How Economic Growth Contributes to CO 2 Emissions in the Presence of Globalization and Eco-Innovations in South Asian Countries?

: Many nations made pledges at the Paris climate conference to eventually become carbon neutral. As a result, the effects of eco-innovations (ECO), globalization (GLO), and economic growth (GDP) on CO 2 emissions in a panel comprising India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan are assessed in this work. This study employs a unique panel (QARDL) methodology to data from 1980Q1 to 2018Q4 for analysis. The purpose of this study is to ﬁnd the relation between GDP, GLO, ECO and CO 2 . The results show that environmental quality is being harmed because of GLO and GDP. Climate-change-causing CO 2 emissions are decreasing globally thanks to ECO. Furthermore, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory in developing nations has been conﬁrmed by this work. This study implies that the selected South Asian countries should switch to renewable energy sources to improve environmental quality. In addition, governments will need to rethink their approach to global trade. Importing effective technologies for producing renewable energy should be a priority. The future looks bright for these nations, as rising environmental consciousness will likely lead to the adoption of stringent environmental rules.


Introduction
Today, the world economies strive hard to reduce air pollution without hurting GDP. Environmental problems are becoming more severe in developing countries due to rapid industrialization. The sustainable development goal (SDG) 13 has stressed the need to reduce environmental pollution until 2030 [1,2]. The innovation term considers different dimensions of radical and incremental innovations. Environmental innovation has also become important worldwide. This includes innovations in environmental technologies in societies and economies. According to [3], environmental innovations consider those economic practices which do not pollute the environmental quality.
According to [4], strict environmental regulations tend to adopt ECO in industries. Over the last few decades, developed and developing countries have been striving to reduce environmental pollution. Among the available options, ECO are essential for reducing air pollution [5]. ECO help economies adopt efficient energy production technologies and reduce CO 2 . In this way, developed and developing nations enable themselves to adopt efficient technologies for renewable energy production [6,7]. ECO can also reduce environmental pollution by capturing CO 2 [8]. Therefore, ECO are suitable for the economies to adopt environmentally friendly technologies [9,10].
Past literature has investigated the linkages of GLO and CO 2 and presented that GLO affects CO 2 in three ways: scale, composition, and income effect. The income effect posits that as the economy globalizes, its income also increases, which enhances industrial production and CO 2 [11]. The scale effect posits that economies boost their production due creates environmental problems if the economy is not adopting ECO [1]. South Asian countries are still consuming fossil fuels in industrial sectors, and the consumption of non-renewable energy sources is contaminating the climate. Therefore, it is an ongoing debate that economies should adopt innovative technologies to reduce the concentration of CO 2 .
This research attempts to shed light on how GLO, GDP, and technical breakthroughs influence environmental degradation in a few selected South Asian countries, where both economic development and environmental deterioration have accelerated in recent decades. In addition, the QARDL method, an econometric tool, is used in this study. Under QARDL, the quantities of the parameters are estimated. As a result, this approach offers a comprehensive evaluation of the links between GLO, GDP, ECO, and CO 2 .
QARDL is superior to the linear ARDL method because it provides asymmetric associations. This method provides quantile-based associations among dependent and independent variables. Therefore, the QARDL method is more suitable than the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. Therefore, policymakers can clearly understand when and how to control environmental pollution. This work adds to the body of literature by investigating the impacts of eco-innovations and GLO on CO 2 in the context of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)-selected South Asian countries.
This work is organized as follows: background literature is presented in Section 2, the data description with methodology is presented in Section 3, Section 4 consists of results and discussion, and Section 5 provides the conclusion and policy implications.

Literature Review
Today, policymakers are determined to explore new determinants of environmental degradation. Developed and developing countries are trying hard to mitigate environmental pollution without hurting GDP. Rapid GDP requires more energy, and energy is mainly generated from fossil fuels. In this context, the Paris agreement also tries to encourage the governments to lower environmental pollution.

Eco-Innovations and CO 2 Emissions
According to earlier research on the topic [18][19][20][21][22][23], there is a favorable correlation between eco-innovation and CO 2 . In addition to these studies, ref. [24] described how renewable energy helped a few Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations reduce their CO 2 . Empirical findings show that green energy reduces CO 2 in these countries. Additionally, globalization is aiding in the decline of CO 2 in the chosen group. Ref. [25] examined the relationship between eco-innovation and CO 2 in nations that import oil. The empirical results show that one of the most significant sources for improving environmental quality in the chosen countries is eco-innovation. By utilizing data for the highly fiscal decentralized nations from 1990 to 2018, ref. [26] also hypothesized that eco-innovations are negatively associated with CO 2 levels. Ref. [27] revealed that from 1990 to 2017, the effect of export diversion on the level of emissions in G7 countries decreased when eco-innovation was present. Ref. [28] examined the same connection for the 27 nations that make up the European Union. The empirical results are consistent with the idea that eco-innovation contributes to a decrease in CO 2 . Further, [19] also illustrated that eco-innovation is one of the most prominent variables to eliminate CO 2 in the selected panel [29] considering the G7 economies' council. The research used third-generation panel data estimation techniques and found that one key strategy for reducing CO 2 in G7 economies is to invest in eco-innovations. The effect of eco-innovations on CO 2 was also demonstrated in a study of a comparable nature for the G7 economies [30]. The study's empirical results demonstrate how those eco-innovations are reducing environmental degradation in the chosen countries.

