Recognizing Women Leaders in Fire Science

Across the breadth of fire science disciplines, women are leaders in fire research and development. We want to acknowledge some of these leaders to promote diversity across our disciplines. In Fire, we are also happy to announce a new Special Collection, through which we will continue to acknowledge current and future Diversity Leaders in Fire Science by inviting contributions from the leaders in this editorial, among others.

In 1965, Alice Rossi asked a fundamental question: "Why so few women in science?" [1].It has long been recognized that women are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) disciplines, with a substantial dialogue in the literature as to the impacts of such underrepresentation.As representation has increased, the debate now focuses on additional questions of equity in leadership, funding, advancement, and mechanisms of support for female scientists.These questions are embedded in three foundational concepts: (1) all scientists, regardless of gender, deserve equal access to opportunities; (2) the smartest and most talented people (regardless of gender) should be conducting scientific research, such that the most critical breakthroughs and contributions are realized; and (3) to understand and solve complex fire science problems, a broad diversity of perspectives, modes of problem attack, and epistemologies are needed [2].We also acknowledge the need to recognize other underrepresented voices in the fire science community, such as indigenous and racial minorities, individuals with disabilities, and the LGBTQIA community, who all bring different ways of doing and knowing to science.
The reader may understandably ask: Why this journal?In fire science, there is a distinct and critical need to increase the recognition of women.Natural hazards research more broadly has widely recognized that women are more vulnerable to natural disasters, and female scientists in other natural hazard disciplines have brought an important perspective to the research that facilitates understanding and reducing such gender disparities.An equivalent gender dialogue does not yet exist in wildfire science but will be necessary to reduce vulnerabilities (e.g., smoke impacts on health, post-traumatic stress disorder following evacuation) and also understand the unique perspectives women have on wildfire as an ecological process.For example, women globally bear much of the childrearing duties; a key fire science question one might ask is whether acceptance of prescribed fire by communities is gendered based on perceptions of impacts to children?
The reader may also question the mixed genders of the authors of this editorial.Many proponents of increased recognition of women in science have highlighted that a major part of the problem has been that not enough male allies stand up publicly for their female colleagues, in part because some are embarrassed, fearful, or even feel, and are sometimes told by their colleagues, that 'it is not their place' [3][4][5].Such acts of omission have in turn allowed cultures of disparity and inequality to continue, in large part, because men benefit from it.In essence, silence in the face of inequity constitutes approval.However, when male allies do publicly stand up alongside their female colleagues to join the chorus of saying, "no more", they can help their female colleagues' inspired efforts gain more iron and traction [6][7][8].Further, a common problem observed in academia is that requiring women to take on the task of closing gender inequality gaps by themselves through increased service (e.g., committee representation) yields a substantial 'productivity tax [9];' male allies sharing the burden helps to alleviate this tax.
As wildfire risk is a product of complex socioecological relationships with fire [10] and wildfire losses are projected to increase with global climate change [11], it is critical to have a diversity of representation in fire research and to recognize the value that this diversity can bring to the discipline.Women fire scientists have contributed significant new insights and perspectives that bode well for the future of fire science.For example, female scientists have led recent high-impact articles that have demonstrated the need to integrate human factors to adequately address fire science challenges [12][13][14].
One facet of gender and education literature explores factors that are critical to expanding the role and influence of female scholars in STEM fields.Numerous studies identify the importance of role models to meeting this objective [15][16][17].To this end, we sought to highlight key women working in fire science today.There is a distinct need to increase recognition of the number of women in fire sciences; a quick accounting of five recent fire science conferences found that women gave only 30% of oral presentations, with an even smaller proportion presenting plenary scientific talks.We introduce women who have made significant contributions over the course of a long career, and we present others who are relatively early in their career but are defining emerging key questions in fire research today.These women come from across the globe, and they are conducting research in a wide array of subdisciplines within fire science.They include distinguished members of national scientific academies, university academics, and both government and non-governmental organization employees.They all, however, have made fire a substantial research emphasis and will likely make critical contributions to fire science for years to come, both through their discoveries and as role models.

Approach
Any time one seeks to acknowledge a representative group, the first challenge is developing a set of criteria for inclusion, and unintended exclusions will inevitably result.In the absence of a heuristic for identifying women leaders in fire science, we developed this list through our own knowledge of the discipline and conversations across an extended network of international collaborators and then attempted to apply some more objective criteria.The scientists listed here are broadly in chronological order from the year of their first publication to highlight both established and up-and-coming leaders.Approximate year of first publication (excluding thesis or dissertation) and research emphasis areas were collated from public vitae, institutional and personal websites, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, as available.Those that were included each had an H-index above 15 as of the date of this editorial, as determined through either Google Scholar or Web of Science.In cases where both Google Scholar and Web of Science information was available, the higher H-index was used.We acknowledge that the use of any break point is completely arbitrary; however, this enabled an objective assessment of scientists to include in this initial list.
