Multiple Solutions to the Fractional p -Laplacian Equations of Schrödinger–Hardy-Type Involving Concave–Convex Nonlinearities

: This paper is concerned with nonlocal fractional p -Laplacian Schrödinger–Hardy-type equations involving concave–convex nonlinearities. The first aim is to demonstrate the L ∞ -bound for any possible weak solution to our problem. As far as we know, the global a priori bound for weak solutions to nonlinear elliptic problems involving a singular nonlinear term such as Hardy potentials has not been studied extensively. To overcome this, we utilize a truncated energy technique and the De Giorgi iteration method. As its application, we demonstrate that the problem above has at least two distinct nontrivial solutions by exploiting a variant of Ekeland’s variational principle and the classical mountain pass theorem as the key tools. Furthermore, we prove the existence of a sequence of infinitely many weak solutions that converges to zero in the L ∞ -norm. To derive this result, we employ the modified functional method and the dual fountain theorem.


Introduction
Research on elliptic problems involving nonlocal fractional Laplacian or more general integro-differential operators has gained attention due to their relevance in terms of pure or applied mathematical theories that are used to illustrate some concrete phenomena, such as the image process, minimal surfaces and the Levy process, quasi-geostrophic flows, the thin obstacle problem, and multiple scattering.In addition, comprehensive studies on this topic can be found in works such as [1][2][3][4][5][6].
Meanwhile, in recent years, considerable attention has been paid to the investigation of stationary problems related to singular nonlinearities, because they can be used to describe a model for applied economical models and several physical phenomena; see [7][8][9] for more comprehensive details and examples.Furthermore, some recent papers [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] dealing with the existence and multiplicity of solutions to elliptic problems with singular coefficients have captured the attention of many mathematicians in the past few decades.
In this paper, we are concerned with the Schrödinger-Hardy-type nonlinear equation driven by the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian as follows: where s ∈ (0, 1), p ∈ (1, +∞), sp < N, and g : R N × R → R satisfies a Carathéodory condition with superlinear nonlinearity and a, b are potential functions that is specified later.Here, L is a nonlocal operator defined pointwise as (L2) There exists a positive constant γ 0 such that K(y, z) ≥ γ 0 |y − z| −(N+sp) for almost all (y, z) ∈ R N × R N and y ̸ = z; (L3) K(y, z) = K(z, y) for all (y, z) ∈ R N × R N .
In this regard, the first aim of this paper is to provide the L ∞ -bound for any possible weak solutions to Problem (1).As far as we know, the uniform boundedness of any possible weak solutions to the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian problems of Schrödinger type with a singular coefficient such as Hardy potentials has not been studied extensively, and we are only aware of the study in [20].In [20], Choudhuri leveraged the bootstrap argument known as the Moser iteration technique (for example, see [21,22]) as the main tool to obtain an a priori bound of weak solutions to the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem of a fractional p-Kirchhoff type involving singular nonlinearity.In contrast to the approach in [20], the De Giorgi iteration method and a truncated energy technique are utilized as key tools; these were first suggested in [23].This approach is based on the recent studies in [16,24].However, this elliptic equation of the fractional p-Laplacian involving Hardy potential has more complex nonlinearities than the problem without such a potential and thus requires more challenging analyses to be carried out carefully.In particular, our approach is more useful than the Moser iteration technique as it is applicable to p-Laplacian or double-phase problems involving the Hardy potential; see [16,24].This is one of novelties of this paper.
As its application, we demonstrate two multiplicity results of nontrivial weak solutions to the Schrödinger-Hardy-type nonlinear equation driven by the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian.From a mathematical point of view, such elliptic problems with a singular coefficient have some technical difficulties because this operator is not homogeneous and the energy functional does not guarantee the compactness condition of the Palais-Smale type.In particular, it is not easy to show that the Palais-Smale-type sequence has the compactness property in the desired function space because of the appearance of the Hardy potential.Related to this fact, the authors in [11,14,15,19] discussed the multiplicity results of solutions by employing various critical point theorems in [25,26] without proving the Palais-Smale compactness condition.The authors in [11] studied the existence of at least one nontrivial weak solution to a nonlinear elliptic equation with a Dirichlet boundary condition: where λ > 0 and µ ≥ 0 are two real parameters, 1 < p < N, and h : Ω × R N → R N is a Carathéodory function.Inspired by this paper, Khodabakhshi et al. [15] determined the existence of at least three distinct generalized solutions when µ = −1 in (2).In this case, we also cite the study in [14] for infinitely many solutions and the study in [19] for the existence of three solutions to elliptic equations driven by p-Laplacian-like operators.
