Corporate University as a Business Accelerator in the Field of Education

: Corporate training is currently more ﬂexible and acts as an accelerator in the ﬁeld of training. The object of the current research is the system of education in corporate universities. The purpose of the work is to analyze the possibilities and experience of evaluating the effectiveness of training at a corporate university in order to identify tools that can be used to evaluate various performance indicators and to determine which of them can be transferred to other educational organizations. Possible shortcomings of the implementation of corporate training in the format of a corporate university as a separate legal entity are shown. To achieve this goal, we have identiﬁed suitable tools for evaluating the effectiveness of corporate training and evaluating its applicability in practice. As a result, the authors determined that the assessment of the effectiveness of corporate training in terms of indicators of the 1st and 2nd levels of the Kirkpatrick methodology can be easily carried out using various tools. Corporate universities usually use the necessary surveys during and after training for this purpose. The authors proposed to apply various methods of post-program support using appropriate educational technologies and mandatory assessment of participants sometime after training.


Introduction
The current speed of change requires people to act as quickly as possible and respond to any social transformation. A modern and proactive person can no longer afford to stop at what has been achieved in the direction of the acquired knowledge; for this he must be open to new trends, use modern technologies and develop his professional knowledge. At the forefront of progress will always be countries, companies and people capable of rapidly changing and adapting. Any kind of personal change requires diversified development-it is achieved through training. However, the problem is that approaches to learning are also changing: online courses are developing, educational programs are increasingly relying on modern competencies, the ratio of theoretical and applied components in learning is changing, the concept of LLL (lifelong learning) is developing, etc. Under these conditions, the value of the operational assessment of the effectiveness of the training is significantly increased [1,2].
Economic science from the second half of the 20th century has created many forms and methods for assessing the effectiveness of training. The application of these methods is used in their original "author's" form, whereas others are adapted and combined, actually creating unique methods that correspond to the specifics and needs of the teacher and the student.
Over the past decades, the education system has changed dramatically, but approaches to assessing the effectiveness of training have remained the same. Relying on the fact that educational organizations are a place for collecting a huge amount of personal information Walton [14] argued that the traditional university is becoming more corporate in its views, whereas corporations rely more on the knowledge they need. Kiely [15] argued that it is time to recognize that corporate universities are very different from traditional academic universities. Training departments focus their efforts on employee training [16,17]. In contrast, corporate universities are focused on supporting an organization's strategy, which can include more than just training.
In our study, we focused on corporate training, which, due to its significant attachment to business, greater flexibility, short educational cycles and practice orientation, is able, unlike the state education system, to quickly introduce and use innovations, i.e., an accelerator in the field of education. The object of this research is corporate universities. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibilities and experience of evaluating the effectiveness of training at a corporate university, highlight the tools that can be used to evaluate various performance indicators, and determine which of them can be transferred to other educational organizations.
To achieve this goal, we will consider the general characteristics of the system of corporate universities in our country, determine the optimal tools for assessing the effectiveness of corporate training and evaluate its applicability in practice.

Materials and Methods
Conducting training in the traditional format for employees of some organizations is time-consuming and financially expensive. Therefore, one of the ways to organize a single developmental space is training in a digital format. The most popular in the context of digitalization are electronic and distance learning. Online learning (e-learning) and distance learning are considered identical by some researchers [18][19][20]. But in our opinion, these two types of learning must be distinguished on the basis of the subject of action. E-learning (e-learning) is one of the digital learning formats that involves the use of the Internet and modern multimedia technologies to access educational resources. The specificity of online learning lies in the optional nature of the interaction of people with each other and the use of interactive electronic tools for working with information. Thus, e-learning involves subject-object and subject-subject forms of interaction. The main way to gain knowledge in online learning is self-education of students, i.e., self-filling gaps in knowledge in a convenient form. So, e-learning is informal, unlike other digital learning methods.
