Conversion of Solid Biomass into Biochar: Act as a Green, Eco-Friendly Energy Source and a Substitute of Fossil Fuel Inputs

: To meet the global demand of energy requires an alternative source, preferably with a lower concern of climate change. Biochar production from agricultural biomass waste by pyrolysis creates a unique solution for producing a useful source of green energy. Biochar is a carbon-rich product with a high heating value which is comparable with our primary energy sources (fossil fuels). Biochar can be utilized for various purposes such as energy production and soil enhancement. Biochar can be more suitable for steelmaking, in view of their chemical and thermo-chemical characteristics including low ash, higher heating values (HHV), and high surface area. Biochar can also be utilised selectively for soil amelioration, C-sequestration, and waste water treatment, in view of the suitability of their characteristics (such as higher values of pH, mineral content, and surface area) for meeting the requirements for a particular purpose. This study associates the characteristics of biochar produced by slow pyrolysis at 800 °C for two biomass residues: corn cob and coconut shell. These results can be used to establish ideal utilization means of biomass for energy and/or biochar production.


Introduction
Among the various renewable energy sources, biomass has the potential to be used as an alternative source of energy [1] that is CO2-neutral [2]. There is a need to convert the biomass into such a form that will go beyond all these related aspects with potential utilisation for various productive purposes, such as energy production and climate change mitigation [3]. Pyrolysis among the green technologies that produce energy from biomass [4]. Biochar is recognized as a very significant tool of environmental management [5]. Biochar is a new technical term. According to Lehmann and Joseph [5], it is defined as ''a carbon (C)-rich product". Shackley et al. [6] defined biochar more descriptively as ''the porous carbonaceous solid product''. Verheijen et al. [7] also defined biochar as ''biomass that has been pyrolyzed in a zero or low oxygen environment applied to soil at a specific site". All of these definitions are directly or indirectly related to the biochar production and its potential application. The fast depletion of high-grade coking coal reserves and the negative impact of fossil fuels on the environment calls for the use of renewable and alternate clean source of energy. Biochars is a carbon-rich product derived from pyrolysis of solid biomass wastes, and their utilisation potential is increasing the interest in the beneficial applications in carbon sequestration, soil fertility improvement, pollution remediation, waste water treatments, thermal and metallurgical purposes, iron and steel industry, etc.
Biomass is a green renewable source of carbon, and using it to produce biochar can release energy with virtually no sulphur and a very small amount of nitrogen [8]. Producing biochar from biomass waste appears to be a promising method of achieving greater levels of inevitability and flexibility for integrating the enhancement of carbon and soil fertility [9]. The application of biochar receives attention for its improvement of soil quality and carbon sequestration [10,11]. In the soil, biochar increases the soil holding water capacity and nutrients, reducing the need for fertilizers. Biochar contains carbon, which can directly store for a long time due to its strong resistance to biological decomposition [12,13]. Biochar has high energy and is rather comparable to the coal used in the industries as feed stocks for fuel [14,15].
Hence, the objective of present study was to gain an insight into the characteristics of the biochars and evaluate their potential of utilisation.

Sample Collection and Preparation
Corn Cob (CC) and Coconut Shell (CS) were collected from the local area of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. These samples were ground to below 0.5 mm, dried in an air-oven at 60 °C for 24 h, and pyrolyzed [16] in muffle furnace at temperature 800 °C with heating rate of 5-10 °C/min. The carbonized products were then grounded to a particle size of below 212 microns (−72 mesh) and further characterized for their biochar properties.

Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
To conduct the proximate analysis followed under standard methods ASTM E871-82, E1755-01, and E872-82 [16] for CC and CS and standard method ASTM D1762-84 [16] for corn cob char (CCch) and coconut shell char (CSch), the fixed carbon (FC) content was calculated by difference.
ASTM E777, 778, and 775 standard test methods were followed for ultimate analysis [17] in order to determine the basic elemental composition [18] of all the samples using a Vario El III CHNS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Sulfur) analyser.

Gross Calorific Value (Heating Value) and Surface Area
The gross calorific values of all the samples were determined by bomb calorimeter (T-451, TESTMASTER, Kolkata, India) followed by the standard method (ASTM D4809-00) [19].

Proximate and Ultimate Analyses CC, CS, CCch, and CSch
Proximate and ultimate analyses of CC, CS, CCch, and CSch are shown in Table 1. The volatile matter of CC and CS were found to be on the higher side-i.e., 76.18 and 79.23%, respectively, in comparison to their corresponding char. Volatile Matter (VM) content of biomass decreases with pyrolysis because the presence of lignin in the biomass waste feedstocks cannot resist the pyrolytic decomposition at temperatures as high as 800 °C [21]. From ultimate analysis data, it can be observed that the principal components [22] such as, C, H, N, S, and O, differed in both cases (biomass and its corresponding biochars). The higher the content of VM and FC in CS, the higher the content of C and H in CS than in CC. The carbon contents of obtained biochars are 74.54 and 79.31% for CCch and CSch, respectively. Among all these elements, the contribution of carbon was highest in most of the biochars [23], which was followed by oxygen, then hydrogen and then the rest of the components, although the compositions of nitrogen and sulphur content in biochar materials are low or approximately same.

Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Surface Area
Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and surface area of the biochars are shown in Table 1. The biochars-i.e., CCch and CSch-had a higher heating value (Gross Calorific Value) than the raw biomass-i.e., CC and CS [21]. This may be because the carbon content increases in biochar with pyrolysis. The presence of these C, H, and O elements in biomass led to more char formation as well as to the higher heating value of the product. The GCV for CC, CS, CCch, and CSch varied in the range 18.24, 20.40, 23.56, and 28.63 MJ/Kg, respectively. Similarly, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area varied in the range 297.76 and 434.66 m 2 g −1 , for CCch and CSch, respectively, which is in agreement with the observations of others [21,24,25].
Biochars have pore-blocking substances, which are driven off or thermally cracked, leading to enhancement in the surface area and its pore volume [26]. The more typical of these biomasses have high content of VM, thereby the derived biochars have a high specific surface area [27].

Utilization Potential for Green Energy and Enhancement of Soil Fertility
The potential of utilisation for Green Energy and Enhancement for Soil Fertility depends on the characteristics of the biochars. Accordingly, obtained biochars of CC and CS with targeted physicochemical properties are essential [28,29].
Considering the result obtained, efforts need to be made to obtain biochar with a good relation between its properties and reducing environmental costs with relatively less energy consumption [28][29][30][31][32]. The conversion process appears to be a potential option to utilise these biomass wastes for sustainable purposes including as a substitute of green energy sources. In this structure, it is germane to mention that the volatile matter content of most of these biochars at ≥650 °C falls within the range 10-40 wt % used for the steelmaking industry [33], also considering the other various parameters such as higher content of FC, C, GCV, and surface area.
These biochar materials with a significant surface area (297.76 and 434.66 m 2 g −1 ) are also evocative of their better application potential in improving the soil-attributable cation exchange capacity (CEC), and treating the soil and water contaminated with toxic elements and organic pollutants [34][35][36].

Conclusions
Biochar produced from the pyrolysis of corn cob and coconut shell biomass samples at 800 °C had different physical and chemical properties. Obtained biochars from these wastes have higher content of volatile matter, fixed carbon, C, H, and higher heating value-i.e., gross calorific value. This conversion of wastes from pyrolysis to biochar can be a potential substitute for fossil-derived fuel (coal, oil, etc.) to green renewable energy sources such as: for steel making, as a soil ameliorant, enhance soil fertility, C-sequestration, and also in waste water handling.