Analysis and Experimental Veriﬁcation of the Sealing Performance of PEM Fuel Cell Based on Fractal Theory

: Aiming to accurately predict the leakage rate of the sealing interface, this work proposes a two-dimensional ﬁnite element model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which includes the microscopic surface morphology and the asperity contact process of the components. First of all, we constructed the surface morphology of the seal by the two-dimensional W-M (Weierstrass–Mandelbrot) fractal function and explored the inﬂuence of fractal dimension (D) and scale parameter (G) on the surface proﬁle. Furthermore, the ﬁnite element method and Poiseuille ﬂuid theory were adopted to obtain the deformation variables of the asperity under different clamping pressures and leakage rates. Moreover, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of surface roughness on the clamping pressure and leakage rate. It was found that both the surface amplitude and surface roughness are positively correlated with G and negatively correlated with D. Surface morphology is proportional to D but has no relationship with G. Additionally, the deformation asperity decreases exponentially with growing clamping pressure, and the leakage rate is consistent with the experimental values at a clamping pressure of 0.54 MPa. With the same leakage rate, when the seal surface roughness value is less than 1 µ m, a doubled roughness value leads to an increase of 31% in the clamping pressure. In contrast, when the surface roughness of the seal is greater than 1 µ m, a doubled roughness value induces an increase of 50% in the corresponding clamping pressure.


Introduction
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered a green energy conversional device due to its high efficiency, zero emissions, and low noise [1,2].PEMFC is assembled from multiple components, and it is necessary to set a seal on the bipolar plate and match the appropriate clamping pressure of PEMFC to prevent the leakage or mixing of reactive gases [3].The seal faces stress relaxation due to various mechanics during PEMFC operation [4][5][6].The failure mechanism of the sealing can be attributed to the fluctuation of internal pressure, the temperature cycle, the acid corrosion, the dynamic condition, and the interfacial leakage [7][8][9][10][11][12].Among these influencing factors, interfacial leakage is the most appealing one, which is affected by clamping pressure and surface roughness.On one hand, unsuitable clamping pressure causes the deformation of components and uneven interfacial contact pressure.Accordingly, the leakage gaps and the leakage of gases increase [13].On the other hand, the leakage gaps inevitably stem from the rough surface in practical situations.In general, the leakage rate is one of the significant parameters for judging the sealing performance of PEMFC.Therefore, the accurate evaluation of the leakage rate is extremely critical for the precise estimation of the PEMFC performance.To the best of our knowledge, the impact of leakage rate on PEMFC has been taken into account in only a few investigations to date.
Persson et al. [14][15][16][17] proposed a lattice leakage model based on percolation theory and analyzed the leakage gaps from multiple scales.The results validated the accuracy of the lattice leakage model with experimental data and confirmed the effectiveness in describing the leakage of the contact interfaces.Bottiglione et al. [18] evaluated the leakage mechanism of fluid through percolation theory and contacted mechanics theory.Marie et al. [19] performed an experiment to describe fluid leakage through rough metal interfaces.The aforementioned studies revealed that the leakage depended on the clamping pressure, surface topography, and sealing material.Restricted by measurement technologies, the characterization of surface topography together with the contact efficiency and leakage gaps remains challenging.Normally, the effect of surface topography on leakage rate is the most important to consider.Haruyama et al. [20] obtained the formula between the metal gasket (with surface topography parameters) and the volume leakage rate through experiments.Liu et al. [21] constructed an anisotropic W-M function based on ubiquitiform theory.They established a model of the grinding surface that can accurately characterize the fractal features of the grinding surface.Putignano et al. [22] employed a micro-surface contact model between a smooth flange and a metal gasket with roughness.Yang et al. [23] constructed a microscopic three-dimensional model of the sealing interface with mathematical tools and introduced two criteria to describe the interface damage.The accuracy of the microscopic model was verified with experimental results and the formation mechanism of the leakage gaps was revealed.Bora et al. [24] provided a method of simulating a rough surface with high computational convergence.The model considered the long-range surface displacement response effect of load on the rough surface and improved the calculation efficiency by 55.7%.Other studies [25][26][27][28] adopted fractal theory to describe the contact characteristics of the rough interface.They considered the elastoplastic deformation of the asperity and the change in the contact stiffness and corrected the distribution function of the truncated area.Despite the fact that previous investigations shed light on the cause of interfacial leakage and the characterization method of rough interfaces, the relationship between leakage rate and surface topography is unclear and remains to be explored.
Seals with different roughness values should be matched with the appropriate clamping pressure to ensure the same leakage rate.The effects of load on transport and performance are mainly considered in the clamping mechanism of PEMFC [29][30][31].For example, Wen et al. [32] investigated the effects of clamping force and various bolt configurations of clamping mechanisms on a unit cell and a ten-cell stack.They showed that the uniform contact pressure distribution led to a significant reduction in ohmic resistance and mass transport losses in the PEMFC.Imdat et al. [33] employed a three-dimensional model of a single channel to analyze the effect of clamping force on gas diffusion layers.The results showed that the thickness and porosity of the gas diffusion layer decreased with the increase in the clamping force with an optimal clamping force of 0.5-1.0MPa.Alizadeh et al. [34] analyzed the effects of different materials, sealant hardness, and the number of stacks on the contact pressure on the MEA by the finite element method.Irmscher et al. [35] designed three combinations of clamping pressure and materials of a gas diffusion layer, and scanned the topography with an electron microscope.It indicated that the performance of a stack is optimal with 0.6 N/mm 2 and TPG-H.The above-mentioned studies demonstrated the significant effect of clamping pressure on PEMFC performance.
However, the interaction between the surface topography and clamping pressure has not been fully revealed up to now.Previous studies only focused on the one-way interaction of clamping pressure, surface topography, and sealing performance.The coupled interactions among these three factors are unclear and worthy of investigation [36].The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of surface topography and clamping pressure on sealing performance.In this work, the W-M function is developed to construct the surface of a seal, and the effects of fractal dimension and characteristic scale coefficient on roughness are analyzed.Then, we obtained the relationship between clamping pressure and shrinkage height of sealing and calculated the leakage rate by a two-dimensional model of PEMFC in Abaqus.Moreover, the relationship between the clamping pressure and the roughness of the sealing was constructed.Finally, we provide comments on the selection of sealing for PEMFC.