In modern conditions, traditional teaching methods are acquiring new forms and content based on the introduction of digital technologies into this process. The use of software products and information technologies in the traditional format of conducting classes allows you to improve the quality of the results of the educational process, optimize training costs and ensure accessibility for each employee of the company. For example, today it is impossible to conduct lectures and practical classes without using such elements of digital learning as a presentation, an electronic training course, testing students based on computer programs, analyzing cases in digital format and conducting online quests. Thus, the use of digital technologies makes it possible to transfer traditional forms of education into an electronic format. Distance learning is a way of implementing the learning process based on the use of modern information and telecommunication technologies that allow learning at a distance without direct personal contact between the teacher and students. The peculiarity of this training is that the interaction of participants occurs indirectly through a program that determines the algorithm of the training system and all participants. This type of training is characterized by greater formalization than e-learning [21,22]. The authors of the article do not share the opinions of individual researchers regarding the classification of distance learning as a method. It is a digital learning format that includes several different methods (Table 1). As part of the study, we have identified the advantages and disadvantages of using distance learning methods.
So, one of the main HR trends in a pandemic is the development of e-learning and distance learning. Many foreign companies have switched to a remote work format and digital training of employees. In the practice of training and development of personnel, new forms have been actively introduced-scribing, animated infographics, educational 3D games, microlearning, virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence and machine learning. Gamification as an integral part of business information solutions today has become an indispensable element in the development of corporate training. The results of our study show that companies save on training budgets (approximately 50-70%) due to the replacement of face-to-face forms with electronic and distance methods.
Digital learning during the coronavirus pandemic is becoming increasingly popular among companies. Statistics show that the share of companies that create their own internal online learning systems is only 20%. Most Russian enterprises prefer to train their employees using digital platforms. Thus, for many companies there is a difficult question about choosing an effective digital platform, because more than 1000 providers are represented on the Russian market for the development and implementation of digital learning systems.
According to the most general estimates, there are more than 4000 corporate universities in the world [23]. According to CUX data, by 2010 alone, more than 3700 such educational organizations were registered in the United States; they are currently being actively created in Europe, Asia and Russia. Note that in the world science of management and education there is still no unambiguous interpretation of the concept of "corporate university"; oftentimes, under it, various forms of corporate educational structures (from departments and training centres to outside educational organizations) are combined. J.K. Meister [24] understands a corporate university as "a strategic tool for providing training and education of personnel, customers and suppliers in order to meet the requirements of the organization's business strategy." This interpretation somewhat vaguely defines the educational organization we are considering.
Doug Guthrie gives a more detailed definition. From his point of view, a corporate university is "a strategic developer of human capital in a company that meets its business goals, a tool for broadcasting corporate culture and a catalyst for the creation and transfer of knowledge" [25]. It is this interpretation that we propose to use as a basic one. Note that a theoretical review of the literature on corporate universities in the world was carried out in sufficient detail in the work of A.D. Chanko, A.A. V. Basner [26]; therefore, we will not pay much attention to this issue.
Ukraine is also influenced by Western corporate learning culture. This trend has been picked up in recent years by leading domestic companies. Thus, among the largest corporate universities in Ukraine are the following: (1) DTEK Academy (Year of foundation-2010, number of students-1600 people). Studying at DTEK Corporate University focuses on the training of middle and senior managers. There are 4 training programs-"Successor", "Integrator", "Energy of Knowledge", "Energy of the Leader"-designed for managers at different levels.
The program is designed for 2 years without interruption from production. After graduation, graduates defend their dissertations and receive a certificate. Studying at PrivatBank's corporate university is mandatory for all its employees. Immediately after the interview, the "newcomers" are sent for training-a training program that covers 29 banking specialties. After this stage, the company selects 50-70% of the most promising students who get into the staff of the bank. Periodically, employees undergo refresher courses and undergo certification. Tuition at the university is completely free and involves the payment of a scholarship in the amount of the initial rate of the bank employee. There are also training programs for students in the company-a set of bachelors is recruited, who are taught in accordance with the standards and requirements of the company [27].
However, despite the presence of corporate universities in leading Ukrainian companies, most do not have employee training systems. Thus, according to a study by the portal rabota.ua, the practice of improving the knowledge and skills of employees is implemented in only a third of Ukrainian companies (36%). And 53% of domestic companies do not have staff training systems.
However, despite the presence of corporate universities in leading Ukrainian companies, most do not have employee training systems. Thus, according to a study by the portal rabota.ua, the practice of improving the knowledge and skills of employees is implemented in only a third of Ukrainian companies (36%). Accordingly, 53% of companies do not have staff training systems.
