Study on Abundant Dust-Ion-Acoustic Solitary Wave Solutions of a (3+1)-Dimensional Extended Zakharov–Kuznetsov Dynamical Model in a Magnetized Plasma and Its Linear Stability

: This article examines how shocks and three-dimensional nonlinear dust-ion-acoustic waves propagate across uniform magnetized electron–positron–ion plasmas. The two-variable ( G (cid:48) / G ,1/ G ) - expansion and generalized exp( − φ ( ξ ) )-expansion techniques are presented to construct the ion-acoustic wave results of a (3+1)-dimensional extended Zakharov–Kuznetsov (eZK) model. As a result, the novel soliton and other wave solutions in a variety of forms, including kink-and anti-kink-type breather waves, dark and bright solitons, kink solitons, and multi-peak solitons, etc., are attained. With the help of software, the solitary wave results (that signify the electrostatic potential ﬁeld), electric and magnetic ﬁelds, and quantum statistical pressures are also constructed. These solutions have numerous applications in various areas of physics and other areas of applied sciences. Graphical representations of some of the obtained results, and the electric and magnetic ﬁelds as well as the electrostatic ﬁeld potential are also presented. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented techniques, which will also be useful in solving many other nonlinear models that arise in mathematical physics and several other applied sciences ﬁelds.


Introduction
Nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) describing nonlinear complex physical phenomena actively play a key role in many areas of applied sciences, particularly in plasma physics.In recent decades, it has become more important to locate exact solutions to nonlinear PDEs, due to the fact that nonlinear PDEs arise in many fields of engineering, mechanics, and physics [1][2][3][4].We are able to recognize the mechanism behind these physical models by the study of exact solutions.To accomplish these aims, various efficient schemes have been established to identify the exact solutions of nonlinear PDEs, however, it is a difficult task.In plasma physics, nonlinear pulse propagation is defined by the ZK equation, which controls the characteristics of weakly nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in plasma made up of cold ions and hot, isothermal electrons in uniform magnetic fields [3,4].There are several applications of the ZK equation in plasma physics, engineering, and applied sciences.Specifically, among the highly significant equations explored in the context of plasma physics is the ZK equation [5][6][7][8][9][10].
One of the most well-known and inspiring characteristics of nonlinear phenomena, particularly in extended models, which have many significant properties, is solitary waves.One of the two extensively researched canonical two-dimensional extensions of the KdV model is the ZK model [11].The discussion of dust-ion-acoustic nonlinear waves in magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasmas, the proliferation of ion-acoustic waves with low frequencies in a bushy quantum magneto-plasma, etc., are discussed through nonlinear extended ZK equations [12][13][14].Recently, using the theory of reductive perturbation, the researchers in [15] derived the three-dimensional eZK  model in a magnetized dusty plasma of two ion temperatures.
The (G /G)-expansion method was introduced in [37] for consistent study of exact solutions of NLPDEs.After that, an amended version, which is called the extended (G /G)expansion method, was constructed in [38].Afterward, a generalized (G /G)-expansion method was established [39].Later, a two-variable (G /G, 1/G)-expansion technique was introduced in [40] and applied to nonlinear PDEs [41].The (G /G, 1/G)-expansion method is believed to be a generalization of the (G /G)-expansion approach.This attribute enables us to uncover new and more generic solutions.This viewpoint gave us inspiration to perform this study.
The overall structure of the remaining article can be outlined as follows: Section 2 elaborates on the proposed methods in detail.In Section 3, the given techniques are applied on the eZK equation to generate accurate wave results.The stability of the model is examined in Section 4. Section 5 analyzes the results and offers a physical justification.Section 6 summarizes the entirety of the work.

Proposed Methods
We describe the algorithms of the two-variable (G /G, 1/G)-expansion and generalized exp(−φ(ξ))-expansion techniques to obtain the exact wave solutions of nonlinear PDEs.Let us suppose a general PDE in x and t as The transformation w(x, t) = w(ξ) with ξ = αx − ωt is utilized to alter Equation (1) to an ODE as

Two-Variable (G /G, 1/G)-Expansion Technique
To obtain wave results for the mentioned equations, this section provides a detailed description of the proposed technique.The approach commences with a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) as follows: To ensure the accuracy of the computing, it is important to consider the derivatives of the variables φ and ψ as follows: The general results of Equation ( 3) can be categorized into three distinct cases.Case 1: If µ < 0, then with Case 2: If µ > 0, then with Case 3: with A 1 and A 2 are constants in the above cases.
Step 1: When examining the solution of Equation (2), it becomes apparent that it takes the form in both ψ and φ as follows: here G correspond to (3).The coefficients a j , b j , ω, α, and ν are constants.M can be established via utilizing the harmonizing principle on Equation (2).
Step 2: Upon substituting Equation ( 12) into (2), and considering Equations ( 5) and ( 7), a polynomial equation in terms of ψ and φ is derived, leading to the establishment of a system of algebraic equations.
Step 3: The system is resolved via using a software program.The wave solutions in Equation ( 2) are constructed as three different types of functions via exploiting the values of a j , b j , a, µ, ν, A 1 , and A 2 .
Step 4: The resolution procedure concludes by generating outcomes in Equation (1) through the utilization of the wave transformation ξ = αx − ωt in a reverse manner.