Model Developments
The objective of this work is to propose an effective approach to predict the leakage rate.A schematic diagram of the methodology is presented in Figure 1.First, we obtained the actual seal surface statistical parameters R q from an experiment, applied the power spectral density method to obtain the fractal parameters D and G, selected the W-M function to characterize the rough surface topography, and measured the actual surface leakage rate.Then, a finite element model with microscopic morphology was established to simulate the mechanical contact properties between BPP and the gasket.We chose a suitable strategy for meshing, and provide realistic material and boundary conditions.Based on the simulation results, calculated the surface equivalent gap and the leakage rate by the combined Poiseuille theory.We compared the differences between the simulation and experimental results.After that, by using the evaluation for leakage rate, the parameters, namely fractal parameters, clamping pressure, and roughness class, were investigated to guide the leakage rate refinement calculation based on the finite element model.

Dual Characterization Method to Construct Seal Surface Micromorphology 2.2.1. Root Mean Square Deviation Method
In practical cases, the process specification and processing method determine the surface morphology of the component to be an irregular geometry consisting of a series of peaks and valleys of different heights and spacing.The fluctuating spacing on the surface profile cross-section of less than 1 mm is called surface roughness, and its characterization method mainly contains statistical parameters and fractal parameters.The statistical parameters are generally adopted in practical engineering applications to characterize the height characteristics of surface roughness, expressed as follows: where R q is the root mean square of surface roughness, L is the sampling length, and y(x) is the distance between the contour point and the reference line.

Weierstrass-Mandelbrot Function
A single evaluation parameter cannot characterize complex surface morphology, but fractal parameters can reflect the physical nature of surface morphology compared with statistical parameter characterization methods.Therefore, this paper combines two characterization methods to construct the surface profile of the seal.The W-M function with fractal characteristics and self-simulation is chosen to describe the microscopic surface morphology of the sample as follows: where Z(x) is the surface profile height at the lateral distance x, G is the characteristic length scale of a surface and is constant, D is the fractal dimensions, γ is the discrete frequency of the surface roughness, and n 1 corresponds to the low cutoff frequency of the profile.

