Existence Results for Fractional Order Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Problems with Integro-Multistrip-Multipoint Boundary Conditions

: We study the existence of solutions for a new class of boundary value problems of arbitrary order fractional differential equations and inclusions, supplemented with integro-multistrip-multipoint boundary conditions. Suitable ﬁxed point theorems are applied to prove some new existence results. The inclusion problem is discussed for convex valued as well as non-convex valued multi-valued map. Examples are also constructed to illustrate the main results. The results presented in this paper are not only new in the given conﬁguration but also provide some interesting special cases.


Introduction
Fractional calculus, regarded as a generalization of classical calculus, deals with differential and integral operators of arbitrary non-integer orders. In the last few decades, the tools of fractional calculus considerably improved the mathematical modeling of many real-world phenomena occurring in applied and technical sciences. Examples include co-infection of malaria and HIV/AIDS [1], HIV-immune system with memory [2], chaotic synchronization [3], dynamical networks [4], continuum mechanics [5], financial economics [6], etc. In view of the nonlocal nature of fractional order operators, mathematical models based on such operators are found to be more adequate and informative than their integer order counterparts.
Influenced by application of fractional calculus, there has been shown a significant interest in the investigation of fractional differential equations and inclusions in the recent years. For theory and applications of fractional differential equations, for instance, see the text [7], while the details about Hadamard-type fractional differential equations, inclusions and inequalities can be found in the monograph [8]. In [9], the authors discussed the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for a singular fractional boundary value problem. Details about variable order integral operators can be found in [10]. In [11], a coupled system of neutral fractional integro-differential equations with infinite delay was studied. For some recent works on fractional differential equations supplemented with multi-point and integral boundary conditions, for instance, see [12][13][14][15][16].
Differential inclusions play a key role in the study of several processes like queueing networks, climate control, optimization of financial issues, for details, see the text [17]. Other applications include synchronization of fractional order systems [18], control systems [19], dynamics of wheeled vehicles [20], Navier-Stokes delay differential inclusions [21], etc. Keeping in mind the importance of differential inclusions, several researchers turned to the topic of fractional differential inclusions and obtained a variety of results. In [22,23], the authors investigated semilinear fractional order differential and integro-differential inclusions, respectively. Some existence results for coupled systems of fractional differential inclusions were derived in [24][25][26], while some recent works on fractional differential inclusions with nonlocal boundary conditions can be found in [27][28][29]. Oscillation and nonoscillation criteria for Caputo-Hadamard impulsive fractional differential inclusions are presented in [30]. Existence of infinitely many solutions for a fractional differential inclusion with oscillatory potential is discussed in [31]. In a recent paper [32], the existence of solutions for an inclusions problem involving both Caputo and Hadamard fractional derivatives was studied.
Recently, in [33], the authors discussed the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a Caputo type fractional differential equation c D q x(t) = f (t, x(t)), n − 1 < q ≤ n, t ∈ J := [0, 1], (1) equipped with the boundary conditions where c D q denotes the Caputo fractional derivative of order q, f : J × R → R is a continuous function, a and b are real constants and α i , i = 1, . . . , m − 2, are positive real constants.
In this paper, we are concerned with existence of solutions for a nonlinear fractional differential equation of the form: subject to integro-multistrip-multipoint boundary conditions: where D σ is the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative of order σ satisfying n − 1 < σ ≤ n with n ≥ 3, f : Here we remark that the last condition in (4) implies that the sum of the values of the unknown function due to finite many strips and points within the interval [0, 1] balances the the average value of the unknown function on the whole interval [0, 1].
Existence and uniqueness results are proved for the boundary value problems (3) and (4) by using Krasnoselskii and Banach fixed point theorems.
We also cover the multi-valued case of the problems (3) and (4) by considering the following inclusion problem: where F : J × R → P (R) is a multi-valued map (P (R) is the family of all nonempty subsets of R).
The motivation of the present work is to investigate solvability criteria for fractional differential equations and inclusions of arbitrary order subject to a new kind of integro-multistrip-multipoint boundary conditions. The obtained results are not only new in the given configuration but also yield several interesting special cases associated with the particular values of the parameters involved in the given problem, including the "zero" average value case (for details, see Conclusions section).
We prove the existence results for the inclusion boundary value problem (5) by using a variety of fixed point theorems sush as Bohnenblust-Karlin fixed point theorem, Martelli fixed point theorem, Leray-Schauder nonlinear alternative, and Covitz-Nadler fixed point theorem.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we set forth some preliminaries. Section 3 contains existence and uniqueness results for the boundary value problems (3) and (4), while Section 4 deals with the existence of solutions for the inclusion boundary value problem (5). Illustrative examples are also presented.

Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some definitions from fractional calculus.
where Γ denotes the Euler gamma function. Of course, if f ∈ C[a, b] or q 1 + q 2 > 1, then the above relation holds for each t ∈ [a, b].
The following lemma is of great importance in the proof of our main results. Lemma 1. Let g ∈ C(J, R) and Then the linear boundary value problem x (i) (0) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 2, has a unique solution given by Proof. As argued in [7], the general solution of the equation D σ x(t) = g(t), n − 1 < σ < n can be written as where b i (i = 1, 2, . . . , n) are arbitrary constants. Using the conditions x (i) (0) = 0, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 2 from (8) into (9), we find that b 2 = b 3 = · · · = b n = 0 and consequently, (9) takes the form: Using the last condition of (8) in (10) and solving the resulting equation for b 1 together with the notation (6), we obtain Inserting the above values in (9) leads to the solution (9). The converse can be proven by direct computation. The proof is finished.

Existence and Uniqueness Results for Problems (3) and (4)
By C(J, R) we denote the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R endowed with the sup-norm u = sup{|u(t)| : t ∈ J}. By L 1 (J, R) we denote the Banach space of Lebesgue integrable functions u : J −→ R normed by In this section we present existence and uniqueness results for the problems (3) and (4). In relation to the problems (3) and (4), we introduce an operator G : C(J, R) → C(J, R) via Lemma 1 as follows such that the the problems (3) and (4) is equivalent to the fixed point problem: x = Gx. So the existence of a fixed point of the operator G will imply the existence of a solution for the problems (3) and (4).

Existence Result via Krasnoselskii's Fixed Point Theorem
Lemma 2. (Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem [34]). Let X be a bounded, closed, convex, and nonempty subset of a Banach space Y. Let ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 be the operators such that (i) ϕ 1 x 1 + ϕ 2 x 2 ∈ X whenever x 1 , x 2 ∈ X ; (ii) ϕ 1 is compact and continuous; (iii) ϕ 2 is a contraction mapping. Then there exists x 3 ∈ X such that In the sequel, we use the notations: and Theorem 1. Let f : J × R → R be a continuous function satisfying the conditions: Then the boundary value problems (3) and (4) has at least one solution on J.
Proof. We fix r ≥ Λ µ and consider the closed ball B r = {x ∈ C : x ≤ r}. We define two operators G 1 and G 2 on B r as Notice that G = G 1 + G 2 . For x, y ∈ B r , we find that This shows that G 1 x + G 2 y ∈ B r . In the next step we prove that G 2 is a contraction mapping. For each t ∈ J and each x, y ∈ C(J, R), we have which is a contraction mapping by assumption LΛ 1 < 1 (Λ 1 is given by (13)). The operator G 1 is continuous, by the continuity of f . Moreover, since the operator G 1 is uniformly bounded on B r . The compactness of the operator G 1 will be proved now. We define as t 1 − t 2 → 0, independent of x, which means that G 1 is relatively compact on B r . Consequently, by the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, G 1 is compact on B r . Hence we deduce by the conclusion of Lemma 2 that the problems (3) and (4) has at least one solution on J.

