In this layout we connected batteries and storage of hydrogen to keep strength for the purpose of storing energy. If the rechargeable battery is overcharging, it'll be linked to the water electrolysis so that a big quantity of chemical power of the battery may be transformed into hydrogen and stored into hydrogen storage. Hydrogen may be stored as compacted gas and chemical storage. In this model we used proton exchange membrane electrolysis technology to break up water into hydrogen and oxygen after which stored in our designed tanks. Variation of voltages are used in our practical’s, we get mean value of hydrogen production is 22.8 ml/min on 2 supply voltage. Via using simulation software (Ansys), extrapolates the production of hydrogen 300ml/min on 12v supply that is 220% higher. Moreover, using second section of the designed, hydrogen converted again into electrical energy by using proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In this designed including batteries, water electrolysis and fuel cells, explores the feasibility of storing energy in the form of hydrogen and chemical energy for off grid areas and remote communities. The primary goal of hydrogen storage in this system is to store and manage the excess energy of the system generated by using PV panel and use it for the desired want.


INTRODUCTION
Professional and official corporations are emphasizing on utilization of energy resources in the whole world because of high electricity usage and climate change as a result of the conventional electrical sources. In this designed basically our goal to conversion and saving energy in the form of hydrogen. Inside the globe, hydrogen is considered to be the most suitable and attractive source of renewable energy as its non-pollutant, clean, safe and environmental friendly. Considering the growing call of energy in Pakistan the effective use and upgrade of sustainable power sources has become a rising problem in the country. In this model firstly we will use solar panel for production of electricity because Pakistan is among those countries where sun light warms the surface consistently around the year and therefore has a high and solid potential for solar power generation. Moreover, Most critical growing trend over climate change is the reality that solar electricity production provides a clean and green alternative to electricity from fossil fuels and many old methods without any type of pollution for example no air, water and other environmental pollution. Furthermore there is no global warming pollution or risks of electricity charges spikes and no any type of critical human health threats.
In this model, PV panel are used to generate electricity, this power production is called direct current and stored in a battery. In photovoltaic systems, storage is used to maximize the amount of time the PV system can be used to power. In PV systems, batteries are used for storing energy, but they need extra space to extend the storage but other storage methods also Journal of Engg. Research, ICEPE Special Issue 3 be used in different kinds of applications. As an instance, in this model we convert excess amount of electric power that saved in batteries into hydrogen with the aid of fuel cell. In this designed we use combined batteries and hydrogen as mean to store energy, and analyzed out which is the most effective combination for remote areas.

TERATURE REVIEW
Due to increase in human population and environmental issues, use of renewable energy has increased. Hydrogen production by solar powered water electrolysis has attracted many researchers around the globe being the most significant type of renewable energy sources.
There are following two main approaches of my proposed research:

History: (Mid-1990s to early 2010)
Private as well as domestic and industrial developments such as business housetop solar and PV supply problems with oil/gas, unnatural weather shifts, and development of PV financial situations belong to energy technologies. The reception of feed-in tariffs in the mid-2000s, a strategy mechanism that provides grid needs for renewables and characterizes fixed electricity production costs, prompted a substantial level of investment protection and the take-off of a number of PV arrangements in the countries of European union.

At present
The overall development of sun-oriented PV has been driven by European deployment for quite a while, particularly China, Japan and to increasing nations around the world. In 2014, Tokelau turned into the primary nation to be fueled totally from PV panels, with a 1.

Lead acid batteries
Invented in 1869, lead acid batteries are the former rechargeable battery class and a liquid electrolyte was used. These batteries' invention is easy in nature and cost is low; however, these batteries are delayed to energy, cannot be fully de-energized and have a minimum

Lithium ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries have been a major penetration of consumer electronics markets and are transforming hybrid and electric vehicle applications. Growth of the industry in the automotive and electronics markets can create the potential for aggregating and consolidating economies on a large scale, they will probably find their way into grid storage applications as well. Manufacturers are looking to bring down maintenance and operating expense, convey good productivity, and guarantee that enormous banks of batteries can be controlled. Moving

Nickel-cadmium batteries
A positive electrode made of nickel oxyhydroxide and a negative electrode consisting metallic cadmium make up a nickel-cadmium battery. These are divided by a divider made of nylon Aqueous is a potassium hydroxide electrolyte, which does not change much during activity, however, oxygen can be produced at the positive electrode during charging, and hydrogen can be produced at the negative electrode. As a result, some extraction and watering is required, but lead acid is much less than a battery (Bruce, Scrosati et al. 2008).

