Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Soil Nutrient Status
4. Total Nitrogen and Nitrate
5. Phosphorus
6. Trace Elements and Micronutrients
7. Soil Acidity
8. Cation Exchange Capacity and Ca, Mg Saturation
9. Electrical Conductivity
10. Soil Organic Matter and Carbon
11. Manure and Soil Physical Properties
12. Soil Water and Soil Hydraulic Properties
13. Soil Temperature
14. Bulk Density
15. Soil Biology
16. Yield and Yield Components
17. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Manure Type | Total N | P2O5 | K2O | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
g kg−1 | ||||
Beef | 3.7 (liquid) † | 0.8 | 2.3 | [20] |
5.5 (solid) † § | 9 | 5 | [21] | |
10.5 (solid) † ¶ | 9 | 13 | ||
3.8 (1000- lbs. cow) † | 2.0 | 3.2 | [22] | |
22.8 ‡ | 5.2 | 21.5 | [23] | |
Dairy | 3.9 (liquid) † | 0.9 | 2.5 | [20] |
5.5 (solid) | 2.5 | 5.5 | [24] | |
4.5 (solid) †§ | 2 | 5 | [21] | |
12 (liquid) † | 9 | 14.5 | ||
5.9 (1000-lbs dry cow)† | 2.2 | 4.7 | [22] | |
3.3-8.8 (solid) | 1.1–8.8 | 1.1–17.6 | [25] | |
Swine | 3.9 (solid) † | 1.2 | 1.3 | [20] |
5 (solid) † § | 4.5 | 4 | [21] | |
4 (solid) † § | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
11.5 (300 lbs. finishing) | 4.1 | 6.1 | [22] | |
2.2–15.4 | 1.1–34.2 | 1.1–9.9 | [25] | |
Poultry | 8.1 † | 2.8 | 3.0 | [20] |
16.5 (solid) † § | 24 | 17 | [21] | |
28 (solid) † ¶ | 22.5 | 17 | ||
11.0 (broiler) | 7.4 | 5.3 | [22] | |
19.3 | 28.9 | 14.7 | [26] |
Study Site | Nutrient | Total N | Soil Test P | Exchangeable K | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Quantity Mg ha−1 | mg kg−1 | ||||
South Africa | - | 0 | 450, 570 † | 7.6, 2.0 | 156, 163.8 | [34] |
Poultry | 20 | 420, 570 | 9.3, 2.7 | 252.3, 417.3 | ||
Cattle | 20 | 500, 650 | 31.0, 30,3 | 250.8, 265.2 | ||
Poultry + Cattle | 20 + 20 | 370, 780 | 8.5, 29.4 | 223.1, 553.8 | ||
United States | - | 0 | 650, 600 † | 22, 55 | [35] | |
Poultry | 2.2 | 860, 700 | 38, 97 | |||
Poultry | 4.5 | 890, 770 | 64, 119 | |||
Poultry | 6.7 | 980, 890 | 97, 146 | |||
China | - | 0 | 980 | 5.8 | 144 | [36] |
Cattle | 75 | 1220 | 12.7 | 193 | ||
Nigeria | - | 0 | 900,1100 ‡ | 8.3, 9.9 | 44.9, 163.8 | [37] |
Poultry | 7.5 | 3100, 3600 ‡ | 13.5, 15.4 | 232.1, 368.6 | ||
Nigeria | 0 | 600 | 9.1, 6.9 | 50.4, 68.4 | [26] | |
Poultry | 5 | 800,700 † | 12.5, 14.2 | 82.8, 140.4 | ||
Poultry | 10 | 900,800 | 13.2, 17.8 | 111.6, 151.2 | ||
Nigeria | - | 0 | 900, 1200 † | 10.6, 9.0 | [38] | |
Poultry | 10 | 1700, 3500 | 18.2, 18.9 | |||
Poultry | 25 | 5100, 4800 | 30.9, 37.1 | |||
Poultry | 40 | 2800, 5200 | 33.0, 44.3 | |||
Poultry | 50 | 3100, 5600 | 32.6, 45.6 | |||
Argentina | - | 0 | 950, 1240 † | [29] | ||
Poultry | 10 | 1050, 1550 | ||||
Poultry | 20 | 1080, 1490 | ||||
United States | - | 0 | 51.8, 65.3 § | 19.5, 29.4 | [23] | |
Cattle | 10 | 93.6, 101.3 | 45.9, 44.6 | |||
Cattle | 20 | 153.6, 162.8 | 59.9,65.4 | |||
Cattle | 30 | 205.7, 155.4 | 75.6, 91.9 | |||
Cattle | 40 | 236.1, 209.3 | 96.7, 126.4 | |||
Canada | - | 0 | 1300 | [39] | ||
Cattle | 20 | 1400 | ||||
Cattle | 40 | 1500 | ||||
Cattle | 60 | 1600 |
Study Site | Nutrient | CEC | Ca | Mg | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Quantity Mg ha−1 | Cmol kg−1 | ||||
South Africa | - | 0 | 18.2, 17.7 † | 6.7, 7.2 † | 2.2, 2.4 † | [34] |
