Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot By-Products as a Valuable Source

: (1) Background: This study is designed to extract the bioactive compounds from beetroot peel for future use in the food industry. (2) Methods: Spectrophotometry techniques analyzed the effect of conventional solvent extraction on betalains and polyphenolic compounds from beetroot peels. Several treatments by varying for factors (ethanol and citric acid concentration, temperature, and time) were applied to the beetroot peel samples. A Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to investigate the effect of the extraction parameters on the extraction steps and optimize the betalains and total polyphenols extraction from beetroot. A quadratic model was suggested for all the parameters analyzed and used. (3) Results: The maximum and minimum variables investigated in the experimental plan in the coded form are citric acid concentration (0.10–1.5%), ethanol concentration (10–50%), operating temperature (20–60 ◦ C), and extraction time (15–50 min). The experimental design revealed variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW, and the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW. The optimized conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 ◦ C, and extraction time 49.9 min. (4) Conclusions: Overall, it can be noted that the extraction process can be improved by adjusting operating variables in order to maximize the model responses.


Introduction
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae's family that includes approximately 105 genera with 1400 species [1], which is widely grown in Europe, America, and Asia [2]. Similarly, red beetroot is perhaps the most generally planted root vegetable in Southeast Romania. The edible portion of the beets used in the food sector is the tuberous root. The leaves are also used but are generally considered feedstuff material. Beets are available mainly in the cold season but are also adapted to high temperatures. The optimum growth temperature varies between 15 and 19 • C, with lower temperatures influencing the red pigment increase. The beetroot was cultivated especially for medicinal purposes but was used predominantly for food and drink from the beginning of the third century [3]. The best-known existing species are sugar beet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris crassa), leaf beet (Beta vulgaris cicla), and garden beet (Beta vulgaris rubra).
In general, beetroot is a vegetable rich in carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamins (niacin, biotin, pyridoxine), and minerals (such as potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, etc.) [4]. Beetroot is also one of the richest sources of betalains, which are plant pigments derived from the betalamic acid that are soluble in water and responsible for an intense red (betacyanins) or yellow color (betaxanthins) [5]. The intensity of beet color depends on the ratio between betacyanins and betaxanthins. More than 80% of all beet pigments are betacyanin compounds [6]. Betalains from Beta vulgaris rubra are natural food coloring, being antiradical and antioxidant agents capable of protecting in vivo from disorders caused by oxidative stress. The functions of betalains refer to reduction of homocysteine concentration, which regulates vascular homeostasis, maintaining platelet function, thrombotic activity, vascular tone, and delicate stability by the release of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Some effects attributed to these compounds include antioxidants [7,8], antiproliferative [9], cardioprotective [10], anti-inflammatory [11], and antimicrobial effects [12].
Betalains found in red beetroot are utilized to color various food items, for example, frozen yogurt, wine, jams, and yogurt [13]. Extraction is an essential step in the process of separating biologically active compounds. There are many extraction methods, but the most used method is conventional solvent extraction. It is widely used due to its efficiency, short extraction time, and low economic costs despite the disadvantages, such as using large amounts of solvent [14].
Betalains are usually extracted from plant matrices by conventional solvent extraction (CSE) methods and Soxhlet extraction [15,16]. In this study, conventional solvent extraction was used by varying four factors (ethanol concentration, citric acid, temperature, time, agitation rpm). Furthermore, for more efficient solid/liquid extraction under stirring of biologically active compounds from beetroot peel, a central composite design (CCD) was used in order to optimize the extraction procedure to maximize both phenolic compounds extraction and betalains.

Reagents and Chemicals
For the phytochemical characterization of biologically active compounds from beetroot, peels were used: ethanol of HPLC purity, ethanol, citric acid, Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, and gallic acid solution were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Beetroot Peels Powder
A local producer in Galati County provided beetroot. After being thoroughly washed, the shells were removed with a knife. The resulting beetroot peel was washed with ultrapure water, wiped, and frozen for drying. Drying was performed by the lyophilization technique using CHRIST Alpha 1-4 LD. Plus equipment, Germany, at −42 • C, under a pressure of 0.10 mBar, for 48 h. The resulting dry peels had a relative humidity of 1%. They were grounded and stored in a glass container with an airtight lid at room temperature and in the dark.

