Analysis and Energy Certification of an Andalusian Public Health Center. Comparative between the General Option and Simplified Procedures

: The requirements concerning the energy certification of buildings established in Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002, which was in turn modified by Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 19 May 2010, regarding the energy efficiency of buildings, were transposed into Spanish legislation through Royal Decree 47/2007, dated January 19, through which a Basic Procedure for certification was approved of energy efficiency of new buildings, which was consolidated by Royal Decree 235/2013, of April 5, which approves the basic procedure for the certification of the energy efficiency of buildings. In said Royal Decree, it is established that existing buildings or units of buildings occupied by a public authority, must obtain an energy efficiency certificate and will have the obligation to display their energy efficiency label, when their total useful area exceeds 250 m 2 , and are usually frequented by the public. The Basic Procedure is established that must comply with the methodology for calculating the energy efficiency rating, considering those factors that have the greatest impact on their energy consumption, as well as the technical and administrative conditions for the energy efficiency certifications of the buildings. For this purpose, three software programs were promoted from the competent Ministry, one corresponding to the general option (LIDER-CALENER “HULC” unified tool) and two others corresponding to the simplified option (simplified procedures CE3 and CE3X), which allow the energy qualification to be carried out of buildings according to three types of buildings (residential, small and medium-sized tertiary, and large tertiary) that are increasing the requirements of the energy certification of the building depending on the type of the same. This study identifies the possible alternatives for improving energy efficiency over the initial qualification of the building, within a context of technical and economic feasibility, optimizing energy demand, reducing CO 2 emissions and building energy consumption, being The study also compares the results obtained in the energy rating, between the general option and the simplified procedures, on an Andalusian health center in 1957, which corresponds to the typology of the Grand Tertiary building (GT).


Introduction
The present document on Energy Qualification of a Health Center dating from 1957, is based on the basic procedure for the certification of energy efficiency of buildings, approved according to Royal Decree 235/2013 [1], which partially transposes Directive 2010/31/EU [2], Energy Efficiency in Buildings, to Spanish legislation. This Regulation establishes that existing buildings or units of buildings occupied by a public authority, must obtain an energy efficiency certificate and will have the obligation to display their energy efficiency label, when their total useful area exceeds 250 m 2 , and they are frequented usually by the public. In this work, the results obtained when performing the energy qualification of an Existing Building dating from 1957 are exposed, which in this case, is the Health Center "Virgen de Linarejos" of Linares (Jaén, Spain), belonging to the Service Andalusian of Health and that attends to the typology of Gran Tertiary building (GT).

Methodology
The Basic Procedure for the certification of energy efficiency of buildings, approved according to Royal Decree 235/2013, establishes the methodology for calculating the energy efficiency rating, considering those factors that have the greatest impact on their energy consumption, as well as the technical conditions and administrative for energy efficiency certifications of buildings. For this purpose, three software programs were promoted from the competent Ministry, one corresponding to the general option (LIDER-CALENER "HULC" unified tool) and two others corresponding to the simplified option (simplified procedures CE3 and CE3X), which allow the energy qualification to be carried out of buildings according to three types of buildings (residential, small and medium-sized tertiary, and large tertiary) that are increasing the requirements of the energy certification of the building depending on the type of the same. Through the aforementioned official programs, the energy rating of this health center of the Andalusian Health Service will be carried out, as well as the analysis of measures to improve the energy efficiency of the Building.

Object of Study
This paper analyzes the energy rating of an Existing Building with a Gran Tertiary (GT) typology, specifically a Health Center of the Andalusian Health Service, dating from 1957, located in the province of Jaén (Spain). This energy rating allows to check the current energy status of the building and to study possible alternatives for improving energy efficiency over the initial rating of the building, within a context of technical and economic feasibility, optimizing energy demand, reducing CO2 emissions and the energy consumption of the building, being also the object of the study, the comparison of the results obtained in the energy qualification, between the general option and the simplified procedures promoted by the competent Ministry.

