On Strongly Continuous Resolving Families of Operators for Fractional Distributed Order Equations

: The aim of this work is to ﬁnd by the methods of the Laplace transform the conditions for the existence of a strongly continuous resolving family of operators for a linear homogeneous equation in a Banach space with the distributed Gerasimov–Caputo fractional derivative and with a closed densely deﬁned operator A in the right-hand side. It is proved that the existence of a resolving family of operators for such equation implies the belonging of the operator A to the class C W ( K , a ) , which is deﬁned here. It is also shown that from the continuity of a resolving family of operators at t = 0 the boundedness of A follows. The existence of a resolving family is shown for A ∈ C W ( K , a ) and for the upper limit of the integration in the distributed derivative not greater than 2. As corollary, we obtain the existence of a unique solution for the Cauchy problem to the equation of such class. These results are used for the investigation of the initial boundary value problems unique solvability for a class of partial differential equations of the distributed order with respect to time. software, validation, investigation, V.E.F. N.V.F.; curation, draft preparation, V.E.F.; and V.E.F.; visualization, N.V.F.; V.E.F.;


Introduction
In the last couple of decades, a new branch of the theory of differential equations has emerged as equations with distributed fractional derivatives. A distributed derivative is an integral of a fractional derivative with respect to its order. Apparently, the first works on distributed order derivatives were those by Nakhushev [1,2] (they are called continual derivatives here) and Caputo [3] (mean derivatives). With the development of the field of applications of fractional integro-differential calculus, such equations began to arise in various problems in viscoelasticity theory [4], kinetic theory [5], modeling of ultraslow diffusion [6], and other scientific areas (see [7] and references therein). Numerical methods for solving equations with distributed fractional derivatives have been very actively investigated the last twenty years (see, e.g., [8,9]). Among the works in which the qualitative properties of distributed order differential operators and corresponding equations are investigated, in addition to the mentioned works of Nakhushev [1,2], we note the monograph and other works of Pskhu [10,11], series of articles by Atanacković, Oparnica and Pilipović ( [12] and others), and works by Kochubei (e.g., [6]).
Let Z be a Banach space and A : D A → Z a linear closed densely defined operator, m − 1 < b ≤ m ∈ N, ω : [0, b] → C. Consider the Cauchy problem z (k) (0) = z k , k = 0, 1, . . . , m − 1, for the distributed order equation b 0 ω(α)D α t z(t)dα = Az(t), t > 0, (2) with the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative D α t . In [13,14], this problem is researched for the case of a bounded operator A. The Cauchy problem and other initial value problems for Equation (2) and for an analogous equation with a linear degenerate operator at the distributed order derivative are studied in [15,16] under the condition of the sectoriality of operators, with the Riemann-Liouville or the Gerasimov-Caputo distributed fractional derivatives in the equation.
Sufficient and necessary conditions of an unbounded closed densely defined operator A for the existence of an analytic resolving family of operators for Equation (2) are found in [17][18][19]. Thus, an extension of the theorem on generators of analytic semigroups of operators to the case of distributed order equations is obtained. This allows investigating a unique solvability of problem (1) and (2). A theorem on perturbations of generators for analytic resolving family of operators for distributed order Equation (2) is proved. These results were applied to study of initial boundary value problems for some partial differential equations of a distributed order with respect to time.
In this work, we study by the methods of the Laplace transform the conditions of the existence of a strongly continuous resolving family of operators for distributed order Equation (2) in terms of the operator A. In the first section, properties of such families of operators are studied. Firstly, we consider some properties of certain functions arising after the acting of the Laplace transform on a distributed order derivative. Then, the definitions of a resolving family of operators for Equation (2) and a class C W (K, a) of linear closed densely defined operators are introduced. It is proved that under the condition of the existence of a resolving family of operators for the distributed order equation the operator A belongs to C W (K, a), and the form of the Laplace transform of a resolving family is found. It is shown that in contrast to the fixed-order differential equations the primitive of a solution of (2) is not a solution of this equation. Therefore, we need to introduce the so-called k-resolving families of operators, which give solutions of the Cauchy problem z (l) (0) = z l , l = 0, 1, . . . , m − 1, l = k, z (k) (0) = z k to Equation (2). It is proved that, if there exists a resolving family of operators {S(t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0} of (2), then there exist k-resolving families of operators for every k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1, which are explicitly expressed in terms of {S(t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0}. It is also shown that continuity of resolving family at t = 0 implies the boundedness of the operator A.
In the second section, the proposed approximations for operators S(t) allow proving the existence of the resolving family for Equation (2) with A ∈ C W (K, a) and b ∈ (0, 2]. As a corollary, we obtain the unique solvability theorem for problem (1) and (2) at b ∈ (0, 2]. In the third section, the abstract results are applied to the study of initial boundary value problems for a class of partial differential equations of the distributed order with respect to time.