Conventional Solvent Extraction
The extraction was performed using 1 g of beet peel with 10 mL of ethanol in different concentrations, respectively 9-60%. The ratio of plant material to the solvent was 1 to 10. Each extraction was acidified with a citric acid solution using different concentrations of 0.03-2%, in a ratio of 1 to 9. The extractions took place at 3-87 • C for 3 to 74 min on an orbital shaker (SI-300R Medline Scientific, Chalgrove, UK) at 100 rpm. Subsequently, the samples were centrifuged using Hettich Universal 320R equipment, Germany, for 10 min at 14,000 rpm, at 4 • C, and the supernatant was phytochemically analyzed.

Determination of Total Betalains (TB) Content
The total betalains (TB) content of the beet peels extract was determined using a spectrophotometric method based on absorbance measurement at two different wavelengths, respectively 480 nm for betaxanthins and 537 nm for betacyanins. The total betalains (TB) content was expressed in mg/g DW and was calculated as the sum of betacyanins and betaxanthins according to Formula (1) as described by Wruss et al. [2], with slight modifications.
where A is the maximum absorption value of 537 nm for betacyanins and 480 nm for betaxanthins; DF is the dilution factor; V d is the volume of dry pulp solution (mL); W d is the weight of the dried pulp (g); L is the length of the tank path (1 cm); M W is the molecular weight of betalains (550 g/mol); ε is the the extinction coefficient of betalain; ε of 60,000 L/mol cm in H 2 O were applied to quantify betacyanins, and the quantitative equivalents of major betaxanthins (Bx) were determined by applying the average molar extinction coefficient (ε) 48,000 L/(mol·cm) in H 2 O.

Determination of Total Polyphenol Content (TPC)
The total polyphenol content (TPC) of the beet peels extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method. The description of this method is based on the redox reaction between phenolic compounds and a mixture of tungsten and molybdenum in an alkaline environment. This reaction leads to the creation of a blue complex that was quantified at 765 nm. The results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW.

Statistical Analysis
To analyze the experimental model, we used statistical software Design Expert (v. 13) from Design-Expert ® (Stat-Ease, Inc., minneapolis, MN, USA).

Experimental Design
Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to optimize the extraction of betalains and total polyphenols from beetroot and establish the experimental antioxidant activity. An experimental factorial model with a central composition with five factors, three central points, and the design of 19 experimental variants was used. The maximum and minimum ranges of the variables investigated in the experimental plan in the current form and the coded form are presented in Table 1. In addition, CCD builds a quadratic model for response variables. The software used for testing the experimental conditions can be described by a second-order polynomial model (2): where R-predicted response, b 0 -intercept, b i , b ii , and b ij -regression coefficients, x i and x j -independent variables analyzed, n-number of factors.

Results
In order to determine the optimal parameters for optimization of the extraction process, a Central Composite Design (CCD) and surface response modeling were used. In addition, Inventions 2021, 6, 50 4 of 11 the BT and TPC contents were measured in response. Table 2 shows the complete CCD matrix used to optimize the main variables studied and the corresponding values.