Only 3% of companies have a corporate university, and every 5th has a training centre. Another 3% of Ukrainian employers can afford to maintain both a corporate university and a training centre. Moreover, 57% of companies do not have the appropriate tools for staff training.
Our review will not be complete if we do not reflect on the possible shortcomings of the implementation of corporate training in the format of a corporate university as a separate legal entity: separation of training from business-the structure is always made for the business task and it must be constantly updated when the task changes. The corporate university, busy mainly with finding new clients, satisfying requests "from the outside", often does not have time to meet new realities, the needs of the basic enterprise; -availability of service for the studied organizations is characterized by a large number of service personnel (legal department, security, accounting) in comparison with the training centres in the structure of the organization; -lack of a single customer-there is often a duplication of functions of the corporate university and HR-department in enterprises. It is possible that regional divisions apply to a corporate university at their own discretion; as a result, some regions will develop better than others, there may be internal competition between divisions and the university itself and there may be competition for university resources between regions; -the need to make money-having such a goal can lead to the fact that the corporate university will try to train more employees than the organization needs.

Results
To describe the possibilities of evaluating the effectiveness of corporate training, we identified a methodological basis, in the role of which was the Kirkpatrick model. As you know, it was formulated in the late 50's by Donald Kirkpatrick. During this time, this model has proven its practicality and ease of use. Most importantly, it is characterized by the presence of an internal logic that allows customers and performers to evaluate various aspects of the work not in terms of inputs (how much money was spent on education, which teachers were involved), but from the standpoint of results (how satisfied the students are, how their behaviour has changed since enrolment and what effect the organization has received). The Kirkpatrick model is actively used in the practice of corporate universities; in particular, it is implemented in the educational process in KU Citibank, KU Deloitte, KU American Express, KU Wells Fargo, etc.
Note that according to the CEB study "Learning Analytics: Measurement Innovations to Support Employee Development" (2016), according to a survey of 111 companies, 73.7% of respondents use the Kirkpatrick model in their practice [28]. This is the most common assessment tool effectiveness of corporate training in the world.
The chosen model for evaluating the effectiveness of corporate training includes four levels of measurement: Level 1: reaction. On this level, it is possible to learn to what extent participants of training-after its carrying out-react to training events.
Level 2: learning. At this level, how the participants were able to acquire the expected knowledge, ideas and attitudes after participating in the training event is assessed.
Level 3: behavior. It is assumed that at this level, how participants apply in their workplaces what they have learned during the training should be assessed.
Level 4: results. This is the most complex level of assessment, which examines the extent to which changes in the company's performance have resulted from training activities and subsequent post-training events.
Note that this model does not stand still, and recently its author presented a new Kirkpatrick model.
What tools can be used to assess the effectiveness of training at each level? From our point of view, the following sets of tools can be offered: Level 1: reaction. The simplest option is direct observation, as well as pre-program survey and questionnaire during the educational program.
Level 2: learning. To assess the level of learning, you can use tests, quizzes, assessment of solutions to individual tasks and the task of developing a plan for development/change.
Level 3: behavior. This level involves more sophisticated assessment, which can be done through a post-program survey of participants and staff who interact with them, monitoring in the workplace, post-program survey of student leaders, monitoring of the action plan, key performance indicators, interviews with the participant, follow-up sessions (meetings, discussions, consolidation of acquired skills in a few weeks after training), reports/essays of the participant, post-program focus groups and evaluations of work behavior.
Level 4: results. This level is considered one of the most difficult to assess, as it is necessary to assess the immediate learning outcomes. For this you can use tools such as perception of the effect of training of the participant by his leader, customer satisfaction, partners, business results (profit growth, sales, productivity, cost reduction), the perception of the effect on the business of the participant, the measurement of performance indicators of the participant, indicators of turnover and progress and ROI.
Note that experts in the field of corporate training highlight some shortcomings of this model. Among them are: the gradation of assessment is not justified; you can measure the end result of training without assessing all intermediate indicators at different levels and the lack of an actual correlation between the complexity of the assessment and its usefulness [29]. Despite these shortcomings, the Kirkpatrick model is one of the most widely used in practice by domestic and foreign corporate universities.
Next, we consider what exactly are the methods of assessing the effectiveness of training in various educational programs used in the Corporate University and what are the results.