In this direction, concerning the elliptic problem involving the fractional p-Laplacian the authors of [10] proved the existence of at least three solutions to Problem (3) with µ = −1.Furthermore, based on the study in [13], which is a result in a local setting, they proved the existence of two solutions to Problem (3) with µ = 1 by demonstrating the Palais-Smale compactness property, which is essential in applying the critical point theorem in [27].However, in this case, if we consider a standard argument, it is not difficult to show this property for a Palais-Smale-type sequence because can we easily show some topological properties for the energy functional corresponding to the principal part in (3) with µ ≤ 0. Very recently, in a different approach from [10,11,[13][14][15]19], Kim and coworkers [17,18] presented several existence results for infinitely many solutions to Kirchhoff-Hardy-type nonlinear elliptic problems as some extension of Problems ( 2) and (3) when µ ≤ 0. In this respect, as mentioned earlier, the present paper is dedicated to establishing two multiplicity results of solutions to (1) when µ belongs to the interval (−∞, µ * ) for some positive constant µ * .The first is to prove the existence of at least two distinct nontrivial solutions that belong to the L ∞ space by exploiting a variant of the Ekeland variational principle in [28] and the mountain pass theorem in [29] instead of the critical points theorems in [25][26][27].To this end, by analyzing the boundedness of a Palais-Smale-type sequence and the Hardy inequality for the fractional Sobolev space, which is inspired by recent papers in [12,16,30], we overcome the lack of compactness of the Euler-Lagrange functional, which is the main difficulty.This is another novelty of this paper, which is different from previous studies [10,11,[13][14][15]19].In [12], Fiscella provided an existence result for at least one nontrivial solution to the Schrödinger-Kirchhoff-type fractional p-Laplacian involving Hardy potentials: where a > 0, b ≥ 0, µ is a real parameter, and g is a continuous function verifying the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition in [29].The main tool for obtaining this result is the classical mountain pass theorem.The existence of at least one nontrivial solution to a double-phase problem involving Hardy potential can be found in [30].To obtain this, he proved the Palais-Smale compactness condition using the cut-off function method.Motivated by this work, the authors of [16] demonstrated several multiplicity results and a priori bounds of nontrivial weak solutions to Kirchhoff-Schrödinger-Hardy-type nonlinear problems with the p-Laplacian: is a potential function satisfying some conditions, and g : R N × R → R is the Carathéodory function that does not satisfy the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition.
Finally, as an application of the L ∞ -bound for weak solutions, which is our first main result, we derive the existence of a sequence of infinitely many small energy solutions converging to 0 in L ∞ -norm.This is based on related studies [18,[31][32][33][34][35][36] without the Hardy potential; for the Hardy potential, see [18].To the best of our knowledge, for nonlinear elliptic problems with Hardy potentials, the L ∞ -bound for weak solutions converging to zero has not been studied extensively, and we are only aware of the study in [18].However, even considering the Kirchhoff-Hardy-type nonlinear equations in [18], the present paper obtains this multiplicity result for the case in which µ belongs to the interval (−∞, µ * ) for a positive constant µ * , which, in a sense, is an extension of the study in [18].In this respect, we combine the modified functional method with the dual fountain theorem as in [18,32] to provide the final main result.For this reason, our approach is different from previously related works [31,35,36] that used the global variational formulation given in [37].Moreover, our problem has a nonlocal operator and the Hardy potential, which requires us to perform more complex analyses than those of [18,32,33].This paper is structured as follows: In Section 2, we review some necessary preliminary knowledge for the fractional Sobolev spaces that we use throughout the paper.Section 3 demonstrates the L ∞ -bound for any possible weak solution to Problem (1).As its application, in Section 4, we offer the existence of at least two nontrivial solutions belonging to L ∞ -space by showing some auxiliary results related to Problem (1).Finally, we offer the existence of a sequence of solutions converging to zero in the L ∞ -norm.

Preliminaries
In this section, we briefly present some definitions and essential properties of the fractional Sobolev spaces to be used in the present paper.We let 0 < s < 1 < p < +∞ be real numbers and p * s be the fractional critical Sobolev exponent, that is, We define the fractional Sobolev space W s,p (R N ) as follows: Then, W s,p (R N ) is a separable and reflexive Banach space.Also, space [38,39]).
