On the Lower and Upper Box Dimensions of the Sum of Two Fractal Functions

: Let f and g be two continuous functions. In the present paper, we put forward a method to calculate the lower and upper Box dimensions of the graph of f + g by classifying all the subsequences tending to zero into different sets. Using this method, we explore the lower and upper Box dimensions of the graph of f + g when the Box dimension of the graph of g is between the lower and upper Box dimensions of the graph of f . In this case, we prove that the upper Box dimension of the graph of f + g is just equal to the upper Box dimension of the graph of f . We also prove that the lower Box dimension of the graph of f + g could be an arbitrary number belonging to a certain interval. In addition, some other cases when the Box dimension of the graph of g is equal to the lower or upper Box dimensions of the graph of f have also been studied. Box dimension; sum of two continuous functions


Introduction
Let I = [0, 1] and C I be the set of all continuous functions on I. We know C I is a metric space consisting of differentiable functions and continuous functions that are not differentiable at certain points in I. It is well known that the Weierstrass function is an example of continuous functions differentiable nowhere on I [1], which are usually called fractal functions, whose graphs have certain uncommon properties. Write as the graph of the function f (x) on I. For a fractal function f (x) on I, its most remarkable feature is that Γ( f , I) has fractal dimensions larger than the topological dimension. Therefore, the studies of fractal dimensions of different types of fractal functions have drawn the attention of numerous researchers. In [2][3][4], self-affine curves and the corresponding fractal interpolation functions have been investigated. Barnsley and Ruan have made research on the linear fractal interpolation functions in [5,6], respectively. Moreover, there exist certain particular examples of one-dimensional fractal functions discussed in [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and two-dimensional fractal functions constructed in [15,16]. For Hölder continuous functions, ref. [17,18] estimated the Box dimension of their fractional integral. As is commonly known, the Weierstrass function [3,4,19,20] and the Besicovitch function [4,21,22] are two typical examples of fractal functions with different fractal dimensions. Here, we present their definitions as follows: Example 1 ([3,4,19,20]). The Weierstrass function Let 0 < α < 1, λ > 4. The Weierstrass function is defined as λ −αj sin(λ j x).
Up to now, the Box dimension of the Weierstrass function has been calculated to be equal to 2 − α [3], although its Hausdorff dimension has not been investigated thoroughly [23][24][25]. In fact, Shen [26] proved that its Hausdorff dimension is equal to its Box dimension for integer λ in Example 1, which can be regarded as a significant advance in estimating Hausdorff dimension of specific functions. In addition, ref. [4] says that the Box dimension of the Besicovitch function may not exist for suitably chosen {λ j } ∞ j=1 in Example 2, which can be an example of fractal functions that do not always have a Box dimension. However, we know a fractal function must have a lower Box dimension and an upper Box dimension, even if its Box dimension does not exist [3]. Now, we first give the definitions of lower Box dimension, upper Box dimension and Box dimension as below. Definition 1 ([3]). Let F( = ∅) be any bounded subset of R 2 and N δ (F) be the smallest number of sets of diameter at most δ, which can cover F. Lower Box dimension and upper Box dimension of F are defined as, respectively, and If (2) and (3)  It is essentially a problem of estimating fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions. Actually, perhaps the first attempt to investigate fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions was made by Wen [4]. On a fractal conference, Wen [4] said the possible value of the Box dimension of the sum of two continuous functions under known Box dimensions of these two functions is an interesting and sophisticated problem. Until now, some research achievements of this problem in certain circumstances have been obtained. If these two functions have different Box dimensions, they can be found in [3]. Wang and Zhang [27] made research on the case when these two functions have the same Box dimension. Moreover, ref. [4] shows us the following conclusion when the lower Box dimension of one function is larger than the upper Box dimension of the other one: For f (x), g(x) ∈ C I , Proposition 1 gives a result for calculating dim B Γ( f + g, I). However, under the condition of (4), the estimation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) has not been solved yet. Furthermore, if dim B Γ(g, I) ≥ dim B Γ( f , I), both dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I) are unknown. All the above problems will be further explored in the present paper.
For the convenience of discussion, we first introduce the definitions of fractal function sets as follows:

Definition 2. Fractal functions sets.
(1) Let s D I be the set of all continuous functions whose Box dimensions exist and are equal to s on I when 1 ≤ s ≤ 2. That is, s D I is the set of s−dimensional continuous functions on I. (2) Let s 2 s 1 D I be the set of all continuous functions whose Box dimensions do not exist on I. Here, s 1 , s 2 are, respectively, the lower and upper Box dimensions of the function on I as 1 ≤ s 1 < s 2 ≤ 2.
Suppose that f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . In this study, we mainly consider the problem of estimating the lower and upper Box dimensions of Γ( f + g, I) when s 1 < s < s 2 . The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we acquire a general method to calculate dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I) and give several basic results. For the above problem, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) is equal to s 2 . Additionally, an upper bound estimation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) has also been obtained which is dim B Γ( f + g, I) ≤ s. Then, we present some conclusions of fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions when both of them have Box dimensions.
In Section 3, we investigate the calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) for the above problem by discussing whether s is one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) (defined in Section 2.2) when δ → 0 or not. If s is not one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) is equal to s. If s is one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0, we find that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s). Hence, we arrive at the conclusion that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s], which means the above problem has been answered totally.
In Section 4, we make further research on two other cases when s = s 2 or s = s 1 . Their results have been obtained by similar arguments to that in Section 3. In Section 5, as the end of the present paper, we give some conclusions and remarks.

Theoretical Basis
In Section 2.1, we give certain preliminary theories for the subsequent research. In Section 2.2, we put forward a method to calculate the lower and upper Box dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions and prove several basic results. Then, we present some conclusions of fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions whose Box dimensions both exist in Section 2.3.

Preliminary
In the present paper, given a function f (x) and an interval [a, b], For f (x), g(x) ∈ C I , our motivation is to seek the potential results for dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I). From Definition 1, we can find that the calculation of N δ Γ( f + g, I) is key to estimate dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I). So, in this subsection, we first show several conclusions about N δ Γ( f + g, I).
Since f (x) ∈ C I , the estimation of N δ Γ( f , I) can be transformed into the oscillation of f (x) on the above subintervals. We note that the number of mesh squares of side δ in the column above the subinterval [iδ, and no more than Summing over all the subintervals leads to the following estimation of N δ Γ( f , I), which is adopted from ref. [3].
In addition, we know which is a property for the maximum range of f (x) + g(x) over [iδ, (i + 1)δ]. Hence, the sum of the oscillation of f (x) and g(x) on subintervals can be used to estimate the upper bound of N δ Γ( f + g, I), that is From (5) and (6), we find that N δ Γ( f + g, I) seems to have a certain connection with N δ Γ( f , I) and N δ Γ(g, I). Here, we present an estimation of N δ Γ( f + g, I) as the following theorem, which reveals the relationship among N δ Γ( f , I), N δ Γ(g, I) and N δ Γ( f + g, I).
Theorem 1. Let f (x), g(x) ∈ C I . The range of N δ Γ( f + g, I) can be estimated as Proof. On one hand, it follows from Lemma 1 that and Combining (6), we obtain On the other hand, similar with (8), This completes the proof of (7).
Proof. It follows from Theorem 1 that Thus, we get Corollary 1.
Theorem 1 implies that the value of N δ Γ( f + g, I) can be controlled by certain linear combinations of N δ Γ( f , I) and N δ Γ(g, I). If we can figure out which of N δ Γ( f , I) and N δ Γ(g, I) is 'dominant' in a certain particular situation, the relationship between N δ Γ( f + g, I) and the 'dominant' one of N δ Γ( f , I) and N δ Γ(g, I) may surface. In other words, we may discover some kind of link between fractal dimensions of Γ( f + g, I) and fractal dimensions of Γ( f , I) or Γ(g, I), whose results will be obtained in Section 2.2.