Globalization and CO 2 Emissions
For policymakers looking to define CO 2 predictors, globalization has emerged as an intriguing topic of debate over the past ten years. We have discovered a fairly obvious connection between globalization and CO 2 . The income and production levels rise as a result of globalization, which boosts CO 2 . However, there are scant actual data on the effects of globalization on CO 2 available in the literature at the moment. For instance, the QARDL model was used to expand on the effect of globalization on CO 2 for the Netherlands and Ireland in an intriguing empirical study [14]. The research found a link between globalization and CO 2 that was favorable. Ref. [31] described how CO 2 is declining in Malaysia as a result of globalization. Evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between globalization and CO 2 was discovered in an intriguing research [32]. Additionally, many studies in the literature [10,[33][34][35] backed up the beneficial effects of globalization on CO 2 . Other studies postulated an insignificant link between globalization and CO 2 . Refs. [36,37] supported the negative effect of globalization on CO 2 . Ref. [33] used trade openness as a surrogate for globalization for a sample of chosen SSA countries and deduced that trade openness is one of the main factors contributing to rising CO 2 in these countries. The study also discovered that these nations have EKCs. The FADL cointegration test was applied to the BRICS economies [38], and the results showed that one of the most important variables driving the acceleration of environmental degradation is globalization. In another notable research [39], the QARDL approach was utilized, which highlighted that globalization is an essential factor that is responsible for environmental degradation in China. Similar to this, another research [40] illustrated the relationship between globalization and environmental degradation using the example of 15 developed economies. According to the research, globalization is a significant factor in the rise in environmental degradation. Ref. [41] also investigated Malaysia's relationship with globalization and CO 2 . The research demonstrated that globalization is one of the main factors influencing CO 2 by using various proxies for globalization.

Economic Growth and CO 2 Emissions
Grossman and Krueger (1991) [39] had established the concept of EKC, and following their pioneer study, a lot of researchers have investigated the existence or nonexistence of EKCs for distinct nations worldwide, for example [42][43][44], for the USA [34], for newly in industrialized nations, and [45] for Malaysia. EKC advocates explain that economic growth increases CO 2 , but that the connection between economic growth and CO 2 turns negative beyond a certain threshold. The history of why these two concepts go together fascinates us. As their economies develop, they prioritize green policies. For instance, they may put money into the service industry or initiate green technology or renewable energy-based initiatives. Validation of the EKC was also highlighted for the example of the G7 economies [30]. Additionally, ref. [46] [39]. Similar arguments for the presence of EKC in the American economy were made in [47].
Findings from a review of the relevant literature show that no previous research has examined the effects of GLO, ECO, and economic expansion on the sample of South Asian countries.
Electricity consumption in South Asian countries is among the lowest worldwide. Furthermore, there is a wide range in annual per capita consumption rates across South Asia, from a low of 134 kWh in Afghanistan to a high of 3219 kWh in Bhutan [33].
Annual per capita consumption in India is around 1010 kWh, which is 2.6 times lower than that of China and 13 times lower than that of the United States. The annual per capita consumption in Bangladesh and Pakistan is around the same (around 450 kWh). Below 1000 kWh, yet nearly double that of Bangladesh and Pakistan, is where Sri Lanka's electricity consumption stands. Besides the Maldives and Bhutan, every country in South Asia suffers from chronic power outages. Installed power production capacity in South Asia is 0.50 kW per person on average.

