Socioeconomic and Climatic Impacts of Photovoltaic Systems Operating High-Efﬁciency Irrigation Systems: A Case Study of the Government Subsidy Scheme for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Punjab, Pakistan

: This paper presents the results of a ﬁeld study conducted in the Punjab, Pakistan, to evaluate the socio-economic and climatic impact of Photovoltaic (PV) systems installed under government subsidy scheme for operating high efﬁciency irrigation systems (HEIS) i.e., drip and sprinkler irrigation systems. Agriculture provides livelihood to almost half of the rural population and recent energy crisis in the country has adversely affected the rural communities. Farmer’s dependence on fossil fuels has signiﬁcantly increased for operating irrigation systems which has resulted in high costs of agriculture production. Government of Punjab has launched a subsidy scheme to install PV systems for operating efﬁcient drip and sprinkler irrigation systems on cost sharing basis. Photovoltaic systems having a capacity of 17.30 megawatt, were installed to operate high efﬁciency irrigation systems at around twenty thousand acres under this subsidy project, that has resulted in an annual saving of 0.0066 billion liters of diesel. The average capacity of installed PV systems was 9.0 kilowatt, which matched the 7.50 horse power of installed water pumps. On average, the cost of a PV system per acre was calculated to be 0.000142 billion PKR, while the cost per kWp was calculated to be 0.000149 billion PKR. The research results show that the installation of photovoltaic systems has increased the adoption rate of high-efﬁciency irrigation systems, reduced carbon dioxide emissions, and reduced the high operating costs associated with diesel powered pump systems. The primary data about on-farm agriculture and irrigation practices used in this study were collected through in-depth farmer surveys, while the secondary data information came from reports, ofﬁcial documents and statistics issued by the government.


Introduction
Agriculture in Punjab accounts for around a quarter of the province's GDP and employs about half of the province's workforce, either directly or indirectly. It also helps to meet 8.0% of the country's food requirements. In Pakistan, rural people in general, and the agriculture sector in particular, have experienced serious electricity shortages of over 3000 h per year during recent energy crises [1]. According to assessments, approximately 0.13 million of Punjab's 1.03 million agriculture pumps are connected to the electric grid [2]. In agriculture, diesel engines and prime movers are used to meet the majority of the energy Eng. Proc. 2021, 12, 36 2 of 4 requirements for water pumping. The use of diesel in agriculture increased the price of production tremendously. The risk of climate change is increased by greenhouse gas emissions [3]. This problems can be addressed by substituting fossil fuels with renewable power sources and changing the irrigation methods from conventional to efficient and conservation irrigation. The use of innovative and more productive techniques for the efficient use of inputs, particularly water, fertilizers and energy has a significant potential for enhancing agricultural productivity. Pakistan spends roughly fourteen billion USD per year on fuel imports, out of which 21 percent goes to irrigation and agriculture sector [4].
Even though Pakistan has one of the best irrigation systems in the world, there is still a water shortage across the country. To address the problem of water scarcity, the country has installed over one million water tube wells, out of which 82.0 percent are powered by diesel fuel and the remaining by electricity [5]. Water scarcity is a major issue in Pakistan. Similarly, the irrigation system's inefficiency leads to wastage of water resources, resulting a decrease in crop water production [6]. In rural off-grid areas, photovoltaic-powered pumps reduce labour and fuel costs [7].
As daylight is available for more than 300.0 days annually, photovoltaic energy is usually the most cost-effective solution. Photovoltaic-powered water pumping systems are not only environmentally sustainable, but also need low-maintenance and fuel-free [8]. In agricultural, photovoltaic power will help to conserve energy, reduce grid power demand, and promote socioeconomic improvement [9,10]. Photovoltaic energy is also less expensive than a traditional diesel irrigation system, allowing farmers in remote areas to access water at a lower cost and improving their socioeconomic and living standards [11,12].
Tamoor et al. [13] investigated the socio-economic and environmental impacts of PV powered HEIS in the Faisalabad. The findings show that PV powered high-efficiency irrigation systems have a significant impact on resource savings, such as energy savings, water usage reduction and labour cost savings, as well as enhanced agricultural yields and farmer benefits, all of which contribute to an improvement in agrarian standard of living.
In 2016-2017, Government of Punjab launched a cost-sharing subsidy scheme for the installation of photovoltaic systems to operate high-efficiency irrigation systems, including drip and sprinkler systems. Farmers contributed 20% of the cost of photovoltaic systems, while the government subsidized the remaining amount.