We also acknowledge that there are limitations to using the H-index as the metric to initially select scientists for this list.The H-index was originally designed as a predictive tool of future scientific productivity [18] and, by design, is a function of age, as with time more opportunities exist for articles to be cited [19].This, however, can lead to a decrease in H-index values for female early-career scientists, as they are more likely to take breaks in activity or begin academic careers at a later life-stage, as compared with their male counterparts [20].In the physical science and natural sciences, recent studies have also demonstrated that women scientists receive significantly fewer citations compared with their male counterparts, which in turn will lead to lower H-index values [21][22][23].However, given that this editorial focuses solely on women scientists, these effects should be normalized.The H-index threshold of 15 was selected, as it exceeded, by 1, the mean value presented by the designer of the H-index as that typically observed when scientists attain a rank comparable to that of an associate professor [18].
We freely acknowledge that this is an initial list and that there are many additional women making important contributions to fire science that we have not included here.The leaders highlighted in this editorial, as well as additional diversity leaders will be encouraged to submit an article to the Special Collection, entitled "Diversity Leaders in Fire Science".Although the submissions could follow any article type published in Fire, we would encourage Perspectives and Concept Papers.In addition to invited contributions, the journal would also greatly welcome perspectives highlighting diversity issues and initiatives in fire science.Our hope is that over time, this Special Collection can help break down some of the barriers inhibiting more diverse representation in fire science.

Recognizing Women Leaders in Fire Science
Haiganoush K. Preisler is a statistical scientist at the United States Forest Service.Dr. Preisler's research focuses on the development of probability risk models and approaches to improving the predictions that disturbances such as fires and insect outbreaks have on forest ecosystems.Her notable works include the development of a probability-based model for assessing the risk of wildfires [24] and the modeling of California wildfire occurrences and areas burned under climate change [25].Her recent works have included a near-term prediction of significant wildfire events for the western United States [26] and the development and incorporation of wildfire simulations in the virtual landscapes Envision modeling system [27].In additional to articles in international journals, Dr. Preisler has published five general technical reports.
Lynda D. Prior is a research fellow at the University of Tasmania.Dr. Prior is an associate editor of the journal, Fire.Dr. Prior's research focuses on fire ecology, with a focus on the impacts of fires on tree demography, fine fuel flammability, and the eco-physiological impacts of fire on the conifer Callitris.Her notable works include the growth of trees under warming climates and fire [28,29] and research advancing our understanding of plant flammability [30].Her recent work has included developing new frameworks for conceptualizing flammability [31].
Susan G. Conard is an emeritus ecologist at the United States Forest Service and is the current co-editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Wildland Fire.Dr. Conard is widely known for her work on carbon emissions of fires.Her notable works include one of the earliest spatial assessments of fire severity and the impacts of fire on carbon cycling in Russian boreal forests [32,33] and the development of new algorithms for determining carbon cycle products in satellite sensor imagery [34].Her recent work has included evaluating the pine forest succession following high-intensity fires [35] and an editorial article highlighting the 25th anniversary of the International Journal of Wildland Fire [36].
Cathy L. Whitlock is a professor of earth sciences at Montana State University.Dr. Whitlock's research focuses on quaternary climate change and the role of humans and climate change in forming fire regimes.Her notable works include assessing the climate controls of fire occurrence and large-scale patterns in the Holocene [37] and reconstructing multi-thousand-year-old fire histories [38,39].Her recent works have included contributions to a synthesis calling for more adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14] and further research on late-glacial and Holocene fire activity [40,41].
Ruth DeFries is a professor of ecology and sustainable development at Columbia University in New York.Dr. DeFries is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.Dr. DeFries's research focuses on understanding how the global demand for ecosystem goods and services are impacting land use, biodiversity, and human development.Her notable works include an assessing of deforestation due to urban population growth and agriculture [42,43], contributions to the global synthesis of global fire challenges [44,45], and the impacts of deforestation, fire, and drought in the Amazon basin [46].Her recent works have included assessing the impacts of biomass burning on air pollution [47,48] and a recent review that presented that ecosystem management should be considered as a wicked problem [49].
Constance I. Millar is a senior research ecologist with the Pacific Southwest Research Station of the United States Forest Service.Dr. Millar's research focuses on historic and ongoing climate change in high-elevation forest ecosystems of the Great Basin Mountains, including the eastern Sierra Nevada.Her notable works include a seminal thought paper that presented a conceptual framework for how to manage forest ecosystems in the future when the exact future is uncertain [50] and a synthesis of forest health when considering fires and insect disturbances interacting with droughts and other disturbances [51].Her recent work has included the identification of climate refugia in low-elevation ravines [52].