The Influence of Extraction Parameters on BT
This study aimed to identify the proper optimal pattern of factors for the betalains extraction from beetroot. The experimental design revealed a variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW ( Table 2).
The regression equations obtained after the analysis of the ANOVA variance described the content in BT of the beet extract obtained, depending on the factors of the extraction environment ( Table 3).
The regression model acquired for BT revealed a determination coefficient of R 2 = 0.96, suggesting that only 0.04 of the variation of BT cannot be described by the current model. The Lack of Fit F-value of 1.12 implies that the Lack of Fit is not significant relative to the pure error. p-values less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant, and in this case, A, B, C, D, AB, AD, A 2 , and C 2 are significant model terms.
The minor model terms were excluded, and a model reduction was achieved. As a result, the model equation indicating the relationship between the betalains content (R1) and variables in coded units is represented in Equation (3). Moreover, the Pred R 2 (0.8796) values were in reasonable agreement with Adj R 2 (0.9452).
The b coefficients from the regression equation indicated that the temperature had a significant negative effect on betalain extractions. In addition, the interactions between temperature and temperature (C 2 ) have significant negative effects, and quadratic citric acid concentration (A 2 ) had a more negligible contribution. Furthermore, ethanol concentration (B) and extraction time (D) appreciably positively influenced the BT. The interaction between temperature and extraction time (AB) moderately affected the extraction, while citric acid concentration and ethanol concentration (AD) have a better effect.  Figure 1a represents the correlation between ethanol and citric acid concentration on the extraction yield. The betalain content increased as the ethanol concentration increase to 40% and from 1.30% for the citric acid concentration. Betalains extraction was influenced by the citric acid concentration and extraction time correlative effect (Figure 1b). Extraction was inhibited both at low concentrations of citric acid (0.10%) and at high concentrations exceeding 1.50%. Similarly, the extraction time negatively affects the process at values greater than 50 min and less than 15 min. It can be concluded that by increasing the extraction time and decreasing the concentration of citric acid in the extraction medium, the extraction yield decreases significantly. In analyzing the deviation from the reference point, a slope with a large or curved inclination for a specific factor shows that the response is sensitive in this case, while a relatively flat line demonstrates insensitivity to changes in this factor. The main factor affecting BT extraction is the ethanol (Figure 2a, curve B) followed by temperature ( Figure  2a, curve C) and extraction time (Figure 2a, curve D). Meanwhile, the findings showed that citric acid is less sensitive (Figure 2a, curve A). In analyzing the deviation from the reference point, a slope with a large or curved inclination for a specific factor shows that the response is sensitive in this case, while a relatively flat line demonstrates insensitivity to changes in this factor. The main factor affecting BT extraction is the ethanol (Figure 2a, curve B) followed by temperature (Figure 2a, curve C) and extraction time (Figure 2a, curve D). Meanwhile, the findings showed that citric acid is less sensitive (Figure 2a, curve A).

The Influence of Extraction Parameters on TPC
Due to the effect of different variables, the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW ( Table 2).
The Model F-value of 80.87 implies that the model is significant. The determinant coefficient of R 2 = 0.98 suggests that only 0.02 of the variation of TPC cannot be described by the current model. Subsequently, from Table 3, it was observed that the Lack of Fit Fvalue of 7.58 implies the Lack of Fit lack was non-significant, which showed that the model is also significant. p-values less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant, and in this case, they are significant model terms. In this case, A, B, C, D, AD, BD, A 2 , C 2 , and D 2 are significant model terms.
The insignificant model terms were ignored, and a model reduction was attained. The model equation indicating the relationship between the total phenolic content (R2) and variables in coded units was represented in Equation (4). Moreover, the Pred R 2 values (0.8875) were in reasonable agreement with Adj R2 (0.9756).
The b coefficients from the regression equation indicated that the temperature and time had a minor negative effect on TPC extractions. On the other hand, the extraction time positively affects the TPC recovery when associated with ethanol and citric acid concentration. In addition, significant negative effects have the interactions between temperature and temperature (C 2 ) and time and time (D 2 ). Furthermore, ethanol concentration (B) and citric acid concentration (A) had an appreciably positive effect on polyphenols extractions.
Second-order contour plots were designed to predict the relationship between the independent and dependent variables ( Figure 3) and to illustrate the synergistic effects of the independent factors on the TPC. The three-dimensional response area describes the correlative effect of the selected factors on TPC. The coordinates of the central point in the contour graph correspond to the optimal concentration of the four components of the extraction process to obtain a maximum phenolic extraction efficiency.