Uniqueness Result
Theorem 2. Assume that f : J × R → R is a continuous function satisfying the assumption (A 1 ). Then the problems (3) and (4) has a unique solution on J if LΛ < 1, where Λ is given by (12).
Proof. Let us first show that G B r ⊂ B r , where G is the operator defined by (11) and For any x ∈ B r , we have which implies that G B r ⊂ B r . Next, for x, y ∈ C(J, R) and for each t ∈ J, we obtain Consequently, the operator G is a contraction, since LΛ < 1. By Banach contraction mapping principle the operator G has a unique fixed point, which means that the problems (3) and (4) has a unique solution for on J.

Examples
Consider the nonlinear fractional boundary value problem where σ = 7/2, and a is a positive real number. Using the given values, we find that ρ ≈ 0.318087, Λ ≈ 0.155011 and Λ 1 ≈ 0.069039. It is easy to check that µ(t) = √ t 2 + 1 + πa/2 + e −t , L = a + 1 and that LΛ 1 < 1 holds for a < 13.484567. As all the conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied, so the conclusion of Theorem 1 applies to problems (14) and (15). Moreover, LΛ < 1 is satisfied for a < 5.451155. Thus, by Theorem 2, problems (14) and (15) has a unique solution on J.

Existence Results for the Problem (5)
In the following we use the notations, P cl (X) = {Y ∈ P (X) : Y is closed}, P b (X) = {Y ∈ P (X) : Y is bounded}, P cp (X) = {Y ∈ P (X) : Y is compact}, and P cp,c (X) = {Y ∈ P (X) : Y is compact and convex}. We refer the interested reader to the books by Aubin and Cellina [35], Castaing and Valadier [36], and Deimling [37] for details on multi-valued maps.
Before stating and proving our main existence results for problem (5), we will give the definition of its solution.

Definition 3.
A function x ∈ AC (n−1) (J, R) is said to be a solution of problem (5) if there exists a function v ∈ L 1 (J, R) with v(t) ∈ F(t, x) a.e. on J such that x satisfies the differential equation D σ x(t) = v(t) on J and the boundary condition (4).

The Upper Semicontinuous Case
Consider first the case when F has convex values. Our first result is based on Bohnenblust-Karlin fixed point theorem and closed graph operator theorem, which are stated below.

Lemma 4 ([39]
). Let X be a separable Banach space. Let F : J × X → P cp,c (X) be measurable with respect to t for each y ∈ X and upper semi-continuous with respect to y for almost all t ∈ J and S F,y = ∅, for any y ∈ C(J, X), and let Θ be a linear continuous mapping from L 1 (J, X) to C(J, X). Then the operator is a closed graph operator in C(J, X) × C(J, X).