Poultry | 20 | 13.5, 15.6 | 5.5,6.3 | 1.9, 2.2 | ||
Cattle | 20 | 19.1, 21.0 | 8.5, 8.7 | 2.7, 3.0 | ||
Poultry + Cattle | 20 + 20 | 16.1, 17.2 | 5.6, 7.5 | 2.1, 3.1 | ||
Canada | - | 0 | 25.2, 25.0, 27.3 † | [70] | ||
Cattle ¶ | 13 | 25.9, 26.6, 28.7 | ||||
Cattle | 39 | 26.7, 26.7, 29.8 | ||||
Cattle | 77 | 26.8, 28.4, 31.6 | ||||
Cattle ¶¶ | 13 | 26.5, 25.5, 28.5 | ||||
39 | 25.4, 27.2, 29.1 | |||||
77 | 27.2, 25.9, 30.2 | |||||
Nigeria | - | 0 | 2.0, 1.2 ‡ | 0.9, 1.3 ‡ | [37] | |
Poultry | 7.5 | 3.7, 3.5 ‡ | 2.5, 2.1 ‡ | |||
Nigeria | - | 0 | 2.8, 3.6 † | 2.1, 2.1 † | 0.5, 0.9 † | [26] |
Poultry | 5 | 4.0, 4.9 | 2.8, 3.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | ||
Poultry | 10 | 4.5, 6.6 | 2.6, 4.2 | 0.7, 1.7 | ||
Canada | - | 0 | 19.5, 19.6 § | 15.4, 15.8 § | 2.2, 2.3 § | [65] |
Cattle | 30 | 20.7, 23.7 | 13.7, 16.1 | 2.7, 3.7 | ||
Cattle | 60 | 24.2, 28.4 | 15.0, 19.0 | 3.6, 4.7 | ||
Cattle | 90 | 25.1, 33.5 | 14.5, 21.3 | 4.2, 6.0 | ||
Canada | - | 0 | 16.1 | 6.5 | [72] | |
Cattle | 100 £ | 16.5 | 6.6 | |||
Cattle | 400 £ | 18.0 | 6.7 | |||
Puerto Rico | - | 0 | 1.7 | 0.5 | [58] | |
Poultry | 5 | 1.8 | 0.5 | |||
Poultry | 10 | 2.0 | 0.5 | |||
Poultry | 15 | 2.4 | 0.6 |
Treatment | Organic Matter (g kg−1) |
---|---|
Untreated check | 12.0 |
Inorganic fertilizer (336N-49P-93K kg ha−1) | 14.8 |
Dairy Compost (Mg ha−1) | |
0 | 15.6 |
35 | 20.7 |
70 | 29.3 |
105 | 29.3 |
Site of Study | Nutrient | Microbial | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Quantity (Mg ha−1) | Type | Population (cfu g−1) | ||
Japan | - | 0 | Fungi | 105(2.1–2.7) † | [150] |
Cattle manure | 40 | Fungi | 105(2.3–3.2) | ||
- | 0 | Bacteria | 107(3.0–5.0) | ||
Cattle manure | 40 | Bacteria | 107(3.0–5.6) | ||
Israel | - | 0 | Fungi | 1.2 × 104 | [151] |
Cattle manure | 90 | Fungi | 1.6 × 104 | ||
- | 0 | Bacteria | 7.0 × 107 | ||
Cattle manure | 90 | Bacteria | 8.3 × 107 | ||
China | - | 0 | Bacteria | 106(0.8, 1.5, 0.8) ‡ | [152] |
Cattle manure | 80 | Bacteria | 106(1.6, 4.4, 4.5) | ||
- | 0 | Fungi | 103(4.1, 4.1, 4.9) | ||
Cattle manure | 80 | Fungi | 103(3.5, 2.7, 1.5) | ||
- | 0 | Actinomycetes | 105(2.4, 2.0, 1.7) | ||
Cattle manure | 80 | Actinomycetes | 105(2.7, 6.6, 10.5) | ||
Canada | - | 0 | Heterotrophs | 103(4, 6.2, 6.8) | [153] |
Cattle manure | 120 § | Heterotrophs | 103(1.6, 9.0, 70.0) | ||
Cattle manure | 240 § | Heterotrophs | 103(1.6,11.0, 96.0) | ||
Cattle manure | 480 § | Heterotrophs | 103(4.9, 11.0, 5.7) | ||
Urea | 50 § | Heterotrophs | 103(5.8, 4.7, 5.8) | ||
Urea | 100 § | Heterotrophs | 103(5.1, 9.7, 1.1) | ||
Urea | 200 § | Heterotrophs | 103 (0.6, 6.1, 71.0) |
Study Site | Nutrient | Crop | Grain Yield(s) | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | Quantity Mg ha−1 | Mg ha−1 | |||
United States | Cattle | 0 | Sorghum | 3.80 | [175] |
22.5 | 4.40 | ||||
45 | 4.30 | ||||
90 | 4.20 | ||||
180 | 3.60 | ||||
Cattle | 0 | Wheat | 2.50 | [175] | |
22.5 | 2.30 | ||||
45 | 2.30 | ||||
90 | 2.20 | ||||
180 | 2.20 | ||||
Greece | Cattle | 0 | Wheat | 3.28 | [173] |
16 | 3.49 | ||||
32 | 4.50 | ||||
Nigeria | Poultry | 0 | Maize | 1.33, 0.81 † | [176] |
5 | 2.76, 1.98 | ||||
10 | 2.87, 1.66 | ||||
15 | 3.63, 0.83 | ||||
20 | 2.82, 2.82 | ||||
Nigeria | Poultry | 0 | Maize | 1.90 | [26] |