Case Study
The Health Center "Virgen de Linarejos" is a health center of the Andalusian Health Service, which belongs to the Ministry of Health of the Junta de Andalucía, located in Linares (Jaén, Spain), corresponding to climate zone C4, according to Code Building Technician (CTE) [3]. The construction of the building dates from 1957 to 1960, through the National Social Security Institute belonging to the Ministry of Labor, destined as a Health Insurance Outpatient. In the year 2000, a reform of the Health Center is carried out, to adapt it to the requirements of the Andalusian Health Service. This reform does not affect the structure or the enclosures of the building, although if the carpentry of the building is reformed, as well as all the air conditioning and Sanitary Hot Water (SHW) facilities. The main activity is the building, which corresponds to a Primary Care Health Center with an Emergency Device. As complementary activity in the building are the offices for administrative use of the Jaén Norte Sanitary District.

Building Description
The "Virgen de Linarejos" Health Center is located in a 1020 m 2 building with a very elongated rectangular plan and has 6 floors built on the ground and a basement. The total constructed area is approximately 4200 m 2 . The 7 floors in which the building is divided are: Basement, Ground, First to fifth. The building is of variable section, since from the second floor, the constructed area is reduced, and the basement does not occupy the entire floor of the building. The building is made of reinforced concrete structure and the walls of the exterior enclosure are plastered brick factory, smooth finish monolayer and white stone exterior paint, they have a half-foot chamber and a second brick brick wall [4]. There are also other types of enclosure walls that contain land that is made of 250 mass concrete. The building slabs are also reinforced concrete. The exterior carpentry is white lacquered aluminum with simple 6 mm glass without thermal break. The interior distribution is made with brick wall partitions plastered and plastered according to the description of the finishes. The building has 2 types of roofs, being the main roof of the curved, four-water tile building, not passable and the second type of roof is flat and invertible of medium arid, forming the terraces accessible from the second floor. The pavements are mainly of terrazzo, existing some areas in the general accesses with marble finish. The coatings are ceramic veneered in toilets, plaster plaster and painted. A picture of the building is shown in Figure 1.

Description of the Building's Air Conditioning and Sanitary Hot Water (SHW) Systems
With regard to the production of cold, the air conditioning system of this building has two clearly differentiated slopes: • On the one hand there is a centralized production through two air-water chillers that supply a series of air handling units with ducts. • On the other hand, to acclimatize the rooms in the Emergency Zone, which have a totally different use schedule than the rest of the Center, there are a series of autonomous teams divided into several models and powers that supply these premises. This equipment also has a heat pump system.
For the generation of heat, there is a boiler fueled with diesel, in order to supply hot water for air conditioning. In this case apart from the supply of hot water to the treatment units of common waiting areas as in the case of cold production, there is also a series of water radiators located in all the perimeter areas of the building, covering practically all the Center, including the emergency area.
The distribution of water for air conditioning is carried out by means of a two-pipe installation, which does not allow simultaneous demand for heat and cold. The air conditioning units with constant air flow with cold and heat battery, have return temperature regulation, with actuation on three-way valve of proportional type.
The production of Sanitary hot water (SHW) is carried out with electric water heaters located in each of the different verticals that feed the endpoints of consumption.

Building Definition for Energy Simulation
In this section it is necessary to define all the data necessary to qualify the Health Center with the general HULC option. These data are those referring to the epidermis, climate and operational and occupational characteristics, as well as the definition of the building systems and the assignment of said systems to the corresponding spaces.
First, it was based on the plans of the building in "dxf" format, which served as a template for the construction of the geometry of the Health Center through the unified tool program LIDER-CALENER (HULC) [5][6][7]. Once the geometry was obtained, the configuration of the thermal envelope materials of the building, the operational and occupational characteristics of the spaces, the unified tool program, the building exports to the CALENER GT program, after calculating the thermal demand.
Once the geometry, the thermal envelope, the operational and occupational characteristics have been achieved, the definition of all the Health Center's systems, as well as the allocation of spaces to them, is already carried out in the CALENER GT program, in order to So, finally get the current rating of the building. The results of the final qualification and the report of the same are already obtained in the HULC program. Figure 2 shows the image of the building in the HULC program.

