Positive Solutions and Their Existence of a Nonlinear Hadamard Fractional-Order Differential Equation with a Singular Source Item Using Spectral Analysis

: Based on the spectral analysis method, Gelfand’s formula, and the cones fixed point theorem, some positive solutions with their existence of a nonlinear infinite-point Hadamard fractional-order differential equation is achieved on the interval [ a , b ] under some conditions, and particularly the nonlinear term allows singularities for time and spatial parameters in the present study. Finally, an analysis case is carried out to reveal the principal results.


Introduction
The fractional-order differential model can exactly depict the physical and mechanical process containing historical memories and thus establish spatial global relationship briefly.Accordingly, the fractional-order differential model is concise in form and the parameter meaning is obvious, so it becomes one of the effective approaches for modeling complex mechanical and physical behaviors.Boulham et al. [1] proposed an adaptive monitor for projective chaotic synchronization of general class fractional-order systems with chaotic uncertainty affected by unknown input nonlinear factors, and the closed-loop stability was strictly verified by two simulation examples and related comparative studies.Wu et al. [2] used a new nonlinear fractional-order damaged pattern with viscosity, elasticity and plasticity for rock and soil materials to characterize three-stage creep behaviors, and their pattern fully calculated and predicted the deformation with hysteresis derived from the rapid creep in tunnel engineering.Ma et al. [3] developed a fractional-order model termed as SEIR type and subsequently the beingness, uniqueness, boundness of such a fractional-order system were determined.The research conclusions indicated that it is difficult for humans to avoid coexistence with the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic.Yang et al. [4] designed a fractional controller of EV hybrid energy storage system that can significantly improve the control performance with good robustness.In addition, fractional-order models have been found to be extensively applied in photovoltaic panels [5], electromagnetic waves [6], electric circuits [7], viscoelastic materials [8], chemical reactions [9] and biological systems [10,11].
Owing to its so many advantages and fine results while simulating the system, the fractional-order differential model has received increasingly research attentions during the past several years.How to get the existence result of positive solution for the fractionalorder differential model as well as its related nonlinear dynamics becomes a hot research direction in the field of fractional-order differential models, and many meaningful results are achieved in recent years [12][13][14][15][16][17].Xu et al. [18] depicted the positive solutions of a kind of fractional-order differential models as follows H D α a + x(t) + h(t, x(t)) = 0, t ∈ (a, b), with the boundary value condition where α, a, b are real positive mumbers, 2 < α < 3, a < b < +∞, H D α a + is the Hadamard fractional derivative of order α, χ : [a, b] → R + with χ(t) ̸ ≡ 0, t ∈ [a, b], and b a χ(t)(ln t a ) α−1 dt t ∈ [0, (ln b a ) α−1 ), h ∈ C([a, b] × R + , R + ).Arul and Karthikeyan [19] discussed the existence and uniqueness of solutions with some integral boundary conditions of implicit Hadamard differential equation with boundary value condition where H D κ a + v is the standard Hadamard fractional derivative of order 1 < κ ≤ 2, Arul and Karthikeyan [19] investigated the existence and uniqueness based on Banach and Schauder's fixed point theorem.Wang et al. [20] studied a fractional-order iterative functional differential equation containing parameter on the interval [a, b], showed as with boundary conditions where c D q a is the Caputo fractional derivative of order q with the oower limit a, a The existence theorem is established by the method of Schauder's fixed point theorems [20], and Wang et al. [20] obtained data dependence of solutions and related parameters.
In this article, an infinite-point Hadamard fractional-order differential equation is taken into account, shown as with boundary value conditions where 2.5 < ♭ ≤ 3, a given function and ℓ(t, x, y) is continuous, and H D ♭ 1 + is the standard Hadamard derivative.Compared with [18,21], the present study contains the the derivative term in the nonlinear term of the equation and we will deal with this difficulty, moreover, and involved infinite points in the boundary conditions.Compared with [19], the nonlinear term is singular in this article, and the method we used is spectral analysis and infinite-points are contained in the boundary conditions.Compared with [22,23], the interval we discussed is arbitrarily closed interval [a, b], the interval [1, T] or [0, 1] in [22,23] are special cases of interval [a, b], considering the solution of the equation on this interval will bring about a series of problems, and we overcome this difficulty.