5 | 3.72 | ||||
10 | 2.95 | ||||
India | Cattle | 0 | Rice | 2.23 | [177] |
40 § | 3.47 | ||||
Germany | Cattle | 0 | Wheat | 5.15; 5.27 † | [178] |
80 § | 5.48; 5.84 | ||||
160 § | 5.53; 6.19 | ||||
240 § | - - ; 6.34 | ||||
United States | Cattle | 0 | Maize | 6.9, 6.5, 6.3 | [174] |
56 § | 7.2, 7.3, 6.9 | ||||
112 § | 7.3, 7.5, 5.9 | ||||
168 § | 6.6, 7.8, 7.0 |
Variable | Key Findings | References |
---|---|---|
Soil chemical properties | Applied animal manure resulted in a higher amount of SOM when compared to inorganic fertilizer. This led to the building up of SOM in the soil profile | [42] |
While not consistent, applied livestock manure increased CEC by as much as 10 cmolc kg−1 relative to the control treatment. This was due to the presence of organic matter present in manure | [27,69,70] | |
Repeated manure application led to the build-up of P in the soil with the potential to cause eutrophication | [39,42] | |
Generally, manure application tended to lead to an increase in soil pH due to the presence of CaCO3 and HCO3-. Properties of manure type and soil conditions dictate soil acidity | [23,58,59,60] | |
Leaching of NO3− was least for manure applied in spring and highest for fall-applied manure | [32,33] | |
Soil physical properties | Manure was vital for lowering soil bulk density, thus, increasing soil pores to support growth of crop roots | [35,37] |
Increased infiltration rate and water holding capacity of the soil due to increased soil organic matter aggregation of soil particles | [103,107,108,109,110,112] | |
Depending on the time, rate, and properties of manure applied, soil temperature could increase or decrease | [37,129,130,131] | |
Soil biological properties | Applied animal manure improved fungal and bacterial diversity in the soil. This is important for mineralization and root extension to extract nutrients from lower soil layers | [146,147,148,155,156] |
Increased microbial population improved SOC. Additionally, soil microbial C was associated with SOC | [12,154] | |
Increased microbial activities such as mineralization of soil organic matter, colonization of plant root, soil aggregation e.g., via fungal hyphae and microbial C | [162,163,164] | |
Yield and Yield Components | Manure application improved grain yield over no fertilization of crops due to supply of macronutrients. Application based on N leads to P overapplication | [26,173,175,176] |
Both manure characteristics and climatic conditions dictate whether crops will respond to applied manure | [171] | |
Some studies found 1000-grain weight to reduce and no yield difference between manure treated and control plots due to the slow-release nature of manure | [169,170] |
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Rayne, N.; Aula, L. Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review. Soil Syst. 2020, 4, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040064
Rayne N, Aula L. Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review. Soil Systems. 2020; 4(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040064
Chicago/Turabian StyleRayne, Natasha, and Lawrence Aula. 2020. "Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review" Soil Systems 4, no. 4: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040064