Next, we assume that the potential function b fulfills the condition On the linear subspace, Then, X K s,b (R N ) is continuously embedded into W s,p (R N ) as a closed subspace.Therefore, ) is also a separable reflexive Banach space.From Lemmas 1 and 2, we can offer the following consequence directly.Lemma 3 ([41]).Let 0 < s < 1 < p < +∞ be such that ps < N, and let K : R N × R N \ {(0, 0)} → (0, ∞) satisfy assumptions (L1)-(L3).Then, there exists a positive constant C 0 = C 0 (s, p, N) such that for any ψ ∈ where γ 0 is given in (L2).In addition, the space X K s,b (R N ) is continuously embedded in L q (R N ) for any q ∈ [p, p * s ] and the embedding The following assertion is the fractional Hardy inequality, which is given in [42].
Then, for any ψ ∈ X K s,b (R N ), when sp < N, and for any where c H := c H (N, s, p) is a positive constant.
Throughout this paper, the kernel function

Variational Setting and a Priori Bound of Solution
In this section, we present the variational framework related to the given problem and then provide the L ∞ -bound of any possible solutions to (1) when µ belongs to the interval (−∞, µ * ) for some positive constant µ * .
Let us define a functional Φ s,p : Then, it is obvious that the functional Φ s,p is well defined on Denoting G(y, t) = t 0 g(y, s) ds, we suppose that (A1) 1 < r < p < q < p * s and 0 ≤ a ∈ L ∞ (R N ) ∩ L p p−r (R N ).(G1) g : R N × R → R satisfies the Carathéodory condition and there exists a non-negative Under assumptions (A1) and (G1), we define the functional Ψ λ,µ : Then, it follows that Ψ λ,µ ∈ C 1 (X K s,b (R N ), R) and its Fréchet derivative is Then, we know that the functional ).To obtain Theorem 1, which is our first main result, we need the following notable Lemma introduced in (Lemma 2.2 [23]).
Lemma 5. Let {Z n } ∞ n=1 be a sequence of positive numbers satisfying the recursion inequality Now, we show the regularity-type result via the De Giorgi iteration argument and the localization method.The fundamental idea of the proof of this consequence follows from the study in [16]; see also [33].

Applications
As an application of Theorem 1, we demonstrate two multiplicity results of nontrivial weak solutions to the Schrödinger-Hardy-type nonlinear equation driven by the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian.First, we present useful auxiliaries that play a decisive role in proving the existence of at least two distinct nontrivial solutions to (1).The proof of the following assertion can be regarded as a modification of those of Lemma 5 in [33].Lemma 6.We assume that (V), (A1), and (G1) hold and the following is satisfied: Then, for any θ > 0, we have the following: (i) There are constants λ * > 0 and µ * > 0 such that, for any λ ∈ (0, λ * ) and for any Proof.Let us show Condition (i).Through Lemma 1, there is a constant , where c H and γ 0 are given in Lemma 4 and (L2), respectively.First, we consider the case µ ∈ (0, µ * ).Then, it follows from (A1), (G1), and Lemma 3 that for positive constants d 2 and d 3 .
On the other hand, we consider the case for µ ∈ (−∞, 0].Then, we obtain Let us define the function Then, it is immediately clear that f λ admits a local minimum at point ξ 0 = λqd 2 (p−r) rθ 3 (q−p) 1 q−r and so lim Thus, it follows from ( 16) and ( 17) that there is a positive constant λ * , such that for each λ ∈ (0, λ * ) and for any µ ∈ (−∞, µ * ) we can choose R > 0 and small enough τ > 0 such that for |ξ| > ξ 0 and for almost all y ∈ R N .We take φ ∈ X K s,b (R N ) \ {0}.Then, Relation (18) yields Finally, (iii) remains to be shown.We choose ψ ∈ X K s,b (R N ) such that ϕ > 0. For sufficiently small ζ > 0, from (G2), we obtain Since r < p, it follows that I µ,λ (ζϕ) < 0 as ζ → 0 + .This completes the proof.Now, we prove that the energy functional I µ,λ ensures the Cerami condition ((C)-condition for brevity), i.e., any sequence {v has a convergent subsequence.The basic idea of the proofs of the following consequences follows analogous arguments to those in [12]; see also [16].
where C 1 is a positive constant.From condition (V) and the same argument as in [43], we arrive at for any positive constant C 5 and for some positive constant C 0 .From ( 20), (A1), (G1), and (G3) and for any µ ∈ (0, µ * ), where d 1 is given in Lemma 6.Hence, we know that Next, we consider the case for µ ∈ (−∞, 0].From an analogous argument to that in (21), it follows that Hence, we know that Therefore, from ( 22) and ( 23), we can state that {v n } n∈N is bounded in X K s,b (R N ).From Lemmas 3 and 4 and the reflexivity of X K s,b (R N ), there exists a subsequence, still denoted by {v n } n∈N , and v ∈ for any v ∈ [p, p * s ) as n → ∞.Then, the sequence Thus, proceeding, if necessary, to a further subsequence, we infer that and as n → ∞.