Considerations for Introducing the Geometry of the Building for Energy Simulation
Due to the large size of the Health Center and the limitations of the program, there was no solution but to simplify reducing spaces and building elements. The real geometry of the building has 154 spaces and exceeded the calculation limit recommended by the program and gave errors when performing the simulation, so that geometry had to be modified because HULC does not support more than 100 spaces and 500 elements in the definition of geometry. Finally, the geometry was reduced to 86 spaces, and the windows were reduced to 110 (one per enclosure), given that the real windows of the building are 395, which together with the rest of the building's elements exceeds the established limit. In order to obtain this reduction of spaces, spaces of similar characteristics of the interior of the Health Center have been joined, especially unconditioned spaces, as well as administrative offices and consultations, fed by the same air treatment unit.
In order to be able to make a comparison of the results between the general option "HULC", and the simplified procedures "CE3" [8] and "CE3X" [9], the same zoning of building spaces will be maintained for the three energy qualification programs, taking care of course to the specifications of each program that are not the subject of this work.

Proposals to Improve the Energy Efficiency of the Building
The modifications proposed to improve the Energy rating of the Health Center are the following [10][11][12]: (1) Energy Demand Improvements: increased insulation of exterior enclosures, replacement of glazing with low emissives and decrease of infiltrations. (2) Improvements in Equipment and Systems: replacement of heating and DHW fuel, improvement of thermal/mechanical performance of primary equipment, increase in the performance of air conditioners, increase in the efficiency of luminaires and integration of renewable energies in the building.
The list of improvement measures studied on the energy rating of the building is listed below:

Results
In the first place, the results obtained from the energy rating of the Health Center with the general option ("HULC" program) and the proposed improvement alternatives are presented, and in a second part the results obtained with the simplified procedures are presented (programs CE3 and CE3X), ending with the comparison of the results between the general option and the simplified procedures.

Result Obtained in the Energy Rating of the Building with the General Option HULC
As can be seen in Figure 3, the rating obtained is the "D" in total CO2 emissions, and the "F" in non-renewable primary energy consumption (EPNR).

Result Obtained with the Improvement Proposals on the Initial Energy Rating of the Building with the General HULC Option
We can see in Table 1 summarizes the results of the proposed improvements on the initial energy rating with the HULC program.

Comparison of the Result Obtained between the Initial Energy Rating and the M8 Improvement Proposal with the General HULC Option
Considering Improvement 8 as the most interesting in energy and environmental terms. We represent in Table 2 the Comparative analysis of the result obtained between the initial energy rating and the M8 improvement proposal with the general HULC option.

Qualification. CO2 Emissions D B Qualification Energy Primary not Renewable F C
The results of the proposed improvements on the initial energy qualification with the HULC program are summarized in Table 2.

Results Obtained in the Energy Rating of the Building with the Simplified Procedures CE3 and CE3X
Below we present the results obtained with the simplified calculation procedures CE3 and CE3X (1). Result of the energy rating of the building with the CE3 program: It has not been possible to obtain a result of the building studied with the proposed geometry, given that the program gives a calculation error, but does not indicate where the fault occurs. It has been tried to introduce the geometry from the file made in HULC (option supported by the program) and directly with the help of the building plans in dxf, and in both cases it is the same, so everything indicates that the CE3 program It collapses with the extensive zoning required for this building, especially when compared to the examples of buildings of Grand Tertiary that the program brings that are much simpler. (2). Result of the energy rating of the building with the CE3X program: the grade obtained is E in both total CO2 emissions and in global non-renewable primary energy consumption (EPNR), as can be seen in the following Table 3 and Figure 4.

Comparison of the Result between the Initial Energy Rating Obtained with HULC and CE3X
Next in Table 4 we comparatively analyze the result between the initial energy rating obtained with HULC and CE3X.

Comparación del Resultado Entre la Calificación Energética de la Propuesta de Mejora M8 Obtenida con HULC y CE3X
The Table 5 shows the comparative results between the energy rating of the M8 improvement proposal obtained with HULC and CE3X.

Result of the Economic Analysis of the Proposed Improvements on the Initial Energy Rating of the building with the General HULC Option
As indicated in a note in Annex III of the official certificate of energy efficiency of buildings (issued by the energy certification programs), "Energy indicators are calculated based on standard coefficients of operation and operation of the building, so which are only valid for the purpose of your energy rating. For the economic analysis of energy saving and efficiency measures [13,14], the certifying technician must use the actual conditions and historical consumption data of the building". Therefore, in this study the actual consumption data of the building in the building has been taken into account. period between the years 2014-2016. In our case, the difference in consumption between the real final energy (billed) and simulated (general option "HULC") is −45,387.23 kWh/year, which in percentage would be 13.6% higher theoretical consumption (simulated) than the real (billing), which we can consider as an acceptable result. Table 6 shows the results of the economic analysis of the proposed improvements on the initial energy rating with the HULC program.

