Experimental Investigation of Iodine Removal in a Submerged Venturi Scrubber †

: Severe nuclear accidents can cause over-pressurization and serious damage to the containment of a nuclear power plant, which can result in the release of radioactivity into the environment. Filtered containment venting systems are a nuclear safety system that is designed to control over-pressurization and prevent radioactive ﬁssion products from spreading into the environment in the case of a severe accident. Iodine is one of the most harmful products among this list of ﬁssionable products, as it can cause thyroid cancer. The removal of iodine is very important in order to ensure the safety of people and the environment. Thus, an indigenous lab scale setup of this system was developed at PIEAS to conduct research on iodine removal. It is comprised of a compressor for replicating high-pressure accident scenarios, a heater to keep iodine in a vapor form, a dosing pump for the injection of iodine, and a venturi scrubber, submerged in the scrubbing column, containing a solution of 0.2% sodium thiosulphate and 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Inlet and outlet samples were trapped in 0.1 M KOH solution and analyzed via UV-VIS spectroscopy. Operating parameters play an important role in the working of a venturi scrubber. The throat velocity was varied to determine its inﬂuence on the removal efﬁciency of iodine. An increase in removal efﬁciency was observed with an increase in throat velocity. A removal efﬁciency of >99% was achieved, which fulﬁlled the requirements for FCVS.


Introduction
Nuclear power plants are reliable sources of energy.They are comprised of very specific design with a wide range of safety margins.The safety systems of nuclear power plants are well able to handle design-based accidents.However, after major nuclear accidents, such as TMI, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, many concerns have been raised regarding the safety of people and the environment in case a beyond-design-based accident takes place.In a severe accident scenario, containment pressure can surpass the allowable limit of pressure; this can lead to ruptures or explosions, resulting in the spread of radioactivity into environment.Thus, extensive research has been conducted on safety systems for beyond-design-based accidents [1] and a system named the filtered containment venting system (FCVS) was suggested as a solution to this problem.Main objective of this system was to protect the integrity of containment of a power plant and prevent radioactivity from spreading out into the environment.FCVS controls excessive pressure by transferring part of containment air into this system [2].It cannot be released directly into the environment as it contains radioactive products.Iodine, being one of most volatile and toxic radioactive products, can cause thyroid cancer; thus, its removal is necessary for the safety of people.This system contains a group of scrubbers for the removal of radioactivity from containment air, and clean air is then vented out.Scrubbers play an important role in this system.Various types of scrubbers have been used, but venturi scrubbers are the most popular from this list because of their high efficiency.Venturi scrubbers are available in two modes, self priming and forced feed.In the forced feed mode, water is supplied to the throat or the converging section via a pump, while, in the self-priming mode, the water gets automatically injected into the throat of a venturi via orifices due to the pressure gradient between the inner and outer throats [3,4].Operational parameters play an important role in performance of a venturi scrubber.In this study, the throat gas velocity was to determine its effect on the removal efficiency of iodine.

Materials and Methods
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.High pressure in a severe accident scenario was imitated using compressed air from a compressor.Compressed air was then passed through a moisture separator to strip out moisture and a rotameter was used to control the flowrate.Air was then heated using an air heater over the sublimation temperature of iodine.This heated air was mixed with iodine that was being inserted using an injection pump.This air and gas mixture was then added into a scrubbing column.The scrubbing column was comprised of a venturi scrubber submerged in a scrubbing solution of 0.2% sodium thiosulphate and 0.5% sodium hydroxide.The retention of iodine took place in the column.Outlet samples were taken from the exit of the column.Samples were analyzed using UV-VIS spectroscopy to estimate the retention efficiency of iodine.
Eng. Proc.2021, 3, x the environment as it contains radioactive products.Iodine, being one of most volatile toxic radioactive products, can cause thyroid cancer; thus, its removal is necessary fo safety of people.This system contains a group of scrubbers for the removal of radioact from containment air, and clean air is then vented out.Scrubbers play an important in this system.Various types of scrubbers have been used, but venturi scrubbers ar most popular from this list because of their high efficiency.Venturi scrubbers are avai in two modes, self priming and forced feed.In the forced feed mode, water is suppli the throat or the converging section via a pump, while, in the self-priming mode, the w gets automatically injected into the throat of a venturi via orifices due to the pressure dient between the inner and outer throats [3,4].Operational parameters play an impo role in performance of a venturi scrubber.In this study, the throat gas velocity was va to determine its effect on the removal efficiency of iodine.

Materials and Methods
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 1.High pres in a severe accident scenario was imitated using compressed air from a compressor.C pressed air was then passed through a moisture separator to strip out moisture a rotameter was used to control the flowrate.Air was then heated using an air heater the sublimation temperature of iodine.This heated air was mixed with iodine that being inserted using an injection pump.This air and gas mixture was then added i scrubbing column.The scrubbing column was comprised of a venturi scrubber merged in a scrubbing solution of 0.2% sodium thiosulphate and 0.5% sodium hydro The retention of iodine took place in the column.Outlet samples were taken from the of the column.Samples were analyzed using UV-VIS spectroscopy to estimate the r tion efficiency of iodine.

Results and Discussion
A venturi scrubber submerged in a scrubbing column was used for iodine rem The gas-air mixture entered the venturi scrubber via a converging section.As it m along, the velocity of the gas increased due to the decrease in area and, as a result pressure decreased as well.When it got to the throat region, negative pressure achieved.Due to the difference in pressure between the inner and outer throats, li from the column was injected into the throat via orifices [5].On contact with gas, it d tegrated into small droplets due to inertial impaction.Mass transfer between the gas liquid took place and iodine was removed In this study, the throat gas velocity was va at 2.5 ft.head to determine its effect on removal efficiency of iodine, as shown in Figu An increase in removal efficiency was observed with an increase in the throat gas velo

Results and Discussion
A venturi scrubber submerged in a scrubbing column was used for iodine removal.The gas-air mixture entered the venturi scrubber via a converging section.As it moved along, the velocity of the gas increased due to the decrease in area and, as a result, the pressure decreased as well.When it got to the throat region, negative pressure was achieved.Due to the difference in pressure between the inner and outer throats, liquid from the column was injected into the throat via orifices [5].On contact with gas, it disintegrated into small droplets due to inertial impaction.Mass transfer between the gas and liquid took place and iodine was removed In this study, the throat gas velocity was varied at 2.5 ft.head to determine its effect on removal efficiency of iodine, as shown in Figure 2.An increase in removal efficiency was observed with an increase in the throat gas velocity.When the throat gas velocity increased, the gas flow rate increased as well.Due to increase in the gas flow rate, more gas-liquid contact took place and inertial impaction increased as well.A smaller number of droplets were produced, which increased the surface of contact, as such the mass transfer increased.As a result, more iodine was removed and the removal efficiency of iodine increased.
When the throat gas velocity increased, the gas flow rate increased as well.Due to increase in the gas flow rate, more gas-liquid contact took place and inertial impaction increased as well.A smaller number of droplets were produced, which increased the surface of contact, as such the mass transfer increased.As a result, more iodine was removed and the removal efficiency of iodine increased.

Conclusions
The increase in removal efficiency was observed with an increase in throat gas velocity.Overall, a >99% maximum removal efficiency was obtained, which fulfilled the requirement for FCVS.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effect of throat gas velocity on removal efficiency.