Materials and Methods
Agricultural farms from throughout Punjab province were chosen for the study, which aims to demonstrate the impact of photovoltaic systems operating high efficiency irriga-tion systems across the province. More than two thousand photovoltaic systems have been installed across Punjab province under the subsidy scheme in the last three years, as shown in Figure 1.
Eng. Proc. 2021, 3, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 4 the electric grid [2]. In agriculture, diesel engines and prime movers are used to meet the majority of the energy requirements for water pumping. The use of diesel in agriculture increased the price of production tremendously. The risk of climate change is increased by greenhouse gas emissions [3]. This problems can be addressed by substituting fossil fuels with renewable power sources and changing the irrigation methods from conventional to efficient and conservation irrigation. The use of innovative and more productive techniques for the efficient use of inputs, particularly water, fertilizers and energy has a significant potential for enhancing agricultural productivity. Pakistan spends roughly fourteen billion USD per year on fuel imports, out of which 21 percent goes to irrigation and agriculture sector [4].
Even though Pakistan has one of the best irrigation systems in the world, there is still a water shortage across the country. To address the problem of water scarcity, the country has installed over one million water tube wells, out of which 82.0 percent are powered by diesel fuel and the remaining by electricity [5]. Water scarcity is a major issue in Pakistan. Similarly, the irrigation system's inefficiency leads to wastage of water resources, resulting a decrease in crop water production [6]. In rural off-grid areas, photovoltaicpowered pumps reduce labour and fuel costs [7].
As daylight is available for more than 300.0 days annually, photovoltaic energy is usually the most cost-effective solution. Photovoltaic-powered water pumping systems are not only environmentally sustainable, but also need low-maintenance and fuel-free [8]. In agricultural, photovoltaic power will help to conserve energy, reduce grid power demand, and promote socioeconomic improvement [9,10]. Photovoltaic energy is also less expensive than a traditional diesel irrigation system, allowing farmers in remote areas to access water at a lower cost and improving their socioeconomic and living standards [11,12].
Tamoor et al. [13] investigated the socio-economic and environmental impacts of PV powered HEIS in the Faisalabad. The findings show that PV powered high-efficiency irrigation systems have a significant impact on resource savings, such as energy savings, water usage reduction and labour cost savings, as well as enhanced agricultural yields and farmer benefits, all of which contribute to an improvement in agrarian standard of living.
In 2016-17, Government of Punjab launched a cost-sharing subsidy scheme for the installation of photovoltaic systems to operate high-efficiency irrigation systems, including drip and sprinkler systems. Farmers contributed 20% of the cost of photovoltaic systems, while the government subsidized the remaining amount.

Materials and Methods
Agricultural farms from throughout Punjab province were chosen for the study, which aims to demonstrate the impact of photovoltaic systems operating high efficiency irriga-tion systems across the province. More than two thousand photovoltaic systems have been installed across Punjab province under the subsidy scheme in the last three years, as shown in Figure 1.  More than one-year-old farms were surveyed in this study in order to collect the reliable data throughout the survey. The survey data was analyzed in order to present the findings of the study. The average size of farms utilizing photovoltaic systems was found to be 15 acres. The average capacity of installed PV systems was 9.0 kilowatt, which matched the 7.50 horse power of installed water pumps. On average, the cost of a PV system per acre was calculated to be 0.000142 billion PKR, while the cost per kWp was calculated to be 0.000149 billion PKR. PV systems were initially more expensive, but their low operating costs made them a viable option for farmers to adopt.