Preliminaries And Lemmas
Some important definitions and lemmas which may be adopted during the certification in the present study, could be reviewed in the newly published papers, e.g., see [24,25], we introduce some of them herein.
Lemma 1 ([24,25]). where 2) can be reduced to a modified model with boundary value condition with boundary value condition (2.2) can be expressed by where ) Proof.By Lemma 1, formula (2.3) is changed into an equivalent integral equation From u(a) = 0, we have d 3 = 0, then by U ′ (a) = 0, we have d 2 = 0. Hence, we get Then, we get thus, we have Therefore, the expression (2.4) is ritht.
On the other hand, we can calculate that then we have (ii) of Lemma 3. As a consequent, we complete the the proof of Lemma 3. where Apparently, K is a subcone of P, and (E , K ) has an ordering relation.
Now the following conditions is listed which will be used later.
Nonlinear operator A : K \ {0} → P and linear operator T : E → E are defined, shown as (2.9) Lemma 4 ([27]).Assume T : E → E , and T be a linear operator and is continuous, T (K ) ⊂ K , where K is a total cone.If there exist a positive constant d and ζ ∈ E \ (−K ) that makes dT (ζ) ≥ ζ, then the spectral radius of T be greater than 0, and which has a positive eigenfunction in regard to its the first eigenvalue λ = r(T ) −1 .This formula is often called Krein-Rutmann's theorem.
Lemma 5 ([27]).The spectral radius of T meets where T is a linear bounded operator, and ∥.∥ is the norm of operator.This formula is often called Gelfand's formula.
Lemma 6. T : K → K defined by (2.9) is a linear operator with complete continuity under the condition (A 1 ), and the spectral radius r(T ) of T is unequal zero, furthermore, T exists a positive eigenfunction ζ in regard to its first eigenvalue λ 1 = (r(T )) −1 .
Proof.For ∀ U ∈ K , from Lemma 3, one arrives

10)
Moreover, by Lemma 3, the following result can be derived

11)
Formula (2.10) and Formula (2.11) mean T from K to K .One finds that T has completely continuous property from K to K by combing (A 2 ) and the uniform continuous property of Next, based on Krein-Rutmann's theorem, we prove that T has the first eigenvalue λ 1 and λ 1 > 0. In reality, by process of proof Lemma 3, there exists t 0 ∈ (a, b) that makes Hence, there is d > 0 such that d(T U )(t) ≥ U (t) for t ∈ [a, b], then the spectral radius r(T ) ̸ = 0 according to Lemma 4, furthermore, by Lemma 6, for the given first eigenvalue λ 1 = (r(T )) −1 , there exists a positive eigenfunction φ ⋆ for A that makes The proof is over.Lemma 7. In case of (A 1 ), (A 2 ) hold, then A acts as an operator with complete continuity from On the other side, the following result is obtained from Lemma 3 that is to say, A : (2.13) , there must be a non-negative integer

.22)
Then, we show that A is continuous from we have lim Uniformly holds for t ∈ a + 1 υ 0 , b − 1 υ 0 .Then, by Lebesgue control convergence theorem and (A 2 ), we have Thus, for the ϵ shown as in (2.18), there is a natural number N, for k > N, that makes (2.23) For ∀ bounded set Ω and Ω ⊂ K ȷ \ K ι , we show that A(Ω) is equicontinuous.As a matter of fact, by (A 2 ), for ∀ ϵ > 0, there is a natural number κ 0 > 1 so that sup . Taking for the ϵ which is defined by above, there is δ > 0, for which demonstrates that A(Ω) is equicontinuous.By the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, A is fully continuous from K ȷ \ K ι to K , then the verification is finished.

Principal Results
In this section, the main results will be provided according to these preliminaries and the following lemmas.

Lemma 8 ([27]
). Suppose K is a cone within Banach space E .Let A : K r → K is a fully continuous operator.In case of U 0 ∈ K \{θ} so that U − AU ̸ = µU 0 for an arbitrary U ∈ ∂K r and µ ≥ 0, thus i(A, K r , K ) = 0.

Lemma 9 ([27]
). Suppose K is a cone within Banach space E. Let A : K r → K is a fully continuous operator.In case of Au ̸ = µU for an arbitrary U ∈ ∂K r and µ ≥ 1, thus i(A, K r , K ) = 1.
Theorem 1. Suppose the conditions (A 1 -A 2 ) are established, and lim sup Hold uniformly for x i ∈ [0, +∞) (i = 1, 2), and λ 1 is the first eigenvalue of T which is defined by (2.9), then there's at least one positive solution of the BVP (1.1,1.2).
Proof.By (3.1), there exists ι > 0, that makes (3.3) Accordingly, one can arrive at according to (3.3) and (3.4) Otherwise, there is Thus, from (3.5), we get which is a contradiction with the definition of d.So (3.6) holds and combing Lemma 8, we have i(A, K ι 0 , K ) = 0. (3.7) Now taking a constant 0 < σ < 1 makes lim sup and a linear operator T U = ωλ 1 T U is defined, then subsequently T is a bounded linear operator from E to E , and T (K ) ⊂ K .Additionally, T ζ = ωλ 1 T ζ = ωζ, and so the spectral radius of T is r( T ) = ω and T also has the first eigenvalue r −1 ( T ) = ω −1 > 1. Adopting Gelfand's formula, one can obtain (3.9) Let ε 0 = 1 2 (1 − ω) and by (3.9), there is a large enough natural number N 0 , and when n ≥ N, we have where T 0 = I is the unit operator.Apparently, ∥.∥ ⋆ is another norm of E .In addition, according to (3.2), there is ȷ 1 > ι, we have where < +∞ (by (2.11)). (3.12) Then we prove that