Jennifer Harden is a scientist emeritus at the United States Geological Survey.Dr. Harden's research focuses on geology, paleoclimates, carbon cycling, and biogeochemical cycling in soil systems.In recent years, Dr. Harden has shifted her focus to also include the impacts of disturbances such as wildfires, erosion, and permafrost degradation on soil carbon and nutrient cycling.Dr. Harden is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Her notable works include the impacts of boreal forests on climate change [53] and understanding the role that fires play in the boreal carbon budget [54,55].Her recent work has included a focus on improving understanding of soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates [56].
Monica G. Turner is the Eugene P. Odum Professor of Ecology and the Vilas Research Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.Dr. Turner is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.Dr. Turner's research focuses on understanding the drivers and impacts of landscape heterogeneity.Her notable works include the importance of scaling when considering landscape patterns [57,58], assessments of biogeochemical cycling following wildfires [59], and assessing the impacts of fires on landscape dynamics such as within Yellowstone National Park [60][61][62].Her recent works have included a focus on ecosystem services [63,64] and contributions to a synthesis calling for more adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14].
Carolyn H. Sieg is a research ecologist at the Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service in Arizona.Dr. Sieg's research focuses on improving the understanding of how to effectively manage forests that are impacted by severe wildfires insect infestations and invasive plant species.Her notable works include evaluating the fire history within the interior ponderosa pine forests found in South Dakota [65,66].Her recent works include understanding the role of high-severity fires on spatial patterns of ponderosa pine regeneration [67] and the interactions of fires and bark beetles in ponderosa pine forests [68].
Carla M. D'Antonio is a professor of ecology at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Dr. D'Antonio's research focuses on problems at the interface of plant community ecology and ecosystem ecology.Her notable works include furthering the understanding of the pathways and processes that drive the impacts of exotic plant invasions on ecosystem structure and function [69] and the impacts of invasive species on disturbance regimes [70][71][72].Her recent work includes a 25-year assessment of how fire followed by invasive grasses has prevented a subtropical woodland from returning to the pre-fire ecosystem condition [73].
Penelope Morgan is a professor at the University of Idaho and is certified as a senior fire ecologist by the Association for Fire Ecology.Dr. Morgan's research focuses on understanding patterns and drivers of post-fire heterogeneity.Her notable works include studies to further understand the role of promoting natural variability in management strategies to promote biological diversity [74] and assessing fire regimes and fire effects at landscape scales [75,76].Her recent works have included focusing on improving the extension of fire science synthesis to land managers [77], evaluating over one hundred years of high severity data to evaluate potential trends [78], and contributions to a synthesis calling for more adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14].
Dominique Bachelet is a senior climate change scientist and associate professor at Oregon State University.Dr. Bachelet's research focuses on the impacts of vegetation due to climate change and disturbances.Her notable works include assessing the impacts of climate change on both the distribution of vegetation and associated impacts on carbon budgets [79][80][81][82].Her recent work has included contributing to a large synthesis on the current status of global fire modeling [83].
Mary A. Arthur is a professor of forest ecology at the University of Kentucky.Dr. Arthur's research focuses on the biogeochemistry of Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, the fire ecology of upland oak ecosystems, and ecosystem processes related to non-native invasive species.Her notable works include the impacts of repeated fires on the survival and regeneration of plant species in oak-pine forests [84] and nitrogen cycling in forested ecosystems [85,86].Her recent works include assessments of how fuel composition, stand structure, and forest health changes in Appalachian hardwood forests after repeated fires [87,88].
Anna Sala is a professor at the University of Montana.Dr. Sala's research focuses on plant physiology and mechanisms, with an emphasis on trees, in response to ecosystem disturbances such as fire, beetles, and drought.Her notable works include furthering the understanding of the mechanisms behind drought-induced mortality of trees [89,90], furthering the understanding of carbon and non-structural-carbohydrate dynamics within trees [91,92], and understanding how fire alters nitrogen dynamics in ponderosa pine stands [93].Her recent works have included furthering the understanding of genetic effects in tree survival [94] and assessing the ability of fires and thinning to help increase resistance to beetle attacks [95,96].
Maria J. Perestrelo de Vasconcelos is a researcher with the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical in Portugal.Dr. Vasconcelos's research focuses on forest monitoring, land-use and landcover change, and climate change.Her notable works include an evaluation of logistic regression and neural network methods to spatially predict fire ignitions [97] and an assessment of what landcover types in Portugal are more likely to exhibit wildfires [98].Her recent work includes the development of a new method to assess burned areas in satellite sensor imagery [99].