Basic Results
For convenience of notation, let Here, 0 < δ < 1 2 and f (x) ∈ C I . Then, the lower and upper Box dimensions of Γ( f , I) can be written as It is universally acknowledged that lim δ→0 Φ f (δ) may exist or not. Actually, the number of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0 is uncertain, which may be finite, countably infinite or uncountably infinite. For f (x), g(x) ∈ C I , we first define some notations as follows: (1) Let Ω f = µ j j∈J 1 be the set of all the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0. Here, J 1 is the index set reflecting the number of the elements in Ω f . Then, (2) Let Ω g = ν j j∈J 2 be the set of all the accumulation points of Φ g (δ) when δ → 0. Here, J 2 is the index set reflecting the number of the elements in Ω g . Then, (3) For ∀j ∈ J 1 , we denote ∆ j as the set of a subsequence δ j l k ∞ k=1 corresponding to µ j , which satisfies lim Here lim k→∞ δ j l k = 0.
(4) For ∀j ∈ J 1 , we denote α j and β j as the minimum and the maximum value in the following set: Now, we present the following proposition, which provides a calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I): and Proof. From the definition of ∆ j , we know S j , respectively, which leads to the conclusion of Proposition 2.
From Proposition 2, we observe that the key work to calculate dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I) is to figure out the values of α j and β j . In preparation for the subsequent work, we first prove a conclusion about sequences given in the following lemma.
Given 0 < ε ≤ s 2 −s 1 4 , there must exist a certain number δ 0 > 0 such that Thus, Then, by Theorem 1, and Thus, This means That is lim Similarly, we can also obtain Hence, Lemma 2 holds.
Now we can acquire several basic results of the lower and upper Box dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions. We begin by presenting the calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) in the following theorem.
Proof. On one hand, from Corollary 1, On the other hand, if there must exist an index set J 1 ⊂ J 1 such that sup i∈J 2 Thus, for ∀j ∈ J 1 , Then, it follows from Lemma 2 that for ∀j ∈ J 1 , This means β j = µ j for ∀j ∈ J 1 . From (10), we can get when dim B Γ( f , I) = dim B Γ(g, I).
Hence, we can get the conclusion of Theorem 2 by (11) and (12). From Theorem 2, we can immediately get Corollary 2, shown below.
Corollary 2. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . If s 1 < s < s 2 , it holds Next, we study the calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) under the condition of (4). Theorem 3 tells us its conclusion.
Proof. For ∀j ∈ J 1 , Then, it follows from Lemma 2 that for ∀j ∈ J 1 , This means α j = µ j for ∀j ∈ J 1 . From (9), we can get So, Theorem 3 holds.
we have an upper bound estimation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) as follows.
From Theorem 3, This is in contradiction with s 1 < s. Thus, So far, we have resolved a portion of the problem proposed in Section 1. If f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I satisfying s 1 < s < s 2 , we can obtain the results that the upper Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) is equal to s 2 from Corollary 2 and the lower Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) is no more than s from Corollary 3. Therefore, the lower Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) has not yet been studied thoroughly. In Section 2.3, to prepare for the further research, we first present several conclusions of sum of two continuous functions if both of them have Box dimensions.

Sum of Two Continuous Functions Having Box Dimension
Firstly, we consider the sum of two continuous functions with different Box dimensions. The following assertion is adopted from [3].

Proposition 3 ([3]
). Let f (x), g(x) ∈ C I with different Box dimensions. Then, Secondly, Theorems 4 and 5 show the conclusions of the sum of two continuous functions with the same Box dimension that is not equal to one.
Theorem 4. Let f (x), g(x) ∈ C I with the same Box dimension s(1 < s ≤ 2). If the Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) exists, it could be any number belonging to [1, s).
Here, W(x) is the Weierstrass function given in Example 1, and dim B Γ(W, I) could be any number belonging to (1, s). Then, by Proposition 3, Secondly, let Here, H(x) ∈ 1 D I . In the same way, From discussion above, we find that Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) exists and could be any number belonging to [1, s).
Theorem 5. Let f (x), g(x) ∈ C I with the same Box dimension s(1 < s ≤ 2). If the Box dimension of Γ( f + g, I) does not exist, Here, dim B Γ( f + g, I) and dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any numbers satisfying (13).

Here, B(x) is the Besicovitch function given in Example 2. For suitably chosen {λ
Here, dim B Γ(B, I) and dim B Γ(B, I) could be any numbers satisfying (14). From Theorems 2 and 3, This means dim B Γ( f , I) = s.
Thirdly, in Theorems 4 and 5 if s = 1, the result given below holds trivially.
Theorem 6. Let f (x), g(x) ∈ C I with the same Box dimension one. Then, dim B Γ( f + g, I) = 1.
On the other hand, we know the lower Box dimension of any continuous functions is no less than one. That is dim B Γ( f + g, I) ≥ 1.
Theorem 6 says that sum of two one-dimensional continuous functions on I can keep the Box dimension closed, which implies that 1 D I is a linear space. However, we note from Theorems 4 and 5 that s D I is not linear when s = 1.

Further Research on dim B Γ( f + g, I)
For f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I satisfying s 1 < s < s 2 , dim B Γ( f + g, I) and an upper bound estimation of dim B Γ( f + g, I) have been obtained in Section 2. In this section, we make further research on the calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I).
When s 1 < s < s 2 , there must exist two index sets denoted as J 1 and J 1 , which satisfy For the convenience of discussion, write inf 1 . Since s 1 < s < s 2 , the element s may belong to Ω f or not. In other words, µ j * may be equal to s or not. So, we should discuss two cases as follows.

