Survey of Animal Neoplastic Cases Diagnosed in Nigerian Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, 2000–2017

Simple Summary Neoplasm registries are not a common feature of veterinary oncology practice in Africa. Therefore, this study was conducted by obtaining data for specific breeds, age groups or gender with regards to neoplasm occurrence in Nigeria for 17 years (2000–2017). The institutions included in the study were Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi; Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike; University of Abuja; University of Ibadan; University of Nigeria, Nsukka; and Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto. The highest prevalence was reported in the avian species, with Marek’s disease the most prevalently diagnosed neoplastic disease. Females were more affected compared to males, and tumours from the digestive location prevailed. Little emphasis is given to the appropriate diagnosis and recording of neoplastic cases, therefore, an estimation of the neoplastic cases noted in VTHs in Nigeria was done. In addition to the use of mapping tools, the distribution and the prevalence of specific neoplasms, in different geographical zones of Nigeria, were presented. This study will be beneficial to veterinary clinicians, pathologists and epidemiologists and could form a foundation for subsequent work in veterinary oncology and epidemiology in Nigeria and Africa. Abstract Incidence data from 17-year veterinary neoplasm surveillance and registration were reviewed. Most of the neoplastic cases diagnosed in Nigerian veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) were in the avian (49%) and canine species (44%). Fewer cases were recorded in the equine (3.2%), bovine (2.4%), ovine (1.5%), caprine (0.3%) and porcine (0.15%) species. Marek’s disease was the most prevalently diagnosed neoplastic disease of domestic animals in Nigerian VTHs from 2000–2017. Also, the Nigerian local breed had a higher mean distribution than any other dog breed and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Nearly all of the neoplastic cases diagnosed, were found in females (60.4%) and so the mean distribution of sex was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The digestive system, with 296 (46.25%) cases, was the anatomic location where the majority of the neoplastic cases were found. However, the mean distribution of different neoplastic anatomic sites was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, little emphasis is given to the appropriate diagnosis and recording of neoplastic cases that are diagnosed. The study provides information regarding the prevalence and distribution of tumours in different animal species consulted in Nigeria veterinary teaching hospitals. To illustrate all of this, ArcGIS software was used. Veterinary clinicians, pathologists and epidemiologists from Nigeria may benefit from the results of this study by freely accessing some specific data regarding the breed, the age group or the gender of some animal species diagnosed with different tumours.


Introduction
The role of livestock in human development is enormous and livestock production is an instrument for socio-economic changes because this leads to improved income and quality of life [1].The economic importance may include the provision of food, mainly protein, employment, manure, clothing leather, pleasure, protection and income [2,3].
Animal production, however, is faced with problems such as diseases like neoplasms, inadequate nutrition, the poor genetic potential of the local stock, marketing