The Influence of Extraction Parameters on TPC
Due to the effect of different variables, the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW ( Table 2).
The Model F-value of 80.87 implies that the model is significant. The determinant coefficient of R 2 = 0.98 suggests that only 0.02 of the variation of TPC cannot be described by the current model. Subsequently, from Table 3, it was observed that the Lack of Fit F-value of 7.58 implies the Lack of Fit lack was non-significant, which showed that the model is also significant. p-values less than 0.0500 indicate that model terms are significant, and in this case, they are significant model terms. In this case, A, B, C, D, AD, BD, A 2 , C 2 , and D 2 are significant model terms.
The insignificant model terms were ignored, and a model reduction was attained. The model equation indicating the relationship between the total phenolic content (R 2 ) and variables in coded units was represented in Equation (4). Moreover, the Pred R 2 values (0.8875) were in reasonable agreement with Adj R 2 (0.9756).
The b coefficients from the regression equation indicated that the temperature and time had a minor negative effect on TPC extractions. On the other hand, the extraction time positively affects the TPC recovery when associated with ethanol and citric acid concentration. In addition, significant negative effects have the interactions between temperature and temperature (C 2 ) and time and time (D 2 ). Furthermore, ethanol concentration (B) and citric acid concentration (A) had an appreciably positive effect on polyphenols extractions.
Second-order contour plots were designed to predict the relationship between the independent and dependent variables ( Figure 3) and to illustrate the synergistic effects of the independent factors on the TPC. The three-dimensional response area describes the correlative effect of the selected factors on TPC. The coordinates of the central point in the contour graph correspond to the optimal concentration of the four components of the extraction process to obtain a maximum phenolic extraction efficiency. The effects of varying extraction time and citric acid concentration on the extraction of phenolic compounds are shown in Figure 3a. The concentration of polyphenols is lower as the extraction time and the concentration of citric acid increase simultaneously. Figure  3b confirmed that the extraction was not influenced by time variation but was influenced by ethanol concentration.
According to the perturbations graph describing the effect of each independent variable, the TPC has strongly influenced ethanol concentration and, to a lesser extent, temperature and time have influenced the concentration as well (Figure 2b, curve B, C, and D). Thus, a maximum of 2.74 mg GAE/g DW was found at 40 °C at the maximum ethanol concentration (60.23%) in the present study.

Optimization and Validation of Extraction Parameters
The model suggested the optimal conditions based on the maximization of the responses desirability to validate the model equation. A value of desirability near 1 (0.956) suggested that all the selected conditions were in a proper combination (Figure 4, Table  4).
The optimal conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 °C, and extraction time of 49.9 min. The effects of varying extraction time and citric acid concentration on the extraction of phenolic compounds are shown in Figure 3a. The concentration of polyphenols is lower as the extraction time and the concentration of citric acid increase simultaneously. Figure 3b confirmed that the extraction was not influenced by time variation but was influenced by ethanol concentration.
According to the perturbations graph describing the effect of each independent variable, the TPC has strongly influenced ethanol concentration and, to a lesser extent, temperature and time have influenced the concentration as well (Figure 2b, curve B, C, and D). Thus, a maximum of 2.74 mg GAE/g DW was found at 40 • C at the maximum ethanol concentration (60.23%) in the present study.

Optimization and Validation of Extraction Parameters
The model suggested the optimal conditions based on the maximization of the responses desirability to validate the model equation. A value of desirability near 1 (0.956) suggested that all the selected conditions were in a proper combination (Figure 4, Table 4).
The optimal conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 • C, and extraction time of 49.9 min.
The model estimated the maximum concentration of betalains and total polyphenols of 1.15 mg/g DW and 2.44 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, and the experimental results indicated immediate responses to those predicted by the model, namely 1.20 mg/g DW and 2.39 mg GAE/g DW (Table 4). The model estimated the maximum concentration of betalains and of 1.15 mg/g DW and 2.44 mg GAE/g DW, respectively, and the expe dicated immediate responses to those predicted by the model, namely 2.39 mg GAE/g DW (Tabel 4).

Discussions
The phytochemicals extraction from plant materials relies upon t egy being influenced by the extraction parameters used. Moreover, th of compounds extracted by applying the experimental model could hav impact on the extraction conditions. Hence, extractions were perform having various polarities controlled by adjustments in the water and et anol to water may increase the betalain extraction yields [17], and the ex used in biological systems. Moreover, the extraction optimization led t in the extraction mixture to acidify the medium, mainly because the be ble at pH 3-7 [18].
The results from the CCD indicated that the temperature had a m on TPC extractions. The results agree with [19] that revealed that the not bring any significant transformation of betalains content. The CC that the low temperature of 6.3 °C is insufficient for the total extractio also, the higher temperatures of 73.54 °C have a negative influence on lead to their degradation [20]. The results agree with [21], which achi clusions at temperatures of 50 °C. In the same pattern the authors of maximum betalain retention was 25 to 30 °C, and by increasing the tem tion, a decreased in betalain retention was accomplished.
However, a study conducted by [23] to determine the optimizat ments extraction from xoconostle using RMS methodology found co The authors obtained a maximum concentration of 0.92 mg/g of fruit a ture of extraction of 15 °C for 10 min using as solvent methanol and a r anol:water).
The results from the optimization experiment indicate that the f extraction are the ethanol concentration and time. Since betalains ar