Properties of Resolving Families of Operators
is the Riemann-Liouville integral. Let m − 1 < α ≤ m ∈ N, D m t be the usual derivative of the mth order, D α t be the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative of h : R + → Z [20][21][22]: By Lap(Z ), denote the set of functions h : R + → Z, such that the Laplace transform, which will be denoted by h or Lap[h], is defined. The Laplace transform of the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative of the order α > 0 satisfies the equality (see, e.g., [23]) Denote by L(Z ) the Banach space of all linear continuous operators from Z to Z, and by Cl(Z ) denote the set of all linear closed operators, densely defined in Z, acting in the space Z. We supply the domain D A of an operator A ∈ Cl(Z ) by the norm of its graph and, thus, we get the Banach space D A .
Consider the Cauchy problem for a distributed order equation . By a solution of problem (4), (5) we call such function z ∈ C m−1 (R + ; Z ) ∩ C(R + ; D A ) that there exists b 0 ω(α)D α t z(t)dα ∈ C(R + ; Z ) and equalities (4) and (5)   Proof. This assertion is proved for W 0 in [17]; for other W k , it can be proved similarly.
is called the operator of the class C W (K, a) for some K ≥ 1, a ≥ 0, if the following two conditions are fulfilled: Here, we suppose that ω ∈ L 1 (0, b; C);, hence, due to Lemma 1 and the properties of an operator resolvent, there exist the derivatives in Condition (ii) at Reλ > a.
Then, A ∈ C W (K, a) and there exists the Laplace transform Proof. Let there exist a resolving family of operators {S(t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0} for Equation (5), for all t ≥ 0 S(t) L(Z ) ≤ Ke at at some K ≥ 1, a ≥ 0. Then, at Reλ > a, there exists S(λ). From Equation (5), due to Paragraphs (ii) and (iii) of the resolving family definition, we obtain at hence, due to the closedness of the operator A at Reλ > a S(λ)[D A ] ⊂ D A , and by virtue of (3) Therefore, Conditions (i) and (ii) of the definition of the class C W (K, a) are fulfilled. (4) and (5) and z 0 (t) L(Z ) ≤ Ke at at some K ≥ 1, a ≥ 0. Then, it can be shown that if there exist the inverse operators (W(λ)I − A) −1 and integral (8).
Thus, we see that, in contrast to linear homogeneous equations of a fixed order, S 1 (t) = J 1 t S 0 (t). In other words, for a solution z(t) of Equation (5), J 1 t z(t) is not a solution, generally speaking. Therefore, we need to consider resolving operators families {S k (t) : t ≥ 0}, k = 0, 1, . . . , m − 1, corresponding to every initial problem A family of operators {S k (t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0}, k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m − 1}, is called k-resolving for Equation (5), if the next conditions are satisfied: (5) and (9) at every z k ∈ D A . (6) and (7); there exists a resolving family of operators Proof. Theorem 1 implies that A ∈ C W (k, a). Consider at k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1 the functions Due to (6) and (7) Since we can choose such ε > 0, that b − ε > 1, there exists the inverse Laplace transform Here, at k = 1, we take into account that λ −1 = 1. These scalar functions w k are continuous at t ≥ 0, since the integrals converge uniformly with respect to t on every segment. Consequently, the operator-valued functions are strongly continuous at t ≥ 0 and Paragraph (ii) of the definition of k-resolving family of operators is valid also.
Note that the derivatives are continuous at t ≥ 0 as well, since Moreover, relations (10) imply that w hence, S k (t)z k satisfies initial conditions (9).
We have at Reλ > a Acting by the inverse Laplace transform, we obtain that S k (t)z k is a solution of Equation (5). (6); there exist an exponentially bounded resolving family of operators of Equation (5). This family is continuous in the norm of L(Z ), if and only if A ∈ L(Z ).

Remark 3.
As shown in the proof of Theorem 3, if A ∈ L(Z ), then resolving operators of Equation (5) has the form where a 0 (t) ≡ 1, a n (t) = 1 2πi γ e λt dλ λW(λ) n , n ∈ N, we have W(λ) = λ α , and we obtain using the Hankel representation for the Euler gamma function that a n (t) = 1 2πi , n ∈ N.

