Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Capsular Gene Expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen with various virulence factors that give it the capability to invade a host. Nevertheless, the treatment of bacterial infection is gradually complicated as the bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. As nanotechnology is a prosperous field for researchers, we employed zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) on isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we studied the effect of three NP concentrations—0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM—on the gene expression of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsules in isolates collected from different samples. After conducting an anti-bacterial test, the highest nine types of bacteria that resisted the antibacterial agent were chosen for further examination. The gene expression of four genes responsible for capsule manufacturing, namely magA, k2A, rmpA, and kfu, were investigated. When the NP concentration was 0.25 mM, the lowest efficiency was obtained. However, when the concentration increased to 0.50 mM, a noticeable effect on gene expression was detected; consequently, at a concentration of 0.75 Mm, the highest impact was achieved and the gene expression was stopped.


Introduction
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a broadly dispersed pathogen in healthy individuals' respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It is a frequently acquired bacteria in hospitals that causes severe respiratory infections, including pneumonia and other opportunistic illnesses. This type of bacteria can also cause primarily nosocomial and urinary tract infections. However, wound infection, abscesses, sepsis, inflammation, and diarrhea that are associated with K. pneumoniae infections have significant death rates if incorrectly managed. Hence, managing K. pneumoniae infections is challenging [1]. K. pneumoniae has a variety of virulence characteristics that enable it to invade the host, including siderophores, fimbriae, serum resistance, lipopolysaccharide, capsular polysaccharide, and enterotoxin and urea production [2]. However, the fact that this bacteria has resistivity to a vast range of medicines, particularly -lactam antibiotics, is the main reason for its pathogenicity. This is a result of repeated hospital-acquired infections that ultimately forced scientists to consider alternative types of treatments [3]. Isolates of K. pneumoniae produce distinct capsular structures made of intricate acidic polysaccharides. There are significant variations in virulence among the serotypes. The K1 serotype, followed by K2, is thought to be among the most pathogenic since they are connected to extremely invasive illnesses [4]. The serotype-specific genes are largely conserved on each side between the serotypes that make

Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays
The table below presents the recommended conditions and component volumes.

1.
Reaction conditions  Table 1 shows the 18 different antibiotics that the 30 isolates of K. pneumoniae are noticed to be susceptible to. It was found that one hundred percent of K. pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to cephalosporin drugs, whereas ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, and piperacillin had resistance rates of 100%, 97%, and 75%, respectively. The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16]. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

14.24
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM. 13.78 The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM. 13.79 The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

Not expressed
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM. 13.43 The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

12.63
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.2
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.84
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.2
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.99
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

23.01
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.75
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

15.13
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

Not expressed
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

24.75
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.04
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.65
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM. 6 Not expressed The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

21.42
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.32
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.61
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

23.96
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

12.9
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.64
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

Not expressed
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

24.15
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.14
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.69
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

Not expressed
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2 Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop.

20.99
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

14.18
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

13.6
The excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare places, particularly with patients receiving many medicines, may result in specific mutations in bacteria and they may become multidrug resistant [15]. In order to avoid these issues, the usage of antibiotics in hospitals must be tracked and controlled. The plasmids that contain resistance genes have a significant function in spreading the multidrug resistance feature among bacteria in addition to mutation [16].

Impact of ZnO NPs on Capsular Gene Expression
The expression levels of the magA, k2A, kfu, and rmpA genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined using the RTq-PCR method under the influence of various ZnO nanoparticle concentrations. The findings demonstrate that in isolates treated with 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mM of ZnO nanoparticles, the transcript levels of the examined genes were reduced.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of magA Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of magA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 1 and 2. Colors in Table 2 represent the curves colors in the Figure 2. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and we noticed a reduction in the level of gene expression at a concentration of 0.50 mM. This decrease was higher at a concentration of 0.75 mM and led to a complete stop. * CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.
* CT: cycle of threshold; con: concentration in mM.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of k2A Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of k2A in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 3 and Figures 3 and 4. Colors in the Table 3 represent the curves colors in Figure 4. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease. However, it completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

CT values
Isolates no

K2A gene
Ct of untreated Ct of 0.25 Ct of 0.5 CT of 0.75 con.

CT values
Isolates no

K2A gene
Ct of untreated Ct of 0.25 Ct of 0.5 CT of 0.75 con.

CT values
Isolates no

K2A gene
Ct of untreated Ct of 0.25 Ct of 0.5 CT of 0.75 con.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumonia isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curve colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level o expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentra tion of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of k2A Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of k2A in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 3 and Figures 3 and 4. Colors in the Table 3 represent the curves colors in Figure 4. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease. However, it completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of k2A Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of k2A in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 3 and Figures 3 and 4. Colors in the Table 3 represent the curves colors in Figure 4. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease. However, it completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

Effect of ZnO NPs on the Rate of kfu Gene Expression
There is a noticeable effect on the kfu gene expression levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 5 and 6. Colors in the Table 4 represent the curves colors in Figure 6. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression, and it was noticed that the level of gene expression began to decrease at a concentration of 0.50 mM. Finally, the gene expression completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 Mm.

Effect of Zinc Oxide on the Rate of the Gene Expression of rmpA
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of rmpA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 5 and Figures 7 and 8. Colors in the Table 5 represent the curves colors in Figure 8. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression. Nevertheless, it is noticed that at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease, and finally completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

Effect of Zinc Oxide on the Rate of the Gene Expression of rmpA
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of rmpA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 5 and Figures 7 and 8. Colors in the Table 5 represent the curves colors in Figure 8. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression. Nevertheless, it is noticed that at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease, and finally completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

Effect of Zinc Oxide on the Rate of the Gene Expression of rmpA
There is a noticeable effect on the gene expression levels of rmpA in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, as shown in Table 5 and Figures 7 and 8. Colors in the Table 5 represent the curves colors in Figure 8. At a concentration of 0.25 mM, there was a slight change in the level of expression. Nevertheless, it is noticed that at a concentration of 0.50 mM, the level of gene expression began to decrease, and finally completely stopped at a concentration of 0.75 mM.

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Biomimetics 2022, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 13       hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxide (OH−). The toxicity of these species involves the destruction of cellular components, such as lipids, DNA, and proteins, as a result of their internalization into the bacterial cell membrane. However, the role of ROS in antimicrobial actions has become an issue of debate among researchers in this field [28]. More studies should be done to correlate the role of ROS with ZnO NPs, but our study focuses on the effect of ZnO NPs on the gene expression of the genes responsible for capsular structures.

Conclusions
The zinc oxide nanoparticles were found to have antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. This provides the potential to use this material in therapeutic material (antimicrobial agent) production. The ZnO NPs reduced the gained resistance incidence among pathogens from the misapplication and/or overuse of antibiotics. After investigating different concentrations of the NPs, 0.75 mM was found to be very effective in terminating the bacteria genes.