.13)
If not, then there is we have U 1 meets boundary conditions, Thus, we get u 1 (0) = 0, hence, there is 0 (3.11) and Lemma 2, one gets It is noted that T is a bounded linear operator and from K to K , from (3.14) one arrives Then, by (3.15), we have that gives rise to By U 1 ∈ ∂K ȷ , ∥U 1 ∥ = ȷ, and (3.10), the following formula can be developed According to (3.10), (3.16) and (3.17), one obtains Taking care of d 1 ≥ 1, we have 1 4 ω + 3 4 ≥ 1, and thus ω ≥ 1, which contradict with 0 < ω < 1.Thus (3.13) is right, and by Lemma 9 , we have , we have Hence, A has at least one fixed point in K R \K r 0 , that is to say, the BVP (2.1,2.2) has at least one positive solution, which implies that BVP (1.1,1.2) also has at least one positive solution.Another case for equation (1.1, 1.2) will be discussed herein.For this purpose, for ∀ small enough 0 < ε < 1, we define a linear operator T ε According to Lemma 7, we haveT ε form K to K denotes a linear operator with complete continuity, too, and the spentral radius r(T ε ) of T ε ) unequal to 0, and furthermore, T ε has a positive eigenfunction ζ ε in regard to its first eigenvalue λ ε = (r(T ε )) −1 .Lemma 10.Assume that (A 1 ) holds, then T has an eigenvalue λ 1 that makes and . By Gelfand's formula, we obtain λ 1 ≤ λ ε m ≤ λ ε n , and λ 1 is the first eigenvalue of T .According to {λ ε n } monotonous property with lower boundedness λ 1 , assume Take notice that Theorem 2. Suppose (A 1 -A 2 ) hold, and lim sup lim inf where λ 1 represents the first appeared eigenvalue of T and λ 1 is another eigenvalue of T , then the BVP (1.1,1.2) has at least one positive solution.

23)
As a matter of fact, we assume there are no fixed points for on A on ∂K ι 0 .It is necessary to prove AU ̸ = dU , for any U ∈ ∂K ι 0 , d ≥ 1. (3.24) If not, there is U 0 ∈ ∂K ι 0 and d 0 ≥ 1 such that AU 0 = d 0 U 0 .Then d 0 > 1 and from (3.23), we obtain According to induction from (3.25), we achieve Additionally, one derives the following result through the Gelfand formula

.26)
According to (3.21) and λ ε → λ 1 (ε → 0 + ), it exists a sufficiently tiny ε ∈ (0, 1 2 ) and ȷ > ι, we have ℓ(t, where λ ε represents the first appeared eigenvalue 15), we achieve By the similar method with the proof of Theorem 1, one gets Hence, A at least has one fixed point in K R \ K r 0 , which means BVP (2.1,2.2) at least has a positive solution, i.e., the BVP (1.1,1.2) has at least one positive solution.The proof is completed.

Example Example 1. For a boundary value problem show as follows
where a + V (t), the BVP (4.1) can be reduced to an amended boundary value problem shown as follows by simple calculations, we have For any 0 < r < R < +∞ and u ∈ K R \ K r , we have  = max 1, (ln 3) So far, all the condition proposed in Theorem 1 have been meet.Consequently, Theorem 1 ensures that there must be one or more positive solutions to equation (4.2).Equivalently, one or more positive solutions can be determined for equation (4.2).It is worth mentioning that the calculation of fractional derivatives generally involves the beta function.In this example, because a specific explicit expression is provided, the beta function appears.However, in the general setting, if the function is abstract, then such the beta function will not appear.

Conclusions
The present study was concerned with the positive solutions and their existence for a nonlinear infinite-point Hadamard fractional differential equation.Using the fixed point theorem in cones, the nonlinear singularities on time and spatial variables are achieved through the spectral analysis of the relevant linear operator and Gelfand's formula.Compared with some existing literature discussing the same interval we derived herein, we overcome a significant difficulty that the consideration of solutions on this interval brings about a series of problems.Compared with some other existing literature, the nonlinear term of the equation contains the derivative term, and the infinite point is involved in the boundary conditions.These are the main contributions and innovations of the present research.