Discussion
The phytochemicals extraction from plant materials relies upon the extraction strategy being influenced by the extraction parameters used. Moreover, the various polarities of compounds extracted by applying the experimental model could have an unpredictable impact on the extraction conditions. Hence, extractions were performed with extractants having various polarities controlled by adjustments in the water and ethanol. Adding ethanol to water may increase the betalain extraction yields [17], and the extracts can be easily used in biological systems. Moreover, the extraction optimization led to adding citric acid in the extraction mixture to acidify the medium, mainly because the betalains became stable at pH 3-7 [18].
The results from the CCD indicated that the temperature had a minor negative effect on TPC extractions. The results agree with [19] that revealed that the temperature does not bring any significant transformation of betalains content. The CCD matrix revealed that the low temperature of 6.3 • C is insufficient for the total extraction of betalains, and also, the higher temperatures of 73.54 • C have a negative influence on betalains that can lead to their degradation [20]. The results agree with [21], which achieved the same conclusions at temperatures of 50 • C. In the same pattern the authors of [22] found that the maximum betalain retention was 25 to 30 • C, and by increasing the temperature of extraction, a decreased in betalain retention was accomplished.
However, a study conducted by [23] to determine the optimization of betalain pigments extraction from xoconostle using RMS methodology found contrasting findings. The authors obtained a maximum concentration of 0.92 mg/g of fruit at a lower temperature of extraction of 15 • C for 10 min using as solvent methanol and a ratio of 20:80 (methanol:water).
The results from the optimization experiment indicate that the factors affecting BT extraction are the ethanol concentration and time. Since betalains are sensitive to high temperature and long processing times, we have searched for a possible green method to keep these compounds in the product. Several authors obtained similar findings [24,25].
Similar quantities of betalains of 0.8 and 1.3 mg/g juice were obtained by analyzing different beetroot varieties from Upper Austria [2]. The authors of [26] indicated values of 0.4-20 mg/g betalains in red beetroot. In addition, in a study conducted by [27] for different beetroot species, a content of 0.65-0.80 mg/g FM betalain was obtained. Moreover, in a comparative study that analyzed the different parts and cultivars of beetroot for betalain profiling, a variation in the content of betalains was observed [28]. The betalains distribution obtained was from 5.33 to 31.04 mg/g DW for peel, from 0.35 to 8.65 mg/g DW for the flesh, and 0.85 to 11.10 mg/g DW for the petiole.
The authors of [29] reported lower values of TPC of 1.77 mg GAE/g DW than this study. Low values were also obtained by [30] that the total polyphenols range from 0.82 to 1.28 mg/g DW for two beetroot varieties. A similar study that analyzed four beetroot varieties revealed after extraction a phenolic content of 0.365-8.87 mg/g DW using the following parameters: solvent, 80% ethanol, and 12 h as the extraction time [31]. Another study [32] achieved a total phenolic amount of between 3.52 and 4.89 mg GAE/g DW for the red-colored genotypes.

Conclusions
CCD-RSM was employed to optimize the solvent extraction process variables to produce beetroot peel extracts with a high yield of bioactive compounds (citric acid concentration-1.5%, ethanol concentration-50%, temperature-52.52 • C, and extraction time-49.9 min). In the experiment, the interactions of time, temperature, and acid and solvent concentrations led to the improvement of compounds extraction in terms of the highest concentration of betalains (1.20 mg/g DW) and phenolic compounds (2.39 mg GAE/g DW). This study's novelty is optimizing the extraction protocol using conventional methods to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from beetroot peels. Therefore, the method developed can be successfully utilized as a promising method for the efficient extraction of betalains and polyphenols from the beetroot peel for its economic utilization. Due to the significant concentration of valuable bioactive constituents from beetroot peel, multipurpose applications of these compounds could be found in different food industries and the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.