Beverly E. Law is a professor of global change biology and terrestrial systems science at Oregon State University.Dr. Law is a fellow of the American Geophysical Union and an Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow.Dr. Law's research focuses on the impacts of fires, climate change, and land management on carbon and water cycling.Her notable works include assessments of carbon cycling in temperate and boreal forests that include fires [100][101][102].Her recent works include assessing tree mortality from fires, harvesting, and bark beetles during an extended period of drought in the western United States [103] and an assessment of land-use strategies to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions [104].
Vanya R. Pivello is a professor of ecology at the University of Sao Paulo.Dr. Pivello's research focuses on the ecology of the Cerrado of Brazil.Her notable works include understanding the role of invasive grasses on the biodiversity of the Cerrado [105] and a synthesis of human use of fire in both the Cerrado and the Amazon rainforest [106].Her recent work has included understanding the role of fire on seed germination in neotropical savannas [107].
Nancy H.F. French is the deputy and senior scientist of the Environmental, Transportation, and Decision Support Lab at the Michigan Tech Research Institute.Dr. French's research focuses on the spatial characterization of fires and fire emissions.Her notable works include assessments of changes in boreal forests under climate change [108], evaluating burned areas in Alaskan boreal forests [34,109], and evaluating burn severity in North American boreal forests [110].Her recent works have included improvements to regional atmospheric CO 2 inversion models [111] and impacts of fires on land surface albedo in the Alaskan tundra [112].
Janice L. Coen is a project scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.Dr. Coen's research focuses on wildland fire behavior and its interaction with weather.Her notable works include research to develop coupled atmosphere-fire models [113,114].Her recent work includes a simulation of a windstorm-driven wildfire in Colorado [115].
Mercedes Bustamante is an associate professor of ecology at the Universidade de Brasilia.Dr. Bustamante in 2014 was the first corresponding author to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group III, Mitigation of Climate Change, Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Uses [116].Dr. Bustamante's research focuses on plant physiology and fire in savanna ecosystems.Her notable works include contributions to syntheses relating to nitrogen deposition impacts on plant diversity [117] and the impacts of deforestation, fire, and drought in the Amazon basin [46].Her recent work has included the development of an integrated monitoring approach for assessing the impacts of tropical forest degradation and impacts on carbon and biodiversity [118].
Tina L. Bell is an associate professor at the University of Sydney.Dr. Bell's research focuses on fire ecology, soil-plant interactions, and smoke.Her notable works include a response to fire of root morphology, anatomy, and starch distributions in the southwest of the Australian Epacridaceae [119] and the post-fire growth to the southwestern Australian Epacridaceae [120].Her recent works have included understanding the impacts of fuel reduction to optimize post-fire carbon-, water-, and vegetation-related ecosystem goods and services [121,122].
Michelle C. Mack is a professor of ecosystem ecology at Northern Arizona University.Dr. Mack's research focuses on plant community ecology and what biological and environmental drivers impact ecosystem dynamics under global change.Her notable works include contributions to a synthesis seeking to further understand the impacts of changing biodiversity on ecosystem processes and resilience [123], the impacts of nutrient fertilization on carbon storage in the Arctic Tundra [124], and the impacts of invasive species on disturbance regimes [67], and assessing how fires in boreal and arctic systems impact carbon processes and radiative forcing [53,125].Her recent work includes an analysis of tree rings in black spruce forests to predict future ecosystem resilience to fires [126].
Ana Isabel Couto Neto da Silva Miranda is a professor at the Universidade de Aveiro in Portugal.Dr. Miranda's research focuses on emissions, air quality modeling, and climate change.Her notable works include furthering the understanding of the sources of particulate matter in Europe [127] and modeling fire activity, air quality, and particulate matter emissions in Portugal [128][129][130][131]. Her recent works have continued to build on furthering the understanding of particulate matter emissions [132,133].
Karla M. Longo de Feritas is a senior scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Dr. Longo's research focuses on the remote sensing of biomass burning in South America.Her notable works include contributions to characterize fire emissions during the Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation-Brazil (SCAR-B) experiment [134,135] and research to assess plume rise in vegetation fires [136].Her recent works include evaluating emissions form Cerrado fires and modeling the impacts of biomass burning aerosol emissions from Amazonian fires [137,138].
Amy Hessl is a professor of geography at West Virginia University.Dr. Hessl's research focuses on the interactions between humans, past climates, and forest ecosystem processes.Her notable works include an evaluation of the impacts of drought and regional climate on fire occurrence in the northwestern United States [139,140] and the interaction of fires, herbivory, and humans on aspens stands in western Wyoming [141].Her recent works have included an assessment of climate and fire in Mongolia over the last 500 years [142] and contributions to an article calling for advances in the use of dendrochronological assessments of fires in the United States [143].