Tools for assessing the effectiveness of training on the indicators of the Kirkpatrick model for the 1st and 2nd levels are implemented in most educational programs of the Corporate University. Questionnaires during the program are implemented in 100% of educational courses. It is necessary to assess the 1st level-the response to training, expressed in the degree of satisfaction of participants. To study the expectations and experiences of participants, as well as to form an attitude to effective work during training in almost all programs (except for training for trainers), a pre-program survey is used. Slightly less common are testing and the formation of individual assignments, which reflect the effectiveness of training at the 2nd level of the Kirkpatrick model [30].
As an example, here is a list of questions that is used to assess the 1st level with a pre-program survey to study the expectations/experiences of participants in the program "Corporate Culture and Emotional Intelligence-I": 1 6. What will be a good result of the program for you personally? Similarly, taking into account the specifics of the training, questionnaires were compiled for all other programs. The results of the participants' satisfaction assessment are summarized in Figure 1.
flect the effectiveness of training at the 2nd level of the Kirkpatrick model [30].
As an example, here is a list of questions that is used to assess the 1st level with a preprogram survey to study the expectations/experiences of participants in the program "Corporate Culture and Emotional Intelligence-I": 1. 6. What will be a good result of the program for you personally? Similarly, taking into account the specifics of the training, questionnaires were compiled for all other programs. The results of the participants' satisfaction assessment are summarized in Figure 1. As can be seen from Figure 1, satisfaction is assessed in several areas, compared to the previous year. Note that the data in the figure reflect the results of surveys of 40 groups (1130 listeners). As noted earlier, Level 2 indicators are less common, but they are used in the practice of the Corporate University in many programs-for example, in educational programs of the Corporate University.
But at this level, the features of the program itself determine the applicability of certain tools for assessing the effectiveness of training. The most "run-through" in terms of performance assessment is the Leaders Team program (for teams of heads of regional banks and functional blocks). It uses tools such as polls of participants, post-program survey of the head, interviews with a participant, follow-up sessions and participants' essays [31].
As an example of using a tool for assessing effectiveness using a survey of participants before and after training (  Figures 2-7. A total of 661 people who studied in 2020 took part in the assessment. Of the total number of students, 24% were involved in the survey. The questions were slightly different depending on whether they were interviewing the leader or team members. pants before and after training (level 3), we will describe the features of the questionnaire for the Leaders Team program. It includes open-ended questions and assessment on 33 indicators. Each indicator is evaluated on a 10-point scale twice: retrospectively and now. The questions are grouped into blocks:  Figures 2-7. A total of 661 people who studied in 2020 took part in the assessment. Of the total number of students, 24% were involved in the survey. The questions were slightly different depending on whether they were interviewing the leader or team members.                The purpose of this survey for the Leaders Team program is to assess the level of team interaction before and after the program. Judging by the results of the assessment, we can conclude that the program provides managers with a new view of the assessment of their own skills related to team interaction [32]. Confirmation is the increased awareness of the participants regarding the self-assessment of the level of skills before the program, which in this example is presented retrospectively: the minimum score is 5.46, the maximum is 7.9 on a 10-point scale. For example, prior to the program, the main areas of team development (range of estimates 5.46-5.99) are skills related to: • with feedback: providing feedback to the superior manager; • building trust: team members openly admit mistakes in front of colleagues, are aware  The purpose of this survey for the Leaders Team program is to assess the level of team interaction before and after the program. Judging by the results of the assessment, we can conclude that the program provides managers with a new view of the assessment of their own skills related to team interaction [32]. Confirmation is the increased awareness of the participants regarding the self-assessment of the level of skills before the program, which in this example is presented retrospectively: the minimum score is 5.46, the maximum is 7.9 on a 10-point scale. For example, prior to the program, the main areas of team development (range of estimates 5.46-5.99) are skills related to: • providing feedback to employees; • receiving feedback from a superior manager.
If you look at the scores for all the questions, you can see that the difference between the retrospective average score (6.34) and the current score (7.95) was 1.61. Evaluation of the survey results shows that the program contributes to significant development of team interaction skills. So, when assessing "skills after the program", an increase in values is noted: the minimum score is 7.00, the maximum is 9.14 on a 10-point scale. In addition, after the program, there is a qualitative dynamic of skills development in all indicators. The average delta of changes, according to team members, was 1.61; according to team leaders, it was 1.93.