On the other hand, sequence as n → ∞.
The following lemma, which is a variant of the Ekeland variational principle, plays a decisive role in obtaining our first main consequence.

Lemma 8 ([28]
).Let E be a Banach space and x 0 be a fixed point of E .We suppose that F : E → R ∪ {+∞} is a lower semi-continuous function, not identically +∞, bounded from below.Then, for every ε > 0 and y ∈ E such that and every λ > 0, there is a point z ∈ E such that With the help of Lemmas 6-8, we are in a position to derive our first major result.The proof is completely the same as that of Theorem 1 in [33].
Proof.By means of Lemmas 6 and 7, we choose positive numbers λ * and µ * such that I λ,µ has a mountain pass geometry and the (C)-condition for any λ ∈ (0, λ * ) and for any µ ∈ (−∞, µ * ).The mountain pass theorem derives that I µ,λ has a critical point . Thus, Problem (1) admits a nontrivial weak solution v 0 .By virtue of Lemma 6, for a fixed λ ∈ (0, λ * ) and µ ∈ (−∞, µ * ), we can choose R > 0 and 0 < τ} with a boundary ∂B τ .Then, it follows from ( 16) and Lemma 6 for all u ∈ B τ with u ̸ = v ϵ .We set From these facts, we know that v ϵ is a local minimum of I µ,λ .Now, by taking u = v ϵ + tv for v ∈ B 1 with small enough t > 0, from (36), we deduce Therefore, letting t → 0+, we obtain Substituting −v for v in the argument above, we derive Thus, we know for any v ∈ B 1 .Hence, we infer Combining ( 36) with (37), we can choose a sequence {v n } n∈N ⊂ B τ such that Thus, {v n } n∈N is a bounded Cerami sequence in X K s,b (R N ).According to Lemma 7, {v n } n∈N admits a subsequence {v With the aid of this and (38), we determine that I µ,λ (v 1 ) = δ and I ′ µ,λ (v 1 ) = 0. Hence, v 1 is a nontrivial solution of Problem (1) with I µ,λ (v 1 ) < 0, which is different from v 0 .As a result, in accordance with Theorem 1, Problem (1) allows for at least two different nontrivial solutions in X K s,b (R N ), which belong to L ∞ -space.The proof is completed.
Finally, we demonstrate the existence of a sequence of infinitely many weak solutions to problem (1) which converges to 0 in the L ∞ -norm.This requires the following additional conditions for g: Using the dual fountain theorem as the main tool, we consider the following decomposition lemma to obtain our final result.Let E be a separable and reflexive Banach space.Then, it is known (see [45,46]) that there are {e n } n∈N ⊆ E and {h * n } n∈N ⊆ E * such that Lemma 9 (Dual Fountain Theorem [47]).We assume that (E , || • ||) is a Banach space, and H ∈ C 1 (E , R) is an even functional.If there is n 0 > 0 so that, for each n ≥ n 0 , there exist β n > α n > 0, the following hold: (D4) H fulfills the (C) * c -condition for every c ∈ [ψ n 0 , 0), then H admits a sequence of negative critical values ψ n < 0 satisfying ψ n → 0 as n → ∞.Definition 2. We suppose that (E , || • ||) is a real reflexive and separable Banach space, has a subsequence converging to a critical point of H.
Let us introduce the following auxiliary results, which are useful in proving our final consequence.Lemma 10.If (G1) holds and pG(y, t) − g(y, t)t > 0 for all y ∈ R N and for t ̸ = 0, ( then we have Proof.Let I µ,λ (v) = I ′ µ,λ (v), v = 0.Then, we see that ≥ − It follows from Relations (41) and ( 42) that Consequently, Assumption (39) implies that v = 0.The converse is clear from the definition of I µ,λ .