Structure Function Method
In order to accurately characterize the surface morphology of the seal, the structure function is used to calculate the fractal parameters, the expressions of which are as follows: where τ is the arbitrary increment in x. implies spatial average.The power spectrum of the W-M function P(ω) can be approximated by a continuous spectrum [37]: where ω is the cutoff frequency.Substituting Equation (4) into Equation ( 3) and integrating it yields the following: where Γ is the second type of the Euler Gamma function.The logarithm transformation of Equation ( 5) is as follows: From Equation ( 6), we can see a linear relationship between lg[s(τ)] and lg(τ), and the slope of the log-log plot can be calculated by the least squares method [38].Thus, slope k is K = −(4 − 2D).The D and G are given as

Model Assumptions
For the sake of simplification, the following reasonable assumptions were made for the finite element modeling [39]: 1.
The single cell is in a steady state.

2.
The material's properties are independent of temperature.

3.
The deformation and swelling of the proton exchange membrane are ignored.4.
The gas diffusion layer consists of an isotropic porous medium.

5.
The deformation of the component changes mainly in the direction of the clamping force, ignoring the deformation in other directions.

Simulation Model
Generally, a PEM fuel cell is composed of end plates, current collectors, bipolar plates, a gasket, membrane electrodes, and other segments.Among these, membrane electrodes include a gas diffusion layer (GDL), microporous layer, catalytic layer, and proton exchange membrane (PEM).In practical applications, the microporous layer and the catalytic layer are laminated between the GDL and the PEM by the hot-pressing process.Their thicknesses are relatively small in the micron range, so the effect of their stress strain on the membrane electrode can be neglected.
In this paper, the modeling is based on the real data provided by the manufacturer, and the specific modeling parameters are shown in Table 1.The model in this paper mainly contains components such as a bipolar plate, GDL, PEM, PEN, and sealant (as shown in Figure 2), ignoring the modeling of the catalytic layer and microporous layer.In this work, the commercial software Abaqus was used for finite element analysis, and the grid was divided by using the reduced integration strategy, in which the mesh size of key components (seal, flow channel, membrane electrode) is 0.02-0.2mm and the maximum grid size of non-critical components is 2 mm, which contains about 32,000 mesh elements.The mesh independence is verified in Figure 3 by increasing or decreasing the number of meshes in the Y direction of the component.The contact pressure distribution on the surface of the anode seal is almost the same for the three meshes.The material parameters of the single-cell PEMFC are illustrated in Table 2.

Boundary Conditions
The GDL and the PEM are tied by the hot pressing process.The interface relationship between them is set as a tied constraint in the model.The interface relationship between the remaining contact parts is set as a contact constraint.The tangential behavior of the contact properties is constrained by the penalty function, and the normal behavior is calculated by using the extended Lagrangian algorithm, in which the friction coefficients are 0.3.
In this model, a uniform pressure load is applied along the stacking direction, with the load values ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa and increasing by 0.1.Symmetric constraints are used for the symmetry planes in the length directions, and fixed constraints are employed for the symmetry plane along the clamping direction.

Critical Sealing Pressure
In the fuel cell clamping process, the seal is made to form a sealing surface with the contact part of the bipolar plate by an externally applied load to avoid the leakage of the reaction gas.Among them, the seal is not only subjected to the positive pressure along the clamping direction but also to the gas pressure along the plane direction.The interface friction prevents the seal from sliding horizontally outward.Therefore, the contact pressure at the sealing interface is one of the main indicators of sealing performance.The critical value must satisfy the following equation: where σ min Sealant represents the critical pressure of the gasket; h Sealant is the thickness of the seal, which is 1.25 mm; L Sealant is the width, which is 2 mm; p gas is the inner gas pressure, which is 2 bar; µ is the friction coefficient, which is 0.3; n is the safety factor.When n is 1, the lower limit σ min Sealant equals 4.17 bar, meaning that it is the critical sealing pressure.