Jill F. Johnstone is a freelance researcher at the Northern Plant Ecology Lab (NPEL).Dr. Johnstone was formerly a professor at the University of Saskatchewan and is now an adjunct professor at the University of Saskatchewan and an affiliate research scientist at the University of Alaska, Fairbanks.Dr. Johnstone's research focuses on how disturbances and climate interact to impact boreal and tundra ecosystem dynamics.Her notable works include how changes in fire regimes are altering Alaskan boreal forests [144][145][146] and how fire impacts on soils impact post-fire tree recruitment and regeneration in boreal forests [147].Her recent works include an analysis of tree rings in black spruce forests to predict future ecosystem resilience to fires [126] and a synthesis looking at ecological memory and forest resilience under changing disturbance regimes [148].
Rebecca B. Bird is a professor of anthropology at Penn State University.Dr. Bird's research focuses on human behavioral ecology, fire ecology, indigenous conservation and land management, signaling theory, and landscape ecology.Her notable works include seminal work in signaling theory [149] and assessments of Australian Aboriginals' use of fire [150][151][152].Her recent works have included the role of Aboriginal burning on promoting fire diversity and native predators [153] and work exploring human-climate-fire relationships [154].
Toddi A. Steelman is the Stanback Dean of the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University.Dr. Steelman's research focuses on governance, community decision making, and policy associated with environmental and natural resource governance, as well as adaptation, mitigation, preparedness, and response to wildfires.Her notable works include understanding perspectives of land management personnel and the public in natural resource decision making [155,156].Her recent works have included evaluating what types of information people trust and find useful during wildfire disasters [157] and contributions to a synthesis evaluating wildfire risk in socioecological systems [12].
Meg A. Krawchuk is an assistant professor at Oregon State University.Dr. Krawchuk's research focuses on landscape ecology, biogeography, and conservation science.Her notable works include projections of future global geographic distributions of wildfires [158] and furthering the understanding of the biotic and abiotic constraints on fire occurrence [159,160].Her recent works have included further understanding the spatial patterns of burned areas, refugia, and fire occurrence [161][162][163] and contributions to a synthesis calling for more adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14].
Fay H. Johnston is an associate professor at the University of Tasmania and a senior research fellow at the Menzies Institute for Medical Research.Dr. Johnston's research focuses on assessing environmental factors on poor health such as the epidemiology of smoke pollution, as well as health impacts of airborne allergens and heatwaves.Her notable works include human impacts of wildfires, such as public health costs and projected mortality rates from smoke exposure [38,[164][165][166].Her recent works continue to build on research to quantify the health and economic impacts on the public from wildfire smoke [167], as well as other studies aimed at better informing the public of the air quality risk [168].
Yufang Jin is an associate professor at the University of California, Davis.Dr. Jin's research focuses on ecosystem responses to climate change, fires, and management.Her notable works include contributions to a synthesis of global fire emissions [169], the impacts of boreal forests on climate change [53], and the assessment of burn severity and vegetation recovery in North American boreal forests [170].Her recent works include evaluating the potential for different fire regimes within Southern California [171] and an assessment of fires in Southern California under periods with and without Santa Ana winds [172].
Kendra K. McLauchlan is a professor at Kansas State University.Dr. McLauchlan's research focuses on characterizing the properties of past ecosystems through reconstructing biogeochemical cycling, fire histories, and vegetation in grassy ecosystems.Her notable works include evaluating nitrogen cycle dynamics during the Holocene [173] and work to reconstruct disturbance histories and their impacts on biogeochemical cycling [174].Her recent work has included reconstructing fire history in grasslands using sedimentary charcoal [175].
Lori D. Daniels is a professor at the University of British Columbia.Dr. Daniels' research focuses on the use of dendroecological methods to assess the impacts of climate and disturbances on the vegetation dynamics of temperature forests.Her notable works include the role of climate on the altitudinal tree lines [176] and contributions to a synthesis furthering the understanding of tree mortality rates across the western United States [177].Her recent works have included assessing the roles of humans and climate on fire regimes [178] and improving approaches to derive mean fire intervals [179].
Christelle Hély is faculty at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, a college of the Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University in Paris.Dr. Hély's research focuses on forest ecosystem responses to climate change, modeling, and fire science.Her notable works include the impacts of vegetation and weather on predicted fire behavior in boreal forests [180,181] and understanding dynamics of vegetation and fires in Africa and boreal North America during the Holocene [182,183].Her recent work has included understanding the drivers behind extreme fires in Mediterranean regions of France [184].
Catherine L. Parr is a professor of ecology at the University of Liverpool.Dr. Parr's research focuses on invertebrates and how they interact within the context of savanna ecology, community ecology, and fire ecology.Her notable works include understanding the impacts of spatial burn heterogeneity on biodiversity in tropical and subtropical savannas [185], the effects of savanna fires on ant communities [186], and further understanding tropical grassy biomes [187].Her recent work has included a synthesis that called for further research into the evolutions and adaptations that have occurred in animals in response to fire [188].
