Fostering Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency in the Water Sector Using PATs and Wheels †

REDAWN project will foster the adoption of hydropower energy recovery technology in built water networks in the Atlantic Area (AA). REDAWN will develop an adequate institutional, social and technological environment to foster greater resource efficiency in water networks. Pumps working as turbines (PAT) and other converters (wheels) became attractive to improve the water sector energy efficiency. However, the behavior of these devices are complex and it is difficult know its behavior. To overcome this problem, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were used in conjunction with the conceptualization and laboratory tests to explore its performance. Different modes were tested and simulated: single PAT mode and in parallel in pressurized pipe systems and a wheel in an open channel flow.


Introduction
Reducing Energy Dependency in Atlantic area Water Networks (REDAWN) is a project which deals with the feasibility of hydropower in public water networks.The water industry is the 4th most energy intensive sector in the Atlantic Area (AA), responsible for significant contributions to climate change, and reductions in the competitiveness of the region due to the associated costs.REDAWN project will foster the adoption of hydropower energy recovery technology in built water networks in the Atlantic Area (AA).REDAWN will develop an adequate institutional, social and technological environment to foster greater resource efficiency in water networks.
At present significant potential exists to save energy, costs and environmental impacts in the AA water networks, but technological, institutional and social barriers prevent the exploitation of this resource.Flow energy is purposely wasted in water networks to restrict the levels of pressure, avoiding excessive leaking and bursting.This pressure control could also be achieved using turbines with the added benefit of energy production.
Water and Energy is a key problem for Europe where barriers include: (i) insufficient integration of water and energy, (ii) inadequate economic incentives to adopt efficient water-energy technologies and (iii) lack of low power technologies.
The recover energy from water flowing in a transmission network to population centers are well accepted.However, in the distribution network, significant untapped potential exists for hydropower energy recovery not used yet.
REDAWN will also be the first project to explore the potential of all forms of water network for hydropower energy recovery (Figure 1).Several investigations are under developed in the estimation of the potential energy available ij water systems, the pressure control associate to the leakage, the waste of flow energy in different mechanical devices, specifications of characteristic curves of low-cost energy converters, flow characterization, and performance estimation for pumps as turbines.
For water distribution networks (i.e., low power available less than 100 kW) pumps working as turbines (PATs) can be seen as an interesting alternative solution to reduce the pressure in pipe systems, replacing or in conjunction with pressure reduction valves.This renewable system, which presents feasibility indexes with low payback periods (<5 years), can lead to the improvement of the future water systems sustainability [1].
Several investigations on PATs and on Wheels domain are under study for the flow behavior and the influence in the operation points, due to the turbulence occurrence with vortex formation [2][3][4].These flow structures create difficulties in the use of affinity laws to extrapolate other operating conditions, which need to be validated by detailed experimental data [5][6][7][8][9][10][11].
Hence, an experimental set-up was established at the CERIS-Hydraulic Lab of Instituto Superior Técnico at the University of Lisbon and used for numerical validation.All required parameters were measured in a single PAT for a more constant flow conditions and 2 PATs in parallel when the system imposes more regulation of the flow.

Experimental Tests and CFD in PATS
The PAT facility system allows the study the PAT performance under different steady flows and operating conditions.The PAT used is an Etarnom 32-125 from KSB, with the best efficiency point (BEP) at 3.60 L/s and 4.43 m w.c.The specific speed of the machine is 51 rpm (m, kW) and its nominal rotational speed is 1020 rpm. Figure 2 shows the two experimental set-up related to the two different PAT operating conditions.The experiments were carried out for different rotational speeds (1020, 1275 and 1500 rpm) and different flows (2.9-5.2L/s) in steady state conditions.The pressure was recorded in two pressure transducers located upstream and downstream of each PAT set-up.The rotational speed was measured using a digital tachometer.Figure 3 shows the experimental characteristic curves of a single PAT and for the 2 PATs in parallel with a different flow distribution and rotational speeds.

Open Channel in a WWTP and CFD in Wheels
Possibility of installing in a typical exit open channel of a Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), a hydrokinetic turbine at correspondence of Venturi Flume, or a hydrostatic wheel machine after the narrow section (Figure 4 top) are investigated.The theory behind a hydrostatic pressure wheel is based on the hydrostatic law (Figure 4 bottom), while the theoretical available power corresponds to:

PATs
The boundary conditions assigned to sections A and B (Figure 2), are the inlet and outlet measured points of each PAT system, i.e., the volume of the flow rate, corresponding to each test, was allocated to the inlet condition, as for the outlet condition, the pressure recorded in the pressure transducer (located downstream of each set-up) was set.For the rotation of the impellers, the corresponding rotational speeds obtained experimentally were also considered (Figures 5).The centrifugal force effect rises with the increasing of the rotational speed.Figure 6 shows the pressure distribution of the PAT for 810 rpm (single mode) and 440 rpm and 810 (for PAT1 and PAT2 in parallel).Comparing the results from single mode and in parallel operation, in the latter one it is possible to run the system to cover different flow rates than using only a single PAT (Table 1).When working a single PAT, the rotational speed and the efficiency are higher for a high flow rate.Figure 7 shows the characteristic curves achieved for both conditions, after validating the CFD model [6,10].
(a)  In the open channel system some simulations of the hydrostatic wheel were presented after CFD simulations (Figure 8).The most promising technology for open channels can be selected as the Hydrostatic Wheel Machine (HWM) which is specifically designed for low heads.

Conclusions
Water distribution networks (WDNs) appear as a new opportunity to generate clean energy using pumps working as turbines (PATs) instead of energy dissipaters by pressure reduction valves (PRVs).Experimental and CFD simulations were performed for detailed flow analysis to study the velocity variation in a single PAT with the specific speed of 21 rpm (m, m 3 /s) and in 2 PATs in parallel.The obtained experimental data and CFD results allowed to better understand the flow behavior through the PAT, and the analysis of the velocity vectors for different operating conditions associated to each flow discharge, head and rotational speed.Different rotational speeds were imposed in each PAT system associated to each operating mode.The benefits associated to the PATs working in parallel are the possibility to cover a higher flow range variation with best efficiency conditions than the one for a single PAT.Despite a significant and guaranteed daily water flow passing through a WWTP outlet channel, the low available head allows a hypothetical application of HWM installation to perform generated electricity and economic attractiveness.
In particular, discounted payback period has been evaluated as equal to 2 and 8 years within the most optimistic scenarios for PATs and water wheels, respectively and maximum values of 4 and 15 years for the worst configuration parameters, for both analyzed machines.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.REDAWN project to foster energy recovery in the water networks.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Scheme of the experimental hydraulic facility at CERIS-IST Lab: (a) single PAT; (b) two identical PATs in parallel.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Characteristic curves: (a) single PAT for different rotational speeds; (b) PATs in parallel for 440 and 810 rpm in each PAT.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Variation of mechanical and electrical parameters of a hydrostatic wheel machine [11].

Table 1 .
Operation range of experimental set-ups (in single and in parallel operation).