Sodium sulfur batteries
Sodium sulfur batteries that use metallic sodium and provide attractive solutions for many large-scale energy storage applications for electrical performance. Sodium sulfur battery is a sodium and sulfur type molten metal battery. This form of battery has a high energy capacity, high charge / discharge production capacity (76-85%), and it is the highest of the products released by suitable chemicals at 310-360 2C operating temperature and sodium polysulfide Due to the nature of the corrosion. For example, these cells are generally ideal for large, nonportable needs (Yuan, Zhang et al. 2014).

Flow batteries
Flow battery consisting electrolyte that dissolved electro-active species is transferred directly to electricity through an electrochemical cell that transmits chemical energy. Extra electrolytes are placed away externally, normally in tanks, and are generally pumped through the reactor cell, despite the fact that there is also gravity feeding systems available. By removing the electrolyte fluid and at the same time recycling the spent material that would be   represented in water formula. Variation of input voltage to electrolyzer also impacts the production of hydrogen and oxygen. In this experiment we used solar panel, batteries, H-Tec module, water beakers and storage cylinders. There are two methods to calculate the production rate of hydrogen and oxygen. 1 st one is by using water tank gauge we can calculate hydrogen and oxygen production by considering change in water level or change in volume but this is least efficient method. 2 nd one is by using water beakers and tubes that is most efficient method neglecting pressure factor. In this method we took oxygen and hydrogen output through rubber vanes and connect it with the tubes. Water filled Tubes were placed downward in open mouth water filled beakers. When gas flow started towards test tube it made some pressure in test tube head and then started uplifting it. Due to gas pressure test tube uplifted and start releasing water from it and store gas in it. This method was only used to justify the production rate of hydrogen and oxygen.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results shows that voltage value has a direct relation with output of hydrogen and oxygen.
As table data represents five experiments readings which clearly show the inclination in hydrogen production with slightly change in voltage. Here we also attached a graphical representation of data which make it crystal clear and understandable from every aspect ( figure 2).   Starting the production of oxygen at 1.6 voltage results a small amount like 4.5ml that is the half of hydrogen production at 1.6v. As its formula H2O presents its ratio that is 1:2. The average production at 1.6 volt still holds 4.7ml oxygen as output although it was 6ml in 1 st reading. In next section it expresses downward flow in production of oxygen that is 4.6ml on 1.7v but it's not a different behavior as compare to hydrogen production. While switching to 1.8v it shows a high inclination in output. At 1.8v its average output was 7.4ml and graphical data represent a hypotenuse line or curve on that result and it was also exactly half of the hydrogen production at same input volts. It was almost double than the previous 2 experiments result. As reaching on 1.9v input it presents improvement continuously in output result that is 10ml and stays tuned on 2.0v by giving 11.2ml. As a whole production rate of oxygen was up and down on starting but by increasing continuous improvement. Oxygen production was almost half than the hydrogen production result. It also prove that water electrolyzer have direct relation with input voltage and output. By increasing input voltage production curve express a positive response. After converting electric energy into gasoline fuel cell is needed to transform it again into electric energy each time it desired but this process drained huge amount of electricity and presents 300+ ml hydrogen productions that is 200% higher production than 2v. Oxygen shows same like hydrogen production rate fluctuation but its production is half than the hydrogen that is reasonable due its water formula. Here we can say by increasing input voltage efficiency of electrolyzer and fuel cell can be increased apparently. Hydrogen can also be used for combustion purposes in vehicles which are more efficient method and environment friendly as compare to fuel combustion engines. Hydrogen can be used for multiple purposes like in rockets and fighter jets to boost speed and so on. Oxygen can be used for ventilator and other purposes too. It can also be used for burning purposes but its main purposes are to provide inhaling power to the medical emergency patients. By using fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen can also be used in pilot projects or astronomy purposes too.

CONCLUSIONS
The achievement of renewable hydrogen production technology is a key initiate in sustainable human existence which uses renewable resources for energy production. However, renewable hydrogen generation technology has created significant advertising that has greatly increased its feasibility as an energy source. The method of generation, the need for renewable development remains hydrogen production technology that is more efficient to make economically competitive with existing hydrogen production techniques that use fossil fuels as a source of power for hydrogen production. In this work investigated a PV based off-grid energy system with batteries as short term storing energy and hydrogen storing system as seasonal storage. By utilizing this design overall we surge the storing capability and increase the efficiency of the model in the form of hydrogen storing tank because a lot of modern consumer devices base on virtually unlimited electricity.