PV-Powered HEIS Adoptability
The government has made efforts hard to promote high efficiency irrigation systems in Punjab province for a long time, but the success rate has not been impressive. For example, from 2011 to 2016, an area of about twenty thousand acres was brought into high efficiency irrigation systems in five years, as shown in Figure 2. High operational expenses of high efficiency irrigation systems have been considered as one of the main obstacles to its adoption and long-term sustainability, mainly for system that are powered by diesel. However, after intervention of photovoltaic system with high efficiency irrigation systems, adoption rate was increased, and twenty thousand acres were brought under high efficiency irrigation systems in only two years. A total of 80 agriculture farms were surveyed and categorized, as follows: (i) Agriculture farms using photovoltaic powered HEIS.
(ii) Agriculture farms using electricity or diesel powered HEIS.
(iii) Agriculture farmers who use flood irrigation as a method of irrigation were used as a baseline.
More than one-year-old farms were surveyed in this study in order to collect the reliable data throughout the survey. The survey data was analyzed in order to present the findings of the study. The average size of farms utilizing photovoltaic systems was found to be 15 acres. The average capacity of installed PV systems was 9.0 kilowatt, which matched the 7.50 horse power of installed water pumps. On average, the cost of a PV system per acre was calculated to be 0.000142 billion PKR, while the cost per kWp was calculated to be 0.000149 billion PKR. PV systems were initially more expensive, but their low operating costs made them a viable option for farmers to adopt.

PV-Powered HEIS Adoptability
The government has made efforts hard to promote high efficiency irrigation systems in Punjab province for a long time, but the success rate has not been impressive. For example, from 2011 to 2016, an area of about twenty thousand acres was brought into high efficiency irrigation systems in five years, as shown in Figure 2. High operational expenses of high efficiency irrigation systems have been considered as one of the main obstacles to its adoption and long-term sustainability, mainly for system that are powered by diesel. However, after intervention of photovoltaic system with high efficiency irrigation systems, adoption rate was increased, and twenty thousand acres were brought under high efficiency irrigation systems in only two years. Year-wise adoptability of HEIS before and after PV system interventions.

Savings in Energy Cost
Photovoltaic systems with a capacity of 17.30 megawatt were installed to operate HEIS on about twenty thousand acres as part of this subsidized project, saving 0.0066 billion litres of diesel fuel per year. This fuel savings equates to a 0.726 billion PKR annual reduction in diesel import bills. A cost comparison of solar, diesel, and electricity-powered pumping systems having capacity 7.46kW was conducted. The unit cost of PV-powered pumping was discovered to be PKR19.12/kWh, which was 5 percent and 63 percent cheaper than the cost of subsidized electricity and diesel, respectively.

Reduction in CO2 Emissions
Photovoltaic system adoption on a wide scale reduces fossil fuel consumption and, as a result, minimizes the environmental issues associated with fossil fuels. Because 1 litre of diesel releases 2.66 kg carbon dioxide, replacing diesel powered irrigation with Year-wise adoptability of HEIS before and after PV system interventions.

Savings in Energy Cost
Photovoltaic systems with a capacity of 17.30 megawatt were installed to operate HEIS on about twenty thousand acres as part of this subsidized project, saving 0.0066 billion litres of diesel fuel per year. This fuel savings equates to a 0.726 billion PKR annual reduction in diesel import bills. A cost comparison of solar, diesel, and electricity-powered pumping systems having capacity 7.46 kW was conducted. The unit cost of PV-powered pumping was discovered to be PKR19.12/kWh, which was 5 percent and 63 percent cheaper than the cost of subsidized electricity and diesel, respectively.

Reduction in CO 2 Emissions
Photovoltaic system adoption on a wide scale reduces fossil fuel consumption and, as a result, minimizes the environmental issues associated with fossil fuels. Because 1 litre of diesel releases 2.66 kg carbon dioxide, replacing diesel powered irrigation with photovoltaic powered irrigation on around twenty thousand acres has resulted in a decrease of 17,556,000 kg of carbon dioxide emissions per year.

Water Savings in HEIS
According to primary data analysis, the average annual water consumption per acre for flood irrigation was 5108 m 3 and for irrigating through high efficiency irrigation systems it was 2981 m 3 . Analysis shows that 42 percent water consumption reduced when agriculture land irrigating through high efficiency irrigation systems.

Conclusions
Results Analysis and findings have shown that PV powered high efficiency irrigation systems provides climate-smart, clean and unique alternative energy sources for irrigation systems in remote areas especially for the areas those are not connected to the national utility grid. This system can bring significant social economic and environmental benefits. Photovoltaic operated high efficiency irrigation systems are helping to stabilize, enhance crop production, and minimize the effect of drought to overcome the pressure of water scarcity during the dry season in developing countries faces serious water shortages, particularly in desert areas. The photovoltaic powered operating high efficiency irrigation systems will motivate the farmers to produce high value crops like vegetables orchards, helping to alleviate poverty in rural areas.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.