µ j * = s
From Lemma 2, we check every element µ j in the set Ω f and then obtain the following results.
This means α j = s.
So, in this case, we can assert that In this case, we first introduce an auxiliary lemma as follows.
Lemma 3. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . For any non-negative sequence δ l k ∞ k=1 satisfying lim then lim k→∞ Φ f +g (δ l k ) could be any number belonging to [1, s).
Proof. In the present paper, we know ∆ j * is just the set of sequences satisfying the condition of this lemma. For s ∈ (1, 2], we choose any two possible functions F(x) and G(x) with the same Box dimension s, which means From Theorem 4, if the Box dimension of Γ(F + G, I) exists, its value could be any number belonging to [1, s). In other words, lim k→∞ Φ F+G (δ j * l k ) could be any number belonging to [1, s). From Theorem 5, if Box dimension of Γ(F + G, I) does not exist, Here, dim B Γ(F + G, I) and dim B Γ(F + G, I) could be any numbers satisfying (15). Besides, we know From arbitrariness of dim B Γ(F + G, I) and dim B Γ(F + G, I) satisfying (15), Here, lim ) could be any number satisfying (16). Let g(x) = G(x). Then, we investigate the connection between f (x) and F(x). It is obvious that for ∀i ∈ J 1 , For j ∈ J 1 , now we define Ψ j as the set of F j satisfying For ∀F j ∈ Ψ j , we note that we only change the limitation of Φ F (δ j l k ) from s to µ j when ∈ ∆ j . For the convenience of notation, we denote this transformation as Write T j F = F j . Then, we can acquire a series of transformations T j j∈J 1 . We find that T j j∈J 1 can be divided into three different categories in terms of different effects on F, which have been discussed as follows.
(a) For j ∈ J (1) 1 , since µ j < s, we observe that the only different result for F j from F is that by Lemma 2. However, for other sets ∆ i (i ∈ J 1 \ {j}), the results for F j are the same as F. Specially for ∆ j * , Here, lim ) could be any number satisfying (17).
(b) For j = j * , since µ j * = s, the results for F j * are the same as F. Specially for ∆ j * , Here, lim ) could be any number satisfying (18).
by Lemma 2. However, for other sets ∆ i (i ∈ J 1 \ {j}), the results for F j are the same as F. Specially for ∆ j * , Here, lim k→∞ Φ F j +g (δ j * l k ) could be any number satisfying (19). Now, we do all the transformations T j j∈J 1 on F denoted as T j j∈J 1 F = F J 1 . Define Ψ J 1 as the set of F J 1 . From the discussion above, we know for ∀i ∈ J 1 , and for ∆ j * , Here, lim ) could be any number satisfying (21). From (20), we note that Here, lim k→∞ Φ f +g (δ j * l k ) could be any number satisfying (22).
This completes the proof of Lemma 3.
Similarly, we check every element µ j in the set Ω f .
(I) For j ∈ J 1 \ {j * }, the result is the same with Section 3.1, that is Here, s ∈ (1, 2). Then, it follows from Lemma 3 that lim ) could be any number belonging to [1, s), which implies that α j * could be any number belonging to [1, s).
So, in this case, we can assert that which means dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s).

Conclusions of This Section
From discussion of Sections 3.1 and 3.2, we can obtain the result that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s]. Hence, we have the following conclusion: Theorem 7. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . If s 1 < s < s 2 , Here, v could be any number belonging to [1, s].
So far, the problems in Section 1 have been investigated totally. We find that the value of dim B Γ( f + g, I) depends on different situations of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0. If s is one of the elements in Ω f , the value of dim B Γ( f + g, I) can definitely not be equal to s. However, it may be equal to an arbitrary number belonging to [1, s). If s is not one of the elements in Ω f , the value of dim B Γ( f + g, I) can only be equal to s. In particular, if s 1 and s 2 are the only two elements in Ω f , we can directly obtain dim B Γ( f + g, I) = s. Furthermore, Lemma 3 shows us a method to seek the relationship between two fractal continuous functions. We find that the same accumulation point of Φ f (δ) and Φ g (δ) by the same subsequence is the "bridge" to connect f (x) and g(x). If we denote this same accumulation point as s, we also prove that the accumulation points of Φ f +g (δ) could be equal to any numbers belonging to [1, s) by this subsequence.