Leakage Rate
Interfacial leakage is the main means of gas leakage inside the fuel cell.According to ref. [40], when the channel height is constant, the flow of fluid in the interface retains the characteristics of the flat Poiseuille flow, and the leakage rate Q per unit time through a rectangular contact area along the X direction is as follows [41]: where L y and L x represent the flow channel width and flow channel length, respectively.∆P is the pressure drop in the leakage channel, u 1 is the equivalent gap, p scp stands for the contact pressure of the seal surface, u 0 is the initial height, and R c represents the sealing performance factor.

Model Validation
In order to verify the effectiveness of the fractal profile function in fitting the real surface profile, firstly, the sample surface was measured by using a high-precision confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus OLS5000), which has resolutions of 0.5 nm and 1 nm in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.A region of 3 mm 2 (1.5 × 2 mm) was selected on the sample surface for scanning, and the data were processed to obtain the surface height characteristics, as shown in Figure 4. Secondly, the fractal parameters of the measured rough surface profile (Mrsp) were calculated by the structure function method, and the calculated results were brought into the two-dimensional surface profile function to obtain the simulation rough surface profile (Srsp).Finally, the accuracy of the simulation surface profile was evaluated by the fractal parameters D/G and the root mean square deviation R q .Figure 5 shows the surface microprofile of the sample.Mrsq and Srsq have similar distribution characteristics, and the relative error of the R q of the two surface profiles is 6.7%.It can be seen that the experimental measurement data and the simulation characterization data have a good agreement, as shown in Figure 6, and the maximum relative error of the fractal parameters is 5.03%.Thus, the simulation fits the experiment well, demonstrating the accuracy of the rough surface model, and the calculated results of R q , D, and G parameters are shown in Table 3.In this study, the pressure drop method was used to detect leakage of the sealing device.The principle of the experimental device is shown in Figure 7. First, the sealant is placed in the fuel cell seal groove and the assembly pressure is applied.After that, a quantitative amount of nitrogen is charged through the inlet and outlet of the cathode, and after the pressure sensor indicates a stable number, the stop valve is closed for the pressure-holding test and the changes in gas pressure, temperature, and time are recorded.Furthermore, the volumetric leakage rate of the gas is calculated according to the ideal gas law as where T s and P s represent the standard ambient temperature and pressure, respectively.
V is the effective volume of the flow field.T 1 and T 2 indicate the gas temperature before and after the test, respectively.P 1 and P 2 indicate the gas pressure before and after the test, respectively.

Effect of Fractal Parameters on Surface Roughness
In this paper, the W-M fractal function is used to characterize the microscopic morphology, and the complexity of this function depends on four parameters, D, G, γ, and n.In general, γ takes the value of 1.5 and n follows a normal distribution in the range of 1-100; D and G are the main parameters affecting the surface morphology.

Fractal Dimensions
Figure 8 shows the influence of fractal dimension D on surface profile curves with the value of G of 2.86 × 10 −5 .D values are taken as 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9.We can see that with the gradual increase in the fractal dimension, the amplitude and complexity of the contour curve change at the same time; when the value of D is 1.2, the maximum height of the contour is 0.21 mm, whereas the maximum height of the contour is 4 µm when D is 1.9.From the perspective of the fluctuation range of the contour amplitude, the surface amplitude decreases with the increase in the fractal dimension.A more refined surface topography leads to a smoother surface.

Characteristic Scale Coefficients
The influence of a single parameter G on the profile shape is presented in Figure 9.The fractal dimension D is a fixed value of 1.6, and the characteristic scale parameter coefficients G are taken as 2.86 × 10 −4 , 2.86 × 10 −5 , and 2.86 × 10 −6 .This indicates that the amplitude interval of the surface profile is from −6 to 6 µm when G is 2.86 × 10 −4 By contrast, the amplitude degree interval is from −0.14 to 0.18 µm when G is 2.86 × 10 −6 Despite the fact that the characteristic scale coefficient G has a significant impact on the contour amplitude, the profile shapes of the three cases overlap with each other.That is, the characteristic scale coefficient G only affects the contour amplitude.

Surface Roughness
Figure 10 exhibits the effect of fractal dimension on surface roughness.It shows that R q decreases with the increase in fractal dimension D when G is constant.When D is less than 1.5, the average reduction rate of surface roughness is 53%; when D is greater than 1.5, the average reduction rate of surface roughness is 28%.This can be explained by the inverse proportion between D and the contour amplitude.It shows that R q increases with the increase in characteristic scale coefficient G when D is constant.This can be explained by the positive proportion between D and the contour amplitude.