Generalized Exp(−φ(ξ))-Expansion Scheme
To achieve exact solutions using this approach, it is essential to follow a specific set of steps: Step 1: By considering Equation (2), which is obtained from Equation (1) using wave transformation, ξ = αx − ωt assumes the following traveling wave solutions including ω(x, t) = ω(ξ) and satisfies the nonlinear ODE below.
where the coefficients a i , µ, ν, and λ are constants.M can be established via utilizing the harmonizing principle on Equation (2).
Step 2: The value of the positive integer M is subsequently determined by balancing the higher-order nonlinear term and higher-order derivative term of (12).The following formula is the detailed expression, assuming D[u(ξ)] = n: Step 3: Substituting Equations ( 13) and ( 14) into Equation ( 2), yields a polynomial function of e −iφ(ξ) ; the parameters a i (1 ≤ i ≤ N), k, ν, µ, λ, ω, and α can be determined.
Step 4: The resolution procedure concludes by generating outcomes in Equation ( 1) through the utilization of the wave transformation ξ = αx − ωt in a reverse manner.

Formation of Soliton Solutions of (3+1)-Dimensional Extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov Dynamical Model
The (3+1)-dimensional extended ZK equation [3] can be written as Adopting the transformation as where α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , and ω are the wave number and frequency of the solitons.Using Equation (18) in Equation ( 17) and the ODEs obtained gives Integrating the above equation with respect to η yields

Two-Variable (G /G, 1/G)-Expansion Technique
In this subpart, we construct the soliton wave solutions of the dynamical model ( 17) by using the two-variable (G /G, 1/G)-expansion technique.We use the balancing principle on Equation (20) and considering the solution as By utilizing Equation ( 21) alongside Equation ( 5) and incorporating them into (20), a system of equations in the variables a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , b 1 , b 2 , α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , ν, ω, and µ is derived.This system is constructed by equating the coefficients of terms involving φ i ψ j to zero.Upon solving this system, the following results are obtained: .
From ( 22)-( 24) the following results can be obtained.Case I: µ < 0 (hyperbolic function solution), Case II: µ > 0 (trigonometric function solution), Case III: µ = 0 (rational function solution), The motiosn and positions of the positrons and electrons as they transfer along their orbits in a uniformly magnetized electron-positron plasma define the electric and magnetic fields.
The gradient of the scalar function u 1 , often known as the electrostatic potential, is the electric field.The electric field "E" points from areas with high to low electric potential.The electric field is represented mathematically as The electric fields of the electric potential, u 1 , u 2 , and u 3 , are expressed as The Maxwell-Faraday equation provides the relationship between electric and magnetic fields as Utilizing the Maxwell-Faraday Equation (40), the magnetic field is constructed as 41) The electric number density, denoted by n e , is used to describe the pressure of the electron fluid as P = P(n e ).The following is the relationship between the electric number density n e and the electron fluid pressure P: where ν 2 Fe stands for the Fermi velocity of electrons, an electron's mass is m e , and n 0 is the equilibrium density for both electrons and ions.This equation yields the electron's quantum statistical pressure as (47) Similarly, the solutions of set ( 25) can be constructed in the more generalized form of a dynamical model (17).

Generalized Exp(−φ(ξ))-Expansion Method
In this part, we construct the wave results of the dynamical model ( 17) by using the generalized exp(−φ(ξ))-expansion technique.Using the balancing principle on Equation (20) and considering the solution as By utilizing Equation (50) alongside Equation ( 5) and incorporating them into (20), a system of equations in variables a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , ν, ω, and µ is derived.This system is constructed by equating the coefficients of terms involving φ i to zero.Upon solving this system, the following results are obtained: The following results, in the form of solitons and other waves from set (51), can be obtained as Family 1: For µ = 1, The electric and magnetic fields of u 1 are expressed as Family 2: For λ = 0, The electric and magnetic fields of u 5 are expressed as The electron's quantum statistical pressure is constructed as Family 3: For ν = λ = 0,