Other Cases
In Section 3, we have figured out the fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions f (x) and g(x) when dim B Γ(g, I) is between dim B Γ( f , I) and dim B Γ( f , I). Now, we can further consider the following question: The purpose of this section is to make research on the above problem by the similar discussion with that in Section 3.
In this case, we can get the following conclusion.
Theorem 8. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . If s 1 < s = s 2 , Here, v could be any number belonging to [1, s).
Proof. From (11), by Proposition 3. This is in contradiction with s 1 < s. Thus, Write sup j∈J 1 µ j = µ j * . Similar argument with that in Section 3, we can obtain the following results.
Hence, we can assert that which implies that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s). This completes the proof of Theorem 8.
In this case, we should discuss two situations according to whether dim B Γ(g, I) is equal to one or not. Theorems 9 and 10 present their results, respectively.
Theorem 9. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s D I . If 1 < s 1 = s < s 2 , Here, v could be any number belonging to [1, s).
For dim B Γ( f + g, I), in this case we know Write inf j∈J 1 µ j = µ j * . Similar argument with that in Section 3, we can obtain the following results.
So, we can assert that which means dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, s). This completes the proof of Theorem 9.
Theorem 10. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 1 D I and g(x) ∈ 1 D I . If s 2 > 1, For dim B Γ( f + g, I), in this case we know Write inf j∈J 1 µ j = µ j * . Similar to the argument in Section 3, we can obtain the following results.
So, we can assert that This completes the proof of Theorem 10.

Conclusions
In this last section, we give some remarks on our paper.

Main Results
Throughout the present paper, we mainly investigated fractal dimensions of the sum of two continuous functions f and g on I with certain lower and upper Box dimensions. The main results we have obtained can be summarized as the following three aspects: Then, we study dim B Γ( f + g, I) by whether dim B Γ(g, I) is one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0 or not.
(i) If dim B Γ(g, I) is not one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) = dim B Γ(g, I); (ii) If dim B Γ(g, I) is one of the accumulation points of Φ f (δ) when δ → 0, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, dim B Γ(g, I)). In conclusion, dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, dim B Γ(g, I)], which answers the question proposed in Section 1.
and dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, dim B Γ(g, I)).
Then we study dim B Γ( f + g, I) by whether dim B Γ(g, I) is equal to one or not.
(i) If dim B Γ(g, I) > 1, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) could be any number belonging to [1, dim B Γ(g, I)); (ii) If dim B Γ(g, I) = 1, we prove that dim B Γ( f + g, I) is equal to one. Meanwhile, we should point out that the presented results can be generalized to any closed interval [a, b]. This means all the results obtained in the present paper still hold for two continuous functions f and g defined on [a, b].

Main Methods
We emphasize that the key work in the present paper is to propose the following two main methods: For the calculation of dim B Γ( f + g, I), the equivalent reformulation is that and dim B Γ( f , I) is just the infimum of p such that the unit interval I can be split into Cδ −p subintervals I j . Here C is a certain constant number and j = 1, 2, · · · , Cδ −p . We note that I j ≤ δ and R f I j ≤ δ for ∀δ > 0. Making the common splitting for f (x) and g(x) merely doubles the number of such intervals, which can be another way to obtain dim B Γ( f + g, I).

Applications in Specific Examples
The calculation of the fractal dimension has been widely applied in a variety of fields such as metal materials. The fracture surface topography regarding the fatigue of metals can be investigated by fractal features, which can be found in [28,29]. Moreover, ref. [30] shows that the fractal dimension is closely related to the parameters of areal surface of metals. It is well known that there are a number of ways to calculate the fractal dimension, and the results of different methods and resolutions are slightly different. The present paper mainly studies how to calculate fractal dimension by counting boxes and how to calculate the fractal dimension of the superposition of two fractal curves. People could further explore the calculation of fractal dimension of the superposition of two fractal surfaces and apply it to the study of fracture surface topography regarding to the fatigue of metals. In the future, we will continue to do this work by visualizing specific examples, which shows the utility of our study well.

Improvement and Further Research
There still exist several points worthy of improvement and further discussion in the present work. We should point out that our results for fractal dimensions estimation are only based on theoretical analysis. However, examples of fractal continuous functions should be given to support these theoretical results. People could make further research on this problem by numerical simulation of fractal dimensions estimation for specific examples of fractal continuous functions.
At the end of our paper, we put forward an open question below: Question 3. Suppose that f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s 4 s 3 D I . What can the lower and upper Box dimensions of Γ( f + g, I) be, respectively?
People could try to explore this question by discussing the relationship among s 1 , s 2 , s 3 and s 4 in the future. The method used to deal with it may be similar with the present paper. Here, we give our conjecture for three cases as follows: Conjecture 1. Let f (x) ∈ s 2 s 1 D I and g(x) ∈ s 4 s 3 D I . (1) If s 1 < s 2 < s 3 < s 4 , f + g ∈ s 4 s 3 D I .
Here, v could be any number belonging to [1, s 3 ].

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Data Availability Statement:
No data were used to support this study.