Effect of Clamping Pressure on Sealing Performance
Figure 11 plots the stress distribution under different clamping pressures of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 MPa.The stress variation on the upper surface of the seal and the overall distribution trend is large on both sides and small in the center.When the clamping pressure is less than 0.5 MPa, the stress distribution is uneven on the surface because the strain displacement is smaller than the initial height of the rough peak (shown in Figure 11a).In contrast, the stress distribution at the surface is uniform under clamping pressure of 1.0 MPa, indicating that the rough peak is flattened, and the strain displacement dominates under this condition (shown in Figure 11c).The relationship between the clamping pressure and the sealing performance is quantitatively analyzed in Figure 12.The black line indicates the distribution of contact pressure.The results indicate that the contact pressure of its surface layer is not uniformly distributed for clamping pressure that is less than 0.5 MPa.In addition, the change in contact pressure values is closely related to the initial morphology, and the contact pressure at the peak position is larger than the trough (as shown by the black line).Furthermore, the middle surface layer morphology is smoother for clamping pressure greater than 0.5 MPa.Accordingly, the contact pressure is uniformly distributed, and the maximum contact pressure appears on the right side of the surface layer.As mentioned above, the interface state is the main cause of contact pressure variation, which is influenced by the load and surface topography.In order to explore the relationship among those parameters, the maximum contact pressure is chosen to describe the contact state of the interface, and the relative growth rate is used to describe the smoothness of the interface.
Figure 13 compares the maximum contact pressure on the surface of the anode seal under different clamping pressures.It is worth mentioning that the growth rate is decreasing because the rough surface is extruded to the valley under the high clamping pressure, which makes the surface a smooth trend and increases the contact area.When the load is less than 0.5 MPa, the relative growth rate of the maximum contact pressure decreases sharply because the rough surface is extruded to produce elastic deformation and the contact area increases rapidly.The relative growth rate reduces by 69.5% with the clamping pressure varying from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa.When the load is greater than 0.5 MPa, the decrease in the rate of change of the relative growth rate of the maximum contact pressure is due to the increase in the equivalent stiffness caused by the change in the contact area, resulting in a decrease in the deformation along the load direction.The relative growth rate reduces by 58% with the clamping pressure changing from 0.5 to 1 MPa.According to the calculation results in the previous section, it is known that when the critical sealing pressure is 0.417 MPa, the clamping pressure should be greater than 0.54 MPa in order to prevent gas leakage.Based on the seal performance evaluation index, the leakage rate is introduced.Firstly, the total deformation clouds of the anode seal at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 MPa are plotted in Figure 14.The black frame indicates the original position before compression, from which it can be seen that the total geometric deformation increases with the increase in the assembly load.The total deformation of the seal is 0.015 mm or 1.25% of the original thickness for a clamping pressure of 0.1 MPa.When the load is 1 MPa, the total deformation of the seal is 0.12 mm, which is 10% of the original thickness.Next, we calculate the rough deformation height by combining the Roth model with the contact pressure simulation and obtain the leakage rate under different clamping pressures and per the Poiseuille theory.Figure 15 shows the relationship between clamping pressure and the equivalent leakage gap.This indicates that the number of leakage channels reduces and the contact area increases, which gives rise to better performance.Figure 16 shows the total leakage rate of the anode under different clamping pressures of 0.1-1 MPa.The leakage rate decreases rapidly as the clamping pressure increases because there is a power function relationship between the leakage rate and the equivalent leakage gap.According to the previous calculation, the minimum clamping pressure required for a seal roughness grade of R q 0.224 is 0.54 MPa, and the corresponding leakage rate is 1.2 × 10 −12 m 3 •s −1 ; the relative error with the experimental value is 5.22%.