Theorem 3. Assume that:
(i) t −→ F(t, y) is measurable for each y ∈ R; (ii) y −→ F(t, y) is u.s.c. for almost all t ∈ J; (H 2 ) for each r > 0, there exists φ r ∈ L 1 (J, R + ) such that for all x ∈ R with x ≤ r and for a.e. t ∈ J, Then, if the boundary problem (5) has at least one solution on J.
Proof. We consider the multi-valued map: N : C(J, R) → P (C(J, R)) defined by (5) is transformed into a fixed point problem, for which the fixed points of N are solutions of problem (5). We will show that the operator N satisfies all condition of Lemma 3. The proof is constructed in several steps.
Step 1. N(x) is convex for each x ∈ C(J, R).
Let 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1. Then for each t ∈ J, we have Since F has convex values, that is, S F,x is convex, we have Step 2. N(x) maps bounded sets into bounded sets in C(J, R).
Let B r = {x ∈ C(J, R) : x ≤ r}, r > 0 be a bounded ball in C(J, R). We shall prove that there exists a positive number r such that N(B r ) ⊆ B r . If this is not true, for each r > 0, there exists a function x r (·) ∈ B r , with N(x r ) > r for some t ∈ J and for some v r ∈ S F,x r . However, on the other hand, we have: Dividing both sides by r and taking the lower limit as r → ∞, we get: which contradicts (17). Hence there exists a positive number r such that N(B r ) ⊆ B r .
Step 3. N(x) maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of C(J, R).
Let x ∈ B r and h ∈ N(x). Then there exists v ∈ S F,x such that which tends to zero independently of x ∈ B r as t 1 → t 2 . As a consequence of Steps 1-3, by using Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, the operator N : C(J, R) → P (C(J, R)) is completely continuous.
Step 4. N(x) is closed for each x ∈ C(J, R).
Let {u n } n≥0 ∈ N(x) be such that u n → u (n → ∞) in C(J, R). Then u ∈ C(J, R) and there exists v n ∈ S F,x n such that Since F has compact values, we can pass onto a subsequence (if necessary) to obtain that v n converges to v in L 1 (J, R). Thus v ∈ S F,x and we have Hence, u ∈ N(x).
Next we show that the operator N is upper semicontinuous. In order to do so, by Proposition 1.2 in [37], we know that it will be upper semicontinuous has a closed graph. This will be shown in the next step.
Step 5. N has a closed graph.
Let x n → x * , h n ∈ N(x n ) and h n → h * . We will show that h * ∈ N(x * ). Now h n ∈ N(x n ) implies that there exists v n ∈ S F,x n such that We must show that there exists v * ∈ S F,x * such that for each t ∈ J, Consider the continuous linear operator Θ : Observe that h n (t) − h * (t) → 0 as n → ∞, and thus, it follows from a closed graph Lemma ( [39]), that Θ • S F,x is a closed graph operator. Moreover, we have h n ∈ Θ(S F,x n ).
Since x n → x * , the closed graph Lemma ( [39]) implies that Hence, we conclude that N is a compact multivalued map, upper semicontinuous with convex closed values. Consequently by Lemma 3, N has a fixed point which is a solution of the boundary problem (5). This completes the proof.
Next, we give an existence result based upon the following form of fixed point theorem which is applicable to completely continuous operators. Lemma 5. [40] Let E a Banach space, and T : E → P b,cl,c (E) be a completely continuous multi-valued map. If the set Z = {x ∈ E : λx ∈ T(x), λ > 1} is bounded, then T has a fixed point.

Theorem 4.
Assume that the following hypotheses hold: , for a.e. t ∈ J and each x ∈ R.
Then problem (5) has at least one solution on J.
Proof. Consider N defined in the proof of Theorem 3. As in Theorem 3, we can show that N is convex and completely continuous. It remains to show that the set is bounded. Let x ∈ E , then λx ∈ N(x) for some λ > 1 and there exists a function v ∈ S F,x such that For each t ∈ J, we have Taking the supremum for t ∈ J, we get Hence the set E is bounded. As a consequence of Lemma 5 we deduce that N has at least one fixed point which implies that problem (5) has a solution on J.
Our final existence result in this subsection is based on Leray-Schauder nonlinear alternative [41].
Proof. Let x ∈ λN(x) for some λ ∈ (0, 1), where the operator N is defined in the proof of Theorem 3. We show there exists an open set W ⊆ C(J, R) with x / ∈ N(x) for any λ ∈ (0, 1) and all x ∈ ∂W. Let λ ∈ (0, 1) and x ∈ λN(x). Then there exists v ∈ L 1 (J, R) with v ∈ S F,x such that, for t ∈ J, we have In view of (H 5 ), we have for each t ∈ J, In view of (H 6 ), there exists M such that x = M. Let us set Proceeding as in the proof of Theorem 3, one can show that the operator N : W → P (C(J, R)) is a compact, upper semicontinuous multi-valued map with convex closed values. Note that there is no x ∈ ∂W such that x ∈ λN(x) for some λ ∈ (0, 1), from the choice of W. Therefore, by the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type ( [41]), we deduce that N has a fixed point x ∈ W. Obviously this fixed point is a solution of the boundary value problem (5). The proof is completed.