Carol Miller is a research ecologist at the Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute.Dr. Miller's research focuses on assessing the biophysical drivers behind fire regimes, investigating interactions between fire regimes, climate, and the patterns and processes of vegetation, assessing the balance between fire suppression and restoring fire within functioning ecosystems, and evaluating the impacts of climate on fire regimes.Her notable research includes furthering the understanding of scaling when considering fire regimes [189] and synthesizing risk analysis approaches used in wildland fire management [190].Her recent works have included assessing refugia following large fires [161,191] and a synthesis of progress in wilderness fire science [192].
Tania Schoennagel is a research scientist at the University of Colorado.Dr. Schoennagel's research focuses on the causes and impacts of fires and other disturbances on western forests.Her notable works include a study evaluating the interaction of fires, fuels, and climate [193], research on the role of droughts on fire occurrence in subalpine forests [194], an assessment of national fire plan treatments in the wildland urban interface [195], and contributions to a synthesis focusing on how to adapt and coexist with wildfires [196].Her recent work includes a synthesis calling for improved human adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14].
Dolors Armenteras is a professor of landscape ecology at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Dr. Armenteras's research focuses on fire ecology, biodiversity, deforestation, and land-use work in conservation and sustainability.Her notable works include an assessment of the patterns and drivers of deforestation in the Colombian Amazon [197] and a study of the influence of forest fragmentation on fire occurrence and intensity in forests in Amazonia [198].Her recent works include evaluating changing patterns of fire occurrence in tropical Amazon forests [199] and predicting reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) deforestation rates from remote sensing fire products [200].
Ana Alencar is the program director at the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM) in Brazil.Dr. Alencar's research focuses on fires in Brazil, with a focus on environmental policy and sustainability.Her notable works include contributions to syntheses evaluating the impacts of fires, deforestation, and land-use in forests in Amazonia [201,202].Her recent works have included contributions to articles seeking a policy solution to Brazil's illegal deforestation [203] and the development of an integrated monitoring approach for assessing the impacts of tropical forest degradation and impacts on carbon and biodiversity [118].
Christine Wiedinmyer is the associate director for science at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), which is a partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Colorado.Dr. Wiedinmyer's research focuses on how land-use and landcover change impact the emissions of trace gases and particulates and how they in turn impact atmospheric composition, air quality, and climate.Her notable works include a synthesis of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using the model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature (MEGAN) [204], the development of high-resolution models to estimate emissions from biomass burning [205], and integrating fire emissions into air quality assessments [206].Her recent work has included improving information on black carbon deposition on the Greenland ice sheet [207].
Alexandra D. Syphard is a senior research scientist at the Conservation Biology Institute in Oregon.Dr. Syphard's research is focused on how landscapes change under human and natural disasters, with an emphasis on wildfires, urbanization, and climate change.Her notable works include characterizing the human impacts on California fire regimes [208], the evaluation of spatial patterns from wildfires [209], and contributions to a synthesis on how to coexist with wildfires [196].Her recent work has included evaluating the increased risk of wildland fires due to rapid urbanization [210].
Valerie Trouet is an associate professor at the University of Arizona.Dr. Trouet's research focuses on using tree-rings to study past climates and forests, with a focus on fire-climate interactions, carbon cycle science, and human-environment interactions.Her notable works include climate reconstructions and fire-climate interactions over the last 100-500 years [211][212][213].Her recent works include understanding the role of sociological factors in impacting fire activity over the last 400 years in the Sierra Nevada [214] and evaluating the impacts of fires on season radial growth in trees [215].
Erica D. Kuligowski is the lead scientist and sociologist in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Group of the Fire Research Division of the Engineering Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).Dr. Kuligowski's research focuses on developing science to lower the risk of fire spread in WUI communities and the development of improved public alert systems for fire risk.Her notable works include furthering the understanding of how humans react during fires [216].Her recent work has included research on evacuations from structures [217].
Emily K. Heyerdahl is a research forester with the United States Forest Service.Dr. Heyerdahl's research focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of historical fire regimes.Her notable works include understanding the spatial variation and climate drivers of fire regimes [218,219].Her recent works have included mortality assessments of ponderosa pine 21 years after fire-scarred partial cross-sections were removed [220] and the role of low-severity fires in increasing tree defenses to bark beetles [95].
Erica A. H. Smithwick is an associate professor of geography at the Pennsylvania State University.Dr. Smithwick's research focused on the interactions of landscape and ecosystem ecology with an emphasis on pyrogeographic impacts on biogeochemistry and carbon dynamics.Her notable works include assessments of biogeochemical cycling following wildfires [59,221] and understanding carbon storage in Pacific Northwest forests [222].Her recent works have included a correspondence calling for the fire science community to include social and economic factors within wildfire risk assessments [223].