of Surface Topography
The analysis in the previous section reveals a power function relationship between the leakage rate and the equivalent gap height, which is influenced by the initial gap (roughness) and the contact pressure of the sealing surface.This section investigates the impact of clamping pressure and surface roughness on the leakage rate by using three roughness levels of 0.49, 1.0, and 2.0 µm.The leakage rate (1.2 × 10 −12 m 3 •s −1 ) corresponding to the rough surface R q 0.22 is chosen as the reference state.Figure 17 shows the mesh topology with different roughness levels.The maximum contact pressure of anode sealant with different roughness levels is compared in Figure 18.It can be seen that the maximum contact pressure on the seal surface increases with the increase in roughness levels under the same clamping pressure.The reason is that the initial gap of the surface with a higher roughness grade is larger.This leads to a smaller actual contact area on the surface and an increase in contact pressure under the same clamping pressure condition.Enhancing clamping pressure enlarges the difference in maximum contact pressure between different roughness grades.That is, the contact pressure is positively correlated with the roughness levels.The leakage rates of three kinds of rough surfaces under different clamping pressures are shown in Figure 19.The leakage rate of different rough surfaces decreases with the increasing clamping pressure because the cavities on the microscopic sealing surface are filled with higher contact reducing the leakage channel gap.Both the roughness class and clamping pressure joints determine the interface equivalent gap.The leakage rate for surface roughness of R q 0.22 is used as a constraint to reveal their relationship.The leakage rate constraint target is satisfied, and the required clamping pressure is 0.71 MPa for R q 0.49 and 0.93 MPa for R q 1.0.When the surface roughness of the seal is less than 1 µm, the corresponding clamping pressure needs to be increased by 31% for each doubling of the roughness value with the same leakage rate.When the surface roughness is R q 2.0, the required clamping pressure is 1.34 MPa.That is, when the surface roughness is greater than 1 µm, the clamping pressure needs to be increased by 50%.

Conclusions
In this paper, the effect of clamping pressure on the sealing performance of PEM fuel cells has been studied systematically by taking into account the impact of the surface topography of the sealing.The detailed influence of a rough surface on contact pressure and leakage rate is revealed and the correspondence relationships between seal level and clamping pressure are recommended based on the target leakage rate.The detailed conclusions are given as follows: 1.
The fractal dimension D and the characteristic scale coefficient G have contrary impacts on the surface topography.The surface roughness R q is determined by the interaction of both D and G.

2.
Increasing the clamping pressure improves the sealing performance of the system due to the increase in the contact pressure and strain displacement on the surface of the sealing accompanied by the exponential decrease in the equivalent leakage gap.

3.
When the surface roughness is R q 0.22, the required clamping pressure is 0.54 MPa and the corresponding leakage rate is 1.2 × 10 −12 m 3 •s −1 ; they are consistent with the experimental data, verifying the feasibility of the model in simulating parameter variations.

4.
Constrained by the leakage rate, when the surface roughness is less than 1 µm, the clamping pressure needs to be increased by 31% with every doubling of the roughness value; when the surface roughness is greater than 1 µm, the clamping pressure needs to be increased by 50%.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Schematic diagram of the study methodology.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The finite element model of PEMFC.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Model validation with rough surface profile experiments.(a) Confocal laser scanning microscope; (b) scaling region; (c) measured rough surface profile.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Measured and simulated fractal graph of rough surface topography.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Measured and simulated structure function logarithmic relations for rough surfaces.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Model validation with leakage rate experiments.(a) Schematic representation of the experimental apparatus; (b) test bench.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. W-M general fractal diagram of surface profile curves with different fractal dimensions.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. W-M fractal graph of surface profile curve with different characteristic scale coefficients.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Effect of fractal dimension and characteristic scale coefficients on the surface.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Mises stress of anode sealant with different clamping pressures.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Contact pressure of anode sealant with different clamping pressures.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Maximum contact pressure of anode sealant with different clamping pressures.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Deformation diagram of anode sealant with different clamping pressures.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Relationship between clamping pressure and equivalent leakage gap.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.The leakage rate of anode sealant with different clamping pressures.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Numerical models of surfaces with different roughness levels.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Maximum contact pressure of anode sealant with different roughness levels.

Figure 19 .
Figure 19.Relationship between surface roughness levels and leakage rate.

Table 1 .
Geometric dimensions of each component.

Table 2 .
Material parameters of the components.

Table 3 .
Experimental and simulated values of fractal parameters.