The maximum absolute values of the delta of changes are from 2 to 3 points and are noted for skills related to: In conclusion, it should be noted that some corporate universities are moving away from basic learning efficiency metrics, replacing them with traditional marketing indicators that are adapted to the specifics of corporate training. One of the most common is the NPS (Net Promoter Score) loyalty index, which is calculated quite simply: respondents are prompted to answer one question: "What is the likelihood that you will recommend the curriculum to your colleagues?" This indicator is assessed on a 10-point scale. For its calculation, the number of those who chose options from 0 to 6 (they are called critics) and those who chose options 9-10 (promoters) are used. The formula for calculating this indicator is as follows: NPS = 100 × (Number of promoters − Number of critics)/Total number of respondents.
To some extent, this trend demonstrates the idea that students are key clients of the educational process, and corporate universities should focus on the most effective work with them, which in the end will still lead to an increase in the economic indicators of the business customer.
This section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results and their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.
A significant factor influencing these processes is the overall digitalization of management processes, including in the field of personnel training and development. The penetration of new technologies is accompanied by the entry into the market of generations brought up in the conditions of digitalization. There is a transformation of means and methods of training aimed at achieving the competitiveness of companies in a changing environment. Cloud technologies are being introduced to systematize human resource management activities, including the educational aspect, and direct it to achieve the strategic goals of companies. At the organizational level, companies respond to changes in the environment by increasing investment in training programs, a significant expansion of the forms and methods of staff training. The average skill gains are shown in Figure 8. At the same time, against the background of positive dynamics, the following skills remain as areas for further development (range of estimates 7.01-7.18): • with feedback: in the last month I have provided feedback to a superior manager; • building trust: team members are aware of each other's privacy; • translating conflict into new ideas: team members openly disagree with the leader's ideas. In conclusion, it should be noted that some corporate universities are moving away from basic learning efficiency metrics, replacing them with traditional marketing indicators that are adapted to the specifics of corporate training. One of the most common is the NPS (Net Promoter Score) loyalty index, which is calculated quite simply: respondents are prompted to answer one question: "What is the likelihood that you will recommend the curriculum to your colleagues?" This indicator is assessed on a 10-point scale. For its calculation, the number of those who chose options from 0 to 6 (they are called critics) and those who chose options 9-10 (promoters) are used. The formula for calculating this indicator is as follows: NPS = 100 × (Number of promoters − Number of critics)/Total number of respondents.
To some extent, this trend demonstrates the idea that students are key clients of the educational process, and corporate universities should focus on the most effective work

Conclusions
The sequential objectives of this study are: identifying policy changes in relation to corporate education that have occurred between 2020 and 2021; study of the factors that influenced the occurrence of these changes; review of corporate training practices and a critical analysis of the identified problems from the point of view of psychological science that allows us to draw the following conclusions and assumptions. First of all, it is necessary to note the significant development of the corporate training system in companies over the past few years. This is expressed in accelerating and deepening the process of "emancipation" from the direct participation of the state, as well as in increasing the diversity of the structure and functions of units engaged in personnel training. Currently, there is a great interest and stability in the implementation of the personnel training function and less dependence on changes in the external economic situation.
Based on the results of the analysis carried out in the work, it can be concluded that the assessment of the effectiveness of corporate training according to the indicators of the 1st and 2nd levels of the Kirkpatrick method can be easily carried out using various tools. Corporate universities usually use the necessary surveys for this purpose during and after training.
However, corporate training organizations should focus on assessing the effectiveness of training at the 3rd level of this model, since the results of this and subsequent levels bring the greatest value to both participants and customers of the programs.
In addition, to improve the effectiveness of training, it is necessary to apply various methods of post-program support using appropriate educational technologies and mandatory assessment of participants sometime after training (after 3, 6 or more months).
In modern conditions, performance assessment should be integrated into all stages of the educational process at a corporate university using a specialized technological platform.
It is imperative that it include: a unified database with external addresses of participants in relation to their managers and employees; -digitization of data in a uniform format obtained from different sources; -maintaining a common results base for the preparation of aggregated consolidated reports, including in general for all programs; -the results of the student's activity according to his key performance indicators, as well as all his rotations in the organization in the coming years, with the display of changes in the level of income during career moves.