Sally Archibald is an associate professor at the University of the Witwatersrand.Dr. Archibald's research focuses on the dynamics of savanna ecosystems under fire, grazing, and global change.Her notable works include further understanding the fire-tree-grazer cycles in global savannas [224][225][226][227] and assessing what factors limit burned areas in southern Africa [228].Her recent works have included further understanding the role of humans in these dynamic savanna ecosystems [229] and contributions to a synthesis to consider the plant characteristics that lead to the flammability of ecosystems [230].
Jennifer Marlon is a research scientist at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Science.Dr. Marlon's research focuses on the social and physical factors of climate change to assess human perceptions to extreme events and reconstruct past climates, respectively.Her notable works include evaluating the climatic and human drivers in global biomass burning events over the last 2000 years [231,232] and the response of North American wildfires to abrupt changes in climate [233].
Her recent works have included reconstructing biomass burning records of fire location, timing, spatial extent, and frequency [234].
Alessandra Fidelis is an assistant professor at the Universidade Estadual Paulista in Brazil.Dr. Fidelis's research focuses on understanding how fire affects tropical savannas and grassland, with an emphasis on using fire to manage invasive species and vegetation dynamics.Her notable works include contributions to a synthesis on current ecological knowledge of the South Brazilian Campos biome [235].Her recent work includes assessments of fire behavior and effects on plants and seeds in Cerrado fires [236,237].
Claire M. Belcher is an associate professor in earth system science at the University of Exeter.Dr. Belcher's research focuses on the impact and flammability of wildfires in both contemporary and ancient ecosystems.Dr. Belcher's work seeks to further understand what role wildfires play in maintaining the various earth-system processes that enable the Earth to be habitable.Dr. Belcher recently edited "Fire Phenomena and the Earth System: An interdisciplinary Guide to Fire Science" [238].Notable works by Dr. Belcher include understanding the lower limits of oxygen under wildfires that occurred in the Mesozoic [239] and the flammability of Earth's ecosystems during the Carboniferous through the present periods of Earth's history [240].Her recent work has included contributions to a synthesis to consider the plant characteristics that lead to the flammability of ecosystems [230].
Sarah M. McCaffrey is a research forester with the United States Forest Service.Dr. McCaffrey's research focuses on improving the understanding of the social factors and dynamics of fire management.Her notable works include further understanding the role of social science research in wildfire management [241] and contributions to a synthesis focusing on how to adapt and coexist with wildfires [196].Her recent works have included a synthesis of lessons learned in public responses to wildfires from 2010-2015 [242] and evaluating what types of information people trust and find useful during wildfire disasters [157].
Tatiana V. Loboda is an associate professor at the University of Maryland.Dr. Loboda's research focuses on the interactions of wildland fires, biodiversity, public health, and local change with human and physical landscape properties.Her notable works include the development of new algorithms for determining burned area and carbon cycle products in satellite sensor imagery [34] and assessing fire risk in Russia [243].Her recent works have included efforts to assess black carbon emissions from cropland burning in Russia, with impacts on the Arctic [244,245].
Bethany Bradley is an associate professor at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.Dr. Bradley's research focuses on plant invasion and fire ecology, biogeography, and modeling the risk and potential shifts of plant invasions under global change.Her notable works include modeling potential risks of species invasions [246,247] and documenting the role of introduced grass species on fire activity in the western United States [72].Her recent works have included evaluating the role of cheatgrass distribution on fire regimes [248] and the role that human ignitions and high winds play in promoting the occurrence of large wildfires [13,249,250].
Sofia Bajocco is a researcher at the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics -Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA) in Italy.Dr. Bajocco is on the editorial board of the journal, Fire.Dr. Bajocco's research focuses on landscape ecology, vegetation phenology, fire ecology, and remote sensing.Her notable works include assessments of what landcover classes in Italy are most sensitive to desertification and wildfires [251,252].Her recent works have included studies to assess the linkages between fire ignitions and fuel phenology [253] and the spatial mapping of forest fuels via phenology [254].
A. Paige Fischer is an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.Dr. Fischer's research focuses on human behaviors in response to natural hazards and climate change impacting the sustainability of socioecological systems.Her notable works include the integration of traditional ecological knowledge and local ecological knowledge when considering conservation of forest biodiversity [255] and furthering the understanding of fire-affected landscapes as coupled human and ecological systems [256].Her recent work has included leading a synthesis where risk of wildfires is characterized by a complex array of challenging interactions between social and ecological systems across scales [12].
Sarah B. Henderson is an assistant professor at the University of British Columbia and the senior environmental health scientist at the British Columbia Center for Disease Control.Dr. Henderson's research focuses on air pollution, extreme weather events, and environmental health and safety.Her notable works include projected health impacts and mortality rates from smoke exposure [166,257].Her recent works include improved methods to predict the minimum height of forest fire smoke [258] and improving approaches to better understand the health impacts of fires on the public [259].
Jennifer K. Balch is an assistant professor at the University of Colorado-Boulder.Dr. Balch is on the editorial board of the journal, Fire.Dr. Balch's research focuses on the patterns and processes of fire disturbances and the recovery of ecosystems.Dr. Balch's work seeks to understand the sustainability of tropical and other fire-affected ecosystems.Notable works by Dr. Balch include documenting the role of introduced grass species on fire activity in the western United States [72] and the role of fires in Amazonia and other tropical regions [46,260].Her recent works have included being the corresponding author to a global synthesis of global fire challenges [44] and research focused on understanding the role of climate and a wider assessment of what triggers a fire season [249,261], studies of the role that human ignitions and high winds play in promoting the occurrence of large wildfires [13,250], and contributions to a synthesis calling for improved human adaptation to wildfires in western North American forests [14].
Crystal A. Kolden is an associate professor at the University of Idaho.Dr. Kolden is on the editorial board of the journal, Fire.Dr. Kolden's research focuses on the relationships between climate and fire, the impacts of fires on socio-ecological-hydrological systems, and the remote sensing of fuels and fire effects.Her notable works include studies to assess the relationships between climate and burned areas [262] and assessing unburned areas and refugia within fire perimeters [263,264].Her recent works have included a synthesis focused on how to live with fires across the world [10], assessing future worldwide increases in fire activity and risks to human populations [11], and an analysis of the spatial distribution of the 2017 Californian wildfires that were ignited under katabatic or non-katabatic wind conditions [265].
Caroline E. R. Lehmann is a senior lecturer at the University of Edinburgh.Dr. Lehmann focuses on the ecology and evolution of tropical ecosystems, with an emphasis on savannas and how their dynamics are impacted by climate and fire.Dr. Lehmann has also worked on improving our understanding of the evolution of C4 grasslands and improving knowledge of how savannas and tropical biomes are defined more broadly.Her notable works include describing the distributions of savannas [266] and further understanding the global dynamics of savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships [28,226].Her recent works have included assessing the degree of savanna woody encroachment [267] and further understanding tropical grassy biomes [187].
Sharon M. Hood is a research ecologist with the United States Forest Service.Dr. Hood's research focuses on the mechanisms of post-fire tree mortality, the impacts of changing fire regimes on forest succession and resilience, and the impacts of fire on the susceptibility of bark beetles to attack trees.Her notable works include research to evaluate post-fire conifer mortality [90,94,268].Her recent works have continued to build on post-fire tree mortality [269], assessing the ability of fires and thinning to help increase resistance to beetle attacks [95,96], as well as assessing the long-term impacts of fuel treatments [270].

Special Mentions
This section recognizes scientists that published predominately technical reports or national journal titles that do not register in Web of Science.Although the data for these scientists was incomplete, each has contributed significantly to fire science, and we wanted to err on the side of inclusion.
Elizabeth Reinhardt was formerly the assistant director of fire and aviation management at the United States Forest Service.Dr. Reinhardt's research broadly focused on fuels and fire ecology.Her notable works include the development of models to develop post-fire mortality, fire effects, and burning rates of large woody fuels [271][272][273].In additional to articles in international journals, Dr. Reinhardt has published 14 general technical reports.
Patricia Andrews was formerly a research physical scientist at the United States Forest Service Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory.Dr. Andrew's research focused on science integration and the application of fire behavior and fire danger research.Her notable works include advances in the understanding of fire danger [274] and the development of the BehavePlus fire modeling system [275].In additional to articles in international journals, Dr. Andrews has published six general technical reports.
Sue A. Ferguson (deceased) was formerly a member of the Fire and Environmental Research Applications Team at the Pacific Northwest Research Station of the United States Forest Service.Dr. Ferguson founded the Atmosphere and Fire Interactions Research and Engineering Team and the Northwest Regional Modeling Center.Her notable works included an assessment of lighting-based wildfire ignitions in the Pacific Northwest [276] and an article published posthumously recognizing that her work was instrumental in leading to the development of the BlueSky smoke prediction system [277].

Conclusions
We again acknowledge that this compilation in no way encompasses all current women leaders in fire science.Rather, it is merely an attempt to identify some of the prospective role models in fire science and intentionally initiate a scholarly conversation about the perspectives and epistemologies that diversity can bring to the field.Additionally, while our goal here was to highlight the rise of women in the field, we also acknowledge the need to recognize other underrepresented voices in the field, such as indigenous and racial minorities, individuals with disabilities, and the LGBTQIA community, who all bring different ways of doing and knowing to science.