Conclusions
With the information provided in this work, it can be observed, how the energy rating of buildings carried out with the HULC tool, allows the energy analysis of the building, showing the current state of the same, and allowing to identify alternatives for improving the energy efficiency of the building , through energy simulations of the proposals to improve the initial energy rating, so from the beginning, those measures that do not entail significant energy savings, and that are not technically feasible or present difficulties in implementation, can be ruled out. As for those alternatives for improvement that involve energy savings or improvement of the energy rating of the building, the results obtained allow an economic study to be carried out to indicate the economic viability of carrying them out. In our case, measures such as increased insulation of the building envelope, biomass boiler or solar thermal installation were discarded from the beginning due to technical difficulties or insignificant energy savings. Regarding the measures finally proposed to improve the energy rating of the Health Center, it should be noted that the return period of the investment shown only refers to the energy savings achieved, which is the object of the study carried out, since if they are taken into account of the maintenance costs of the improvements related to facilities, such return periods would decrease, especially the return period of the replacement of the chillers, since they are obsolete equipment with 19 years old, which is why they include in the proposed improvement, as well as the replacement of windows, which although not being a viable measure from the point of economic life, however, it presents important aspects to take into account, such as the improvement of the energy rating of the building in two levels with the consequent reduction of CO2 emissions, or the improvement of thermal comfort and acoustic comfort of users, as well as the improvement is building technique. Finally we can indicate that after the analysis of the energy rating of the building, and making an investment of €188,521, corresponding to the energy saving measures of the M8 proposal, the qualification of a 60-year-old Health Center is improved, in two levels in total CO2 emissions, from "D", to "B", and in three levels in non-renewable primary energy consumption, from "F" to "C", but very close to rating "B" (see Figure 5), which is that required by the CTE (DB-HE) for new buildings with almost zero energy consumption. Finally, a theoretical saving of 23% in final energy consumption and 26% in CO2 emissions is achieved. All this, as a result of having reduced the energy demand for heating of the building, and having improved the energy consumption corresponding to air conditioning and lighting of the Health Center, obtaining as a result a more appropriate qualification to a building belonging to an Administration [15], which must give example, and take measures to avoid exhibiting an F rating, on its energy efficiency label. As a summary of this point, it can be said that the analysis of the energy rating of the building allows to identify the most outstanding measures, both from the point of view of energy saving, as well as improving the energy rating scale, as well as discarding other a priori interesting measures, which translates into a tool to help in decision-making, and to be taken into account when rehabilitating and modernizing a building.
Regarding the second part of the purpose of this work, which is the comparison of the results of the energy rating of the building, between the general option HULC, and the simplified procedures CE3 and CE3X, it can be indicated that the rating calculated with the CE3X program, for this building, it does not approximate the qualification obtained with the general option (HULC). On the other hand, with respect to the CE3 tool, for the building geometry established in our case, the program gives errors when carrying out the simulation, so it is not possible to obtain a building qualification.
As can be extracted from the exposed data, of the four main indicators, only one matches the result in CE3X with the HULC rating, both in the initial state, and in the M8 improvement proposal, with the rest of the indicators being above or below, even varying two levels, as is the case with heating demand in the improved M8 situation. As for numerical indicators, in our case, the comparison is not possible due to the large deviation they present, so the data is not valid for energy analysis. It can also be observed, a more conservative nature of the CE3X program versus HULC, which in the opinion of the authors, makes the CE3X program, less interesting from the point of view of energy analysis, a fact that can be verified, when analyzing the results with the proposed improvements to the energy rating in HULC and CE3X, since the results of HULC ("B" and "C") are quite important for a building of this age, while the results of CE3X ("C" and "D") make the improvements proposals are much less attractive and even more thinking that it is a public building that belongs to the Administration, which in turn have an exemplary function over the rest of society.
In summary, in view of the information provided, it can be stated, expressing as carefully as possible, that the simplified procedures for the energy certification of CE3 and CE3x buildings are not suitable for buildings similar to the one studied, that is, buildings of the great tertiary typology (GT), with considerable volume and high number of spaces, affected by various operational conditions. Although it is true, that in order to verify this hypothesis, similar studies should be carried out on a greater number of buildings of this type and in all climatic zones established in the CTE.