Stability Analysis
Now, using a conventional linear stability analysis [], we look at the modulational instability of model (17).For model (17), the steady-state solution takes the following form: where P is the normalized optical power.In order for Φ << √ P, perturbation Φ(x, y, z, t) is introduced.By linearizing and substituting Equation (72) into Equation ( 17), we obtain considering the solution of Equation (73) takes where δ 1 , δ 2 , δ 3 , and ν are the wave numbers and normalized frequency of Φ(x, y, z, t), respectively.When Equation ( 74) is substituted into Equation (73), the relation is as follows: The dispersion relation in Equation (75) shows that the wave number, modulation of selfphase, and stimulating Raman scattering have an impact on the steady-state stability.For all wave numbers δ 1 , δ 2 , and δ 3 , the ν in Equation (75) real and the steady-state is stable alongside small perturbations.

Physical Interpretation and Discussion of Results
The results presented in this article differ from those obtained by various researchers because Equations ( 3) and ( 14) deviate from established methods.By assigning specific parameter values, distinct families of solutions for the ordinary differential Equations ( 3) and ( 14) have been obtained.The extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation has been investigated by many researchers through different techniques.The authors in [42,43] employed the extended tanh method, the sine-Gordon expansion method, and (1/G )-expansion method to derive new periodic solitary wave solutions of the extended Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation.In reference [3], the authors applied the modified extended direct algebraic method and abundant wave solutions were established.In this study, several novel and innovative outcomes have been achieved which have not been previously documented.
The obtained solutions of the eZK equation are illustrated graphically to clarify their physical significance.The graphs of the acquired solutions consist of the bright-dark solitons, kink soliton, kink-and anti-kink-type breather waves, multi-peak solitons, and periodic solitary waves having different amplitudes.In Figure 1, by setting parameters to appropriate values, result ( 26) is obtained and illustrated.Figure 1a depicts the dark solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 1 and magnetic field B 1 , respectively.In Figure 2, by setting parameters to appropriate values, result ( 27) is obtained and illustrated.Figure 2a depict the two-peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 2 and magnetic field B 2 , respectively.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result ( 28) is obtained and illustrated.Figure 3a depicts the bright solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 3 and magnetic field B 3 , respectively.In Figure 4, by setting parameters to appropriate values, result (29) is obtained and illustrated.Figure 4a depicts the multi-peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 4 and magnetic field B 4 , respectively.
In Figure 5, by setting parameters to appropriate values, result (54) is obtained and illustrated.Figure 5a depicts the bright multi-peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 1 and magnetic field B 1 , respectively.By setting parameters to appropriate values, the result (58) in Figure 6 is illustrated as: Figure 6a depicts the peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 2 and magnetic field B 2 , respectively.In Figure 7, by setting parameters to appropriate values, the result (64) is illustrated as: Figure 7a depicts the bright-type peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 5 and magnetic field B 5 , respectively.The relation in Equation (75) between ν and δ 1 , δ 2 , and δ 3 is shown in Figure 8.

Conclusions
We have effectively applied the presented techniques in this work to the (3+1)dimensional eZK equation.This dynamical equation is used to describe nonlinear dust-ionacoustic solitary waves of three dimensions in a magnetized two-ion-temperature dusty plasma.By using the projected methods on this dynamical model, various forms of analytical solutions, including solitons, solitary waves, rational solutions, trigonometric solutions, hyperbolic function solutions, and other wave solutions, have been developed in this research.It has been possible to obtain soliton solutions in a variety of shapes, including kink and anti-kink waves, dark and bright solitons, kink solitons, and multi-peak solitons, etc.With the help of software, the solitary wave results (that signify the electrostatic potential

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (26) is obtained.(a) Depicts the dark solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) its electric field E 1 and magnetic field B 1 , respectively.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (27) is obtained.(a) Depicts the two-peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 2 and magnetic field B 2 , respectively.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (28) is obtained.(a) Depicts the bright solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 3 and magnetic field B 3 , respectively.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (29) is obtained.(a) Depicts the multipeak solitons of diverse amplitudes, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 4 and magnetic field B 4 , respectively.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (54) is obtained.(a) Depicts the bright multi-peak solitons, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 1 and magnetic field B 1 , respectively.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.By setting parameters to appropriate values, result (58) is obtained.(a) Depicts the peak solitons having diverse amplitudes, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 2 and magnetic field B 2 , respectively.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.By setting parameters to appropriate values, the result (64) is obtained.(a) Depicts the bright-type peak solitons having diverse amplitudes, (b) their 2D cross-section, and (c,d) their electric field E 5 and magnetic field B 5 , respectively.