Proof.For any c ∈ R, we let {v n } n∈N be a (C) c -sequence in X K s,b (R N ) satisfying (19).From the coercivity of I µ,θ , we infer the sequence {v n } n∈N is bounded in X K s,b (R N ) and thus {v n } n∈N has a weakly convergent subsequence in X K s,b (R N ).Without loss of generality, we suppose that So, there is a subsequence, still denoted by {v n } n∈N , and a function v 0 in X K s,b (R N ) such that (24) is satisfied.By the definition of φ and (G1), we deduce that for a positive constant C 1 .Due to (24) and (49), we obtain as n → ∞.From analogous arguments to those in Lemma 7, we state that and χ n = max{χ q,n , χ p,n }.
Proof.If all conditions (D1)-(D4) of Lemma 9 are ensured, then for any µ ∈ (0, µ * ) and for every θ ∈ Γ, I µ,θ admits a sequence of negative critical values c n for satisfying c n → 0 as n → ∞.This, together with Lemma 12, yields that for any {v s,b (R N ) * = 0, we know that the sequence {v n } n∈N is a (C) 0sequence of I µ,θ and {v n } n∈N admits a convergent subsequence.Thus, up to a subsequence, still denoted by {v n } n∈N , we have v n → v in X K s,b (R N ) as n → ∞.From Lemma 10 and Remark 1, we infer that zero is the only critical point with zero energy and {v n } n∈N has to converge to zero in X K s,b (R N ); so, ||v n || L m (R N ) → 0 as n → ∞ for any m with p ≤ m ≤ p * .In accordance with Theorem 1, any weak solution ω of (1) belongs to space L ∞ (R N ) and there exist positive constants η, C independent of ω such that From this fact, we know ||v n || L ∞ (R N ) → 0, and thus, by Lemma 10 and Remark 1 again, we arrive at ||v n || L ∞ (R N ) ≤ ξ 3 for large n.Hence, {v n } n∈N with large enough n is a sequence of weak solutions to (1), as desired.From this point of view, we check that all conditions of Lemma 9 hold.
(D4): Let c ∈ R and let the sequence {v n } n∈N in X K s,b (R N ) be such that v n ∈ Y n for any n ∈ N, Since I µ,θ is coercive for any µ ∈ (0, µ * ) and for every θ ∈ Γ, by Lemma 11 it follows that {v n } n∈N is bounded in X K s,b (R N ) for every θ ∈ Γ.So, there is a subsequence, still denoted by {v n } n∈N , and a function v in I µ,θ such that ( 24) is satisfied.
To finish this proof, we prove that v n → v in X K s,b (R N ) as n → ∞ and also that v is a critical point I µ,θ .As X K s,b (R N ) = n∈N Y n , for n ∈ N, we can choose u n ∈ Y n such that u n → v as n → ∞.Hence, we know we have This, together with ( 19) and ( 28)-( 33), yields Relation (34).From similar arguments to Lemma 7, we can state that v n → v as n → ∞.In addition, we have I ′ µ,θ (v n ) → I ′ µ,θ (v) as n → ∞.Let us show that v is a critical point of I µ,θ .In fact, we let n 0 ∈ N be fixed and take any u ∈ Y n 0 .For n ≥ n 0 , we have As n 0 is taken arbitrarily and n∈N Y n is dense in X K s,b (R N ), we have I ′ µ,θ (v) = 0, as claimed.Hence, we arrive at v n → v in X K s,b (R N ) as n → ∞, and v is also a critical point of I µ,θ .Accordingly, we know that the functional I µ,θ assures the (C) * c -condition for any µ ∈ (0, µ * ) and for every θ ∈ Γ. Condition (D4) is proved.The proof is complete.

Conclusions
The present paper is devoted to deriving the multiplicity and a priori bounds of solutions to the Schrödinger-Hardy-type nonlinear equation driven by the nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian.As far as we know, the uniform boundedness of any possible weak solutions to Schrödinger-type nonlocal fractional p-Laplacian problems with a singular coefficient, such as Hardy potentials, has not been studied extensively, and we are only aware of the study in [20].However, our approach to obtain this regularity result is different from that in [20] because we employ the De Giorgi iteration method and a truncated energy technique.By applying these methods, we provide two multiplicity results of nontrivial weak solutions to our problem.To obtain these results, we consider a different approach to those in previous related studies [10,11,[13][14][15]19,31,35,36].More precisely, in contrast to the papers in [10,11,[13][14][15]19], we show the existence of at least two distinct nontrivial solutions which belong to the L ∞ -space by exploiting a variant of the Ekeland variational principle and the
If necessary, we can replace n 0 with a larger value, so that β n > α n > 0 for all n ≥ n 0 .