Comparative Analysis of Thermal Performance between Courtyards in Mediterranean Climate

This paper analyzes the thermal performance of three courtyards located in Dos Hermanas (Seville, Spain) simultaneously monitored during five days in the hot period of the year, from 4 June to 9 June. The results show a significant tempering effect in all the courtyards, recording a maximum outdoor-indoor temperature difference up to 11 °C in the courtyard with the best performance and 7 °C in the less favorable one. It is confirmed that deep courtyards perform better, and shadows elements such as vegetation also improve the results, creating a good opportunity to use these elements to easily enhance the performance of existing courtyards.


Introduction
The courtyard as an effective passive cooling system takes special relevance in the present situation of climate change accelerated by the high energy consumption [1].The heat island effect in cities may be mitigated by their own morphology and, accordingly, courtyards are especially relevant in warmer climates such as the Mediterranean due to its proven cooling effect [2].This effect of the courtyard has been traditionally known and used in warm climates vernacular architecture widespread all over the world [3].Thermodynamic effects that explain the behavior of the courtyard are affected by many factors such as geometry, vegetation, water or wind among other conditions.
The aim of this study is the comparison of the performance of three different courtyards under the same climatic conditions to analyze the scope of the benefits of the courtyard regarding different factors such as geometry, shadow elements or vegetation.

Materials and Methods
In this study, the geometric description of the courtyards is based on their Aspect Ratio, which is a value previously described by Hall [4] that relates the height and the width as follows: where hmax = maximum height of the courtyard and W = width of the courtyard.

Courtyard Description
For this study, three courtyards of different geometries and proportions were simultaneously monitored during a whole week in Dos Hermanas (Spain 37°17′01″ N 5°55′20″ W, elevation 42 m a.s.l).Dos Hermanas is characterized by the highest summer severity in Spain according to the climate classification established in the Spanish Building codes with maximum mean temperatures of 36 °C [5].To select the courtyards for this study, different sizes and geometries have been chosen to represent the variety of typical courtyards inside the buildings in our cities.The three courtyards selected are as follow.Their dimensions are specified in Figure 1: • Case 1. Residential: This courtyard belongs to a five-story building in an area of high compactness but low edifications.The block has several courtyards.The courtyards of the building are deep and their main functions is providing light and ventilation to the inner rooms.
The AR of the courtyard is 4.1 and 1.7 in each direction.The depth of the courtyard prevents the solar radiation reaching the lower part of the walls of the courtyard.The coating of all the wall surfaces is white cement mortar and there are several small windows.

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Case 2. School.The building is organized around the courtyard which is surrounded by a closed gallery that gives access to the classrooms.The AR is 0.8 and 1.3 in each direction.The most characterizing element of the courtyard is the vegetation that partially protects the surfaces from direct solar radiation.The walls are covered with cement mortar painted in white color.• Case 3. Residential.In a similar neighborhood of the first case, this four-story building has three inner courtyards which are larger than the other cases.The AR is similar to case two, 0.8 and 1.4in each direction.There is a variety of wall finishes, two of them are made of cream color stone, another one is red painted cement mortar and the last one is a curtain wall.

Monitoring
The monitoring campaign was carried out during a week between the fourth and the ninth of June, the period of the year when the effect of the courtyards is expected to be higher due to the high temperatures and low humidity.Temperature inside and outside the courtyards has been measured, as well as humidity and wind speed.For the exterior conditions, a meteorological station model PCE-FWS 20 has been placed in the roof of the Case 3. Inside the courtyard, air temperature and humidity have been recorded by sensors model TESTO 174 H in the lower level, and air temperature by sensors TESTO 174 T in two higher levels of the courtyards.A total number of six sensors were placed in each courtyard, protected with insulating material shields to prevent overheating due of solar radiation.

Results
Figure 2 shows the outdoor temperature and wind speed recorded in the two most representative days of the field campaign.Maximum outer air temperatures ranged between 33-40 °C during those days and minimum at night registered 17-21 °C.The wind recorded during these days was always below 8 km/h which was considered not significant to have an important influence inside the courtyards.The figure also shows the mean temperature recorded in each courtyard.
Temperatures recorded inside the courtyards are clearly lower than those in the outside, as expected regarding previous research, the difference being variable depending on the configuration of each courtyard.The courtyard that shows a better performance during the day is Case 1.The difference between outdoor temperature and indoor temperature reaches 11 °C at 19.00 h 7 June.However, at night hours, the courtyard suffers from overheating, being the indoor temperature higher than in the outside.All these results are explained by the fact that this courtyard has the higher AR.The solar radiation does not reach the lower surfaces of the courtyard and the air temperature remains cooler during the day but, at night, the accumulated heat of the day is not easily loosed because the depth does not help the creation of air flows inside the courtyard.Case 2 also shows a good performance during the day.Although it is not as deep as Case 1 and the AR is lower, the temperatures inside the courtyard never rise above 33 °C when it is at its highest outdoor temperature, creating a microclimate inside that is up to 8.5 °C cooler.The vegetation provides shadow during the early afternoon, which also improves performance.During the nights, the low aspect ratio allows the courtyard to ventilate and prevent overheating.
The courtyard of Case 3, even though its AR is similar to Case 2, does not perform as well as it.The reason seems to be that it does not have shading elements.However, the microclimate of the courtyard still produces lower temperatures than the outside, resulting in a thermal difference up to 7 °C, which still might mean an important contribution to the thermal efficiency of the building.
Figure 3 shows the temperature difference between the outdoor and each of the courtyards.It can be seen Case 1 presenting a higher thermal leap in the hotter days, followed by Case 2 and Case 3 displaying the lowest difference.It is interesting to notice how in cooler days, as 6 June, when the tempering effect is not so significant, the performance of the three courtyards becomes similar, reaching the same thermal leap although at different hours.

Conclusions
Geometry is an important factor regarding the performance of the courtyard.Besides, this study suggests that other factors, such as the presence of vegetation or shading elements can improve the benefits of a courtyard whose geometry may not be ideal from a previous analysis, as it seems to occur in the Case 2, contrasting it with Case 3.This is interesting because it opens a research line about the possibility of refurbishment of existing courtyards to boost their performance as passive cooling elements.
Our study has proven the temperature in the interior of a courtyard is cooler than outside in warm climates and helps to prevent overheating.The keys of the thermodynamic behavior of the courtyards are based on physical phenomena.The most determining factors in the thermal behavior of the courtyards are the depth, sunlight, air currents and the presence of vegetation and shading elements.With appropriate proportions depending on the climate and combined with natural ventilation and shading or vegetation elements, courtyards can very favorably contribute to efficient building design.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Air Temperature and Wind Speed in courtyards and outside from 6th to 8th June.