South Asia
In South Asia, there is a great potential for optimal energy resources to create and consume electricity through cross-border power trade and exchange. Since the peak power demand in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal changes greatly throughout the year, the seasonal fluctuations in their generation capacities and consumption might be useful [48].
Time of year in Bhutan and Afghanistan. For the four months between November and February, for instance, Bangladesh enjoys a power surplus thanks to new installations; however, Bhutan and Nepal must import electricity since their hydropower is inoperable due to snow and ice. Within these four months, Bangladesh would be able to sell electricity to both Nepal and Bhutan. From May to September, when Bangladesh and northern and northeastern India experience severe power shortages owing to summertime peak demand, Nepal and Bhutan are able to meet domestic demand more easily. Power from Bhutan and Nepal may be used to supplement that of Bangladesh and India. In January and February, Pakistan's electricity output capacity exceeds its needs, whereas western and southern India see increased power demand. In this way, Pakistan may provide India with electricity at various times of the year [42].
During the months of June through September, India may also provide Pakistan with electricity (four months). In addition, with the help of India and Bangladesh, the amount of electricity that can be generated from hydropower in Nepal and Bhutan may be increased significantly while still being environmentally friendly [34].
Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka are rapidly growing nations. These economies have increased their industrial production in the context of GLO. Moreover, these countries are trying to increase ECO for a cleaner environment. Therefore, our study contributes by applying the novel method of QARDL. This method provides the associations in different quantiles. The findings of this work will be helpful for policymakers to improve environmental quality in South Asian countries.

Theoretical Framework, Methodology and Data
The prime object of this work is to find the impacts of GLO, ECO, and GDP in selected South Asian countries in different quantiles. This work utilizes the number of patents as a proxy of ECO obtained from the World Bank. The selection of countries is restricted due to the unavailability of data. Some missing values are added by taking averages of the past values. The data on GLO are obtained from the KOF institute. All the data are converted into quarterly data by the summation sum method. Table 1 shows the variables and their description. This method is used in [49]. This method provides long-run equilibrium in different quantiles. Therefore, the traditional ARDL framework is explained as follows: where p and q are the numbers of lags and ε t represents white noise residual, while Y represents CO 2t and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 up to X 5 represents GLO t , ECO t , GDP t GDP2 t , which are the natural logarithmic forms of GLO, ECO, economic growth, and its square term. Now, the adjustment of Equation (1) for quantile ARDL is as follows: where ε t (τ) = Y t − Q X 1t (τ/ε t−1 ) () and 0 < τ < 1 is quantile. This study estimates the consecutive quantiles (τ) of (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90).
For the serial correlations in the residuals, the quantile ARDL equations for both models are as follows: The equations for error correction terms of quantile ARDL model are as follows: The speed of adjustment ( ) has to be significant and negative [36]. For the long and short-run impacts of independent variables on dependent variables, different quantiles can have different values in each era.

Results and Discussion
To find the associations between ECO (number of patents), GLO, GDP, and CO 2 , this work collects data from world data indicators (WDI) except for the data on GLO, which are collected from the KOF economic institute. The annual data of 1980-2018 were converted into quarterly data for analysis by adopting a novel QARDL approach. The variables and their sources are in Table 1.
The data from WDI and its link are provided here https://databank.worldbank.org/ source/world-development-indicators (accessed on 2 February 2023). Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics, and it is noted that ECO have the highest value and CO 2 have the lowest value. Moreover, there is no problem with multicollinearity.  Table 3 shows the results of unit root tests of [50] unit root tests. It is noted that CO 2 , economic growth, and its square term are integrated at first difference, but the data for eco-innovation and GLO are integrated at the level. This means that the variables have mix order of integration.  Table 4 shows the co-integration test, which shows strong co-integration in the long run because the null hypothesis of no co-integration is rejected. After the confirmation of co-integration among the panel data, the next step provides the estimation results of panel QARDL, and the results are shown in Table 5. It can be noted that ECO are environmentally friendly in all quantiles. ECO provide new technologies for clean energy production. Clean energy is environmentally friendly and does not contaminate the environment. These findings are similar to those of [26]. The authors showed that ECO are environmentally friendly.
GLO is increasing CO 2 from the 5th to 40th quantiles, which means that GLO has increased industrial production, and industry is using traditional energy means. It is also noted that GLO improves air quality in the 80th and 90th quantile; however, this association is insignificant. These results are similar to the findings of [51]. Ref. [52] also reported that GLO is enhancing CO 2 in China.
GDP accelerates CO 2 in all quantiles; however, this linkage is significant in 50th to 90th quantiles. This finding shows that GDP is increasing CO 2 , and this effect is increasing significantly in later quantiles. The coefficient value of the square of DP is negatively associated with CO 2 in all quantiles. This finding confirms the existence of the EKC hypothesis. As GDP reaches a certain point, people start to care about their surroundings and demand strict environmental regulations. These demands further make the governments implement environmental regulations. This finding is similar to the findings of [53]. To check the robustness of these findings, this work presents the graphical shape in Figure 1.  *** is significant at 1%, ** is significant at 5%, * is significant at 10% respectively. *** is significant at 1%, ** is significant at 5%, * is significant at 10% respectively.
GLO is increasing CO2 from the 5th to 40th quantiles, which means that GLO has increased industrial production, and industry is using traditional energy means. It is also noted that GLO improves air quality in the 80th and 90th quantile; however, this association is insignificant. These results are similar to the findings of [51]. Ref. [52] also reported that GLO is enhancing CO2 in China.
GDP accelerates CO2 in all quantiles; however, this linkage is significant in 50th to 90th quantiles. This finding shows that GDP is increasing CO2, and this effect is increasing significantly in later quantiles. The coefficient value of the square of DP is negatively associated with CO2 in all quantiles. This finding confirms the existence of the EKC hypothesis. As GDP reaches a certain point, people start to care about their surroundings and demand strict environmental regulations. These demands further make the governments implement environmental regulations. This finding is similar to the findings of [53]. To check the robustness of these findings, this work presents the graphical shape in Figure 1.