The Lower Semicontinuous Case
In this subsection we study the lower semicontinuous case, when F is not necessarily convex valued. Our strategy is to apply the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type together with the selection theorem of Bressan and Colombo [42] for lower semi-continuous maps with decomposable values. The needed preliminaries can be found in [35]. Theorem 6. Assume that (H 5 ), (H 6 ) hold. Moreover, we suppose that: Then the boundary value problem (5) has at least one solution on J.
Proof. From (H 5 ) and (H 7 ), it follows that F is of lower semicontinuous type [43]. Then, by the selection theorem of Bressan and Colombo [42], there exists a continuous function v : Consider the problem Observe that x is a solution to the boundary value problem (5) if x ∈ AC (n−1) (J, R) is a solution of problems (18) and (19). We define an operator N as Then the boundary value problems (18) and (19) is transformed into a fixed point problem. The operator N is continuous and completely continuous. We omit the rest of the proof, since it is similar to that of Theorem 5. The proof is finished.

The Lipschitz Case
In this subsection, we consider the boundary value problem (5) with a nonconvex valued right hand side. By using a fixed point theorem for multivalued maps due to Covitz and Nadler [44] we prove an existence result. Lemma 6. (Covitz and Nadler [44]) Let (X, d) be a complete metric space. If N : X → P cl (X) is a contraction, then FixN = ∅.
Then, the boundary value problem (5) has at least one solution on J provided that Proof. Consider the operator N : C(J, R) → P (C(J, R)) defined at the beginning of the proof of Theorem 3. Then, the boundary value problem (5) is transformed into a fixed point problem. We apply Lemma 6 in two steps.
Step I. The operator N is closed and nonempty for every v ∈ S F,x .
Step II. Now we show that there exists θ < 1 such that Let x,x ∈ AC (n−1) (J, R) and h 1 ∈ N(x). Then there exists v 1 (t) ∈ F(t, x(t)) such that, for each t ∈ J, Thus, there exists w(t) ∈ F(t, z(t)) such that Define U : J → P (R) by The multivalued operator U(t) ∩ F(t, z(t)) is measurable (Proposition III.4 [36]). Therefore, there exists a function v 2 (t) which is a measurable selection for U. So v 2 (t) ∈ F(t, z(t)) and |v 1 For each t ∈ J, let us define Then we have Hence Analogously, interchanging the roles of x and z, we obtain Consequently N is a contraction. Then, by Lemma 6, N has a fixed point x which is a solution of the boundary value (5). The proof is completed.
It is easy to verify that M > 0.775057. Then, by Theorem 5, problems (20) and (21) with F(t, x) given by (23) has at least one solution on J. (c) Consider the multivalued map F : J × R → P (R) given by x → F(t, x) = 0, (t + 1) sin x + 2 3 .

Conclusions
In this paper, we have presented the existence-criteria for solutions of arbitrary order fractional differential equations and inclusions, supplemented with integro-multistrip-multi-point boundary conditions. For obtaining the existence and uniqueness results for the single valued problem, we applied fixed-point theorems due to Krasnoselskii and Banach. The inclusions problem is investigated for convex as well as non-convex valued cases and the obtained results rely on Bohnenblust-Karlin fixed point theorem, Martelli fixed point theorem, Leray-Schauder nonlinear alternative, and Covitz-Nadler fixed point theorem. Our results are not only new in the given setting, but also yield some new ones as special cases. For example, we can obtain the results for integro-multistrip boundary conditions by fixing γ j = 0, ∀j = 1, . . . , q, while the results for integro-multipoint boundary conditions follow when we take β i−1 = 0, ∀i = 2, . . . , p. Our results reduce to the ones for "zero" average value condition ( 1 0 u(s)ds = 0) by taking all γ j = 0, ∀j = 1, . . . , q and β i−1 = 0, ∀i = 2, . . . , p. Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.