Existence of Resolving Families of Operators and the Cauchy Problem Unique Solvability
Let A ∈ C W (K, a), for brevity, denote and define at n ∈ N, t ≥ 0 The series converges uniformly on every segment [0, T] and S n (t) L(Z ) ≤ Ke at for all t ≥ 0. It can be shown that S n (t) is infinitely differentiable at t > 0. Put for Reλ > a Here and further, i is the imaginary unit.
Proof. It is sufficient to prove the thesis on a dense set in Z.
so that the integral s+i∞ s−i∞ e λt H(λ)zdλ, s > a, (13) converges. Indeed, the first term in the right-hand side of (12) is the Laplace transform of the constant z and the second term is absolutely integrable at b > 1 due to conditions (6) and A ∈ C W (K, a). If b ∈ (0, 1], then rb > 1 and for Thus, integral (13) converges, if we choose a small enough number ε > 0 in condition (6).
so that lim n→∞ H n (λ) = H(λ) since H(λ) is analytic on {λ ∈ C : Reλ > a} due to Lemma 1. Moreover, for Reλ > a, z ∈ D A due to (12) Therefore, for all Reλ > a, n ∈ N, We can pass to the limit as n → ∞ in (11) and the thesis is proved, since D A (or D A r at b ∈ (0, 1]) is dense in Z. Note that the strong convergence obtained is uniform with respect to t from every segment [0, T].
Put Z 0 (t) := slim n→∞ S n (t), where slim n→∞ denotes the limit in the strong topology.

Remark 4.
It is proven that, for z ∈ D A or z ∈ D A r at b ∈ (0, 1], Proof. Due to the construction Z 0 (t) we have the inequality Z 0 (t) L(Z ) ≤ Ke at by virtue of such inequality for S n (t) at every n ∈ N. Equality (14) implies that for every z ∈ D A or z ∈ D A r at b ∈ (0, 1] Z 0 (λ)z = H(λ)z. It remains to continue this equality on Z due to uniform boundedness of {H(λ) ∈ L(Z ) : Reλ > a}, which follows from the condition A ∈ C W (K, a).
Then, for every z 0 ∈ D A , there exists a unique in the space Lap(Z ) solution of the problem z(0) = z 0 for Equation (5). The solution has the form z(t) = Z 0 (t)z 0 .
Proof. Due to the previous theorem, it remains to prove the uniqueness of the solution. If there exist two solutions z 1 , z 2 of the problem z(0) = z 0 for Equation (5) from the space Lap(Z ), then their difference y = z 1 − z 2 ∈ Lap(Z ) is a solution of Equation (5) and satisfies the initial condition y(0) = 0. Acting by the Laplace transform on both parts of equation (5) and due to the initial condition we get the equality W(λ) y(λ) = A y(λ). Since A ∈ C W (K, a), at Reλ > a we get the identity y(λ) ≡ 0. It means that y ≡ 0. Therefore, z(t) = Z 0 (t)z 0 is a unique solution at z 0 ∈ D A in Lap(Z ). Corollary 2. Let b ∈ (1,2], ω ∈ L 1 (0, b), W, W 1 satisfy conditions (6) and (7), K ≥ 1, a ≥ 0, A ∈ C W (K, a), z 0 , z 1 ∈ D A . Then, there exists a unique in the space Lap(Z ) solution of the problem z(0) = z 0 , z (1) (0) = z 1 (15) for Equation (5). The solution has the form z(t) = Z 0 (t)z 0 + Z 1 (t)z 1 , where Proof. Recall that the function is defined in the proof of Theorem 2, where it is shown that the function Z 1 (t)z 1 is a solution of the Cauchy problem z(0) = 0, z (1) (0) = z 1 for Equation (5).
Reasoning as in the proof of Corollary 1, it is easy to show the uniqueness of the solution in Lap(Z ).

Remark 5.
If we consider problem (4) and (5) on a segment [0, T], then we can continue the function y on (T, ∞) by a continuous bounded way and, reasoning analogously, we get the uniqueness of the solution on the segment.
Lemma 6 and Corollary 1 imply the next unique solvability theorem.

Conclusions
In the present work, it is proved that a sufficient (for b ∈ (0, 2]) and necessary (for a general case) condition of the existence of a strongly continuous resolving family of operators for differential equation of a distributed order (2) is A ∈ C W (K, a). The approximation of such family of operators is proposed. It is proved that, if there exists a resolving family of operators {S(t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0} of (2), then there exist the so-called k-resolving families of operators for every k = 1, 2, . . . , m − 1, which give solutions of Cauchy problem z (l) (0) = z l , l = 0, 1, . . . , m − 1, l = k, z (k) (0) = z k to Equation (2). They are explicitly expressed in terms of {S(t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0} by a non-trivial way, not in the form of the primitive as in the case of fixed-order differential equations. Further these results can be used for consideration of the case b > 2 and the study of the unique solvability of the Cauchy problem for the corresponding inhomogeneous equation.