Conclusions and Policy Implications
This study examines how a panel of four countries-Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka-are affected by ECO, GLO, and GDP on CO2. In addition, the quarterly data

Conclusions and Policy Implications
This study examines how a panel of four countries-Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka-are affected by ECO, GLO, and GDP on CO 2 . In addition, the quarterly data from 1980Q1 to 1970Q4 are analyzed using the cutting-edge method of QARDL. In this study, we investigate whether EKC is present in a sample of people from Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The results show that GLO and economic progress are factors in South Asian countries' increasing environmental pollution. With the help of ECO, we can expect CO 2 to drop from the upper quantiles to the lower ones. The findings of this study provide further evidence that EKC is present in nations of South Asia.
A few novel insights on developing nations are presented in this study. The research findings offer some useful policy recommendations for sustainable development. As we can see from the empirical findings, South Asian countries' environmental condition is not improving at a rate that is sustainable. The fact that these countries rely heavily on energy derived from fossil fuels could be the cause. India is one of the economies with the highest global emissions, according to the most recent BP study. More initiatives utilizing renewable energy sources need to be funded by these economies. By examining the research findings, we can create policy options for the various quantiles. We have seen that the turnaround points of EKCs are smaller at the low GDP quantiles than they are at the higher quantiles. Governments should implement a variety of legislative changes to enhance environmental quality. These economies have the capacity to create various initiatives based on the concept of green development. These governments must make investments in renewable energy projects to support the process of green development and meet the rising energy demand. The government should support businesses in adopting clean manufacturing techniques, and it is crucial to offer incentives for businesses to use green energy practices. A national awareness program encouraging people to live less resource-intensive lifestyles should also be launched by the government. The use of social media and mass media can assist in achieving the intended results. The national education curriculum needs to be revised, which is another crucial stage. It is crucial to cover a variety of subjects connected to how using renewable energy is good for the environment. This action will start a household-level learning process.
Our analysis also shows that globalization is having a beneficial impact on emissions levels. Globalization is currently having a beneficial impact on economic growth. By encouraging market efficiency, it reduces income inequality. To reduce the negative effects of globalization, governments must impose strict regulations and policies on foreign companies. It is not possible to stop the process of globalization in any country. Additionally, it is critical to separate the commercial, political, and social aspects of globalization. The next step is to determine which aspect of globalization is more closely related to carbon pollution. Following that, the analysis will be used to formulate the best strategy to achieve the goal.
Furthermore, through the three factors of income, size, and composition, globalization is causing a surge in CO 2 emissions. Finding out which of these three channels has the strongest relationship with CO 2 is crucial. The policy consequence for the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is that if CO 2 is rising through the income channel, it is more appropriate to concentrate on the income aspect of globalization. The economies must switch to cleaner production methods if CO 2 levels rise because of scale and composition impacts. Incentives for businesses to use ecologically friendly technologies, such as tax exemptions or subsidies, are crucial. Another significant finding from our research is the contribution of eco-innovation to the improvement of environmental quality. The development of investment strategies in environmentally friendly innovations is a task for policymakers. The government should also start new initiatives and support the study and creation of environmentally friendly technologies. In this respect, the government should start fresh initiatives with the assistance of business. To address the problem of environmental degradation, it is also crucial to promote new and diverse sources of clean energy at the household and commercial levels. The results respond to the objective of this work that environmental quality is associated with globalization and eco-innovations. These countries should increase the research and development budgets. To accomplish this objective the role of globalization is fundamental. Globalization makes it possible to import new technologies from the developed nations.
In prospects to further investigate the effects of GLO and eco-innovations on environmental degradation, future studies can expand to include additional groups of emerging nations. Quantile-to-quantile regression can potentially be used in the future to conduct country-specific analysis. Funding: This work did not receive any funding from any organization.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.