Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.M. and Y.Y.; methodology, M.A.; software, M.A.; formal analysis, M.A.; investigation, M.A.; resources, M.A.; data curation, M.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.A.; writing—review and editing, J.M., J.D., R.P.J., and A.N.; visualization, M.A.; supervision, J.M., J.D., R.P.J. and A.N.; project administration, J.M.; funding acquisition, J.M.
Figure 1.
(a) The three-dimensional view of an L-Band MILO. The boundary conditions used within the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation display by color, blue for a magnetic boundary and green for an electric boundary. (b) List of critical component dimensions.
Figure 1.
(a) The three-dimensional view of an L-Band MILO. The boundary conditions used within the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation display by color, blue for a magnetic boundary and green for an electric boundary. (b) List of critical component dimensions.
Figure 2.
(a) The two-dimensional representation of the MILO device on the YZ plane at the X origin. The input of the device, the left-side of the image, has a set of four discrete ports, spaced 90 degrees from each other, excited by the voltage pulse displayed in (b).
Figure 2.
(a) The two-dimensional representation of the MILO device on the YZ plane at the X origin. The input of the device, the left-side of the image, has a set of four discrete ports, spaced 90 degrees from each other, excited by the voltage pulse displayed in (b).
Figure 3.
(a) The two-dimensional representation of the MILO device on the YZ plane at the X origin. (b) List of critical component dimensions of the S-band MILO.
Figure 3.
(a) The two-dimensional representation of the MILO device on the YZ plane at the X origin. (b) List of critical component dimensions of the S-band MILO.
Figure 4.
The S-Band MILO with color indicating the location and type of material applied to the model.
Figure 4.
The S-Band MILO with color indicating the location and type of material applied to the model.
Figure 5.
The schematic of the circuit used for the co-simulation within CST studio suite. The Marx generator is designed to match closely to the theoretical impedance of the MILO, approximately 12 Ohms with an erected, open-circuit voltage of 1.2 MV. The yellow box is trigger signal which activates immediately upon the start of the co-simulation dumping the Marx energy into the MILO visible to it’s right.
Figure 5.
The schematic of the circuit used for the co-simulation within CST studio suite. The Marx generator is designed to match closely to the theoretical impedance of the MILO, approximately 12 Ohms with an erected, open-circuit voltage of 1.2 MV. The yellow box is trigger signal which activates immediately upon the start of the co-simulation dumping the Marx energy into the MILO visible to it’s right.
Figure 6.
Center cut of the MILO model within CST studio suite with markers placed to indicating the parameters which are individually varied in four different parametric sweeps.
Figure 6.
Center cut of the MILO model within CST studio suite with markers placed to indicating the parameters which are individually varied in four different parametric sweeps.
Figure 7.
Calculated output characteristics of the L-band MILO. The results are obtained though a waveguide port placed at the output boundary of the model. The input voltage is an ideal trapezoidal pulse with a peak voltage of 600 kV.
Figure 7.
Calculated output characteristics of the L-band MILO. The results are obtained though a waveguide port placed at the output boundary of the model. The input voltage is an ideal trapezoidal pulse with a peak voltage of 600 kV.
Figure 8.
Measurement of the instantaneous output radio frequency (RF) power of the MILO with the figure on the left showing over the entire simulation runtime and right for a time where the power is at its peak. The results are obtained by integrating the three-dimensional power flow over a surface just before the output boundary of the model.
Figure 8.
Measurement of the instantaneous output radio frequency (RF) power of the MILO with the figure on the left showing over the entire simulation runtime and right for a time where the power is at its peak. The results are obtained by integrating the three-dimensional power flow over a surface just before the output boundary of the model.
Figure 9.
The current waveform feeding the discrete ports which excite the MILO and the frequency analysis of the RF output. The total current is the summation of each of the plotted waveform, approximately 60 kA during peak draw.
Figure 9.
The current waveform feeding the discrete ports which excite the MILO and the frequency analysis of the RF output. The total current is the summation of each of the plotted waveform, approximately 60 kA during peak draw.
Figure 10.
Measurement of the instantaneous output RF power.
Figure 10.
Measurement of the instantaneous output RF power.
Figure 11.
Measured input current waveform through the discrete ports and the Fourier transform of the RF output.
Figure 11.
Measured input current waveform through the discrete ports and the Fourier transform of the RF output.
Figure 12.
Measured instantaneous power of the RF output of the MILO.
Figure 12.
Measured instantaneous power of the RF output of the MILO.
Figure 13.
Measured input current waveform through the discrete ports and the Fourier transform of the RF output.
Figure 13.
Measured input current waveform through the discrete ports and the Fourier transform of the RF output.
Figure 14.
The measured input waveforms which are fed to the MILO model during co-simulation of the device. These were measured by a monitor placed within the schematic model and compared to the recorded values from the PIC simulation.
Figure 14.
The measured input waveforms which are fed to the MILO model during co-simulation of the device. These were measured by a monitor placed within the schematic model and compared to the recorded values from the PIC simulation.
Figure 15.
Measured instantaneous power of the output RF signal of the MILO.
Figure 15.
Measured instantaneous power of the output RF signal of the MILO.
Figure 16.
Fourier analysis of the output signal frequency.
Figure 16.
Fourier analysis of the output signal frequency.
Figure 17.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power over a set for five different models with varying extractor gap distances.
Figure 17.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power over a set for five different models with varying extractor gap distances.
Figure 18.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the extractor gap.
Figure 18.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the extractor gap.
Figure 19.
Measurement of the instantaneous output RF power over a set for five different models with varying stub radius.
Figure 19.
Measurement of the instantaneous output RF power over a set for five different models with varying stub radius.
Figure 20.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the stub radius.
Figure 20.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the stub radius.
Figure 21.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power by varying the stub location.
Figure 21.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power by varying the stub location.
Figure 22.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the stub location.
Figure 22.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the output signal of parameter sweep of the stub location.
Figure 23.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power by varying the cathode beam dump overlap.
Figure 23.
Calculated instantaneous output RF power by varying the cathode beam dump overlap.
Figure 24.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the RF output of a parameter sweep of the cathode beam dump overlap.
Figure 24.
The total input current and the frequency analysis of the RF output of a parameter sweep of the cathode beam dump overlap.
Table 1.
The table of key parameter design equations.
Table 1.
The table of key parameter design equations.
SWS fan radius | |
Anode radius | |
RF choke radius | |
Extractor radius | |
Table 2.
Conductivity of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite [
5].
Table 2.
Conductivity of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite [
5].
Material Property | Value |
---|
Resistivity (AB) | 20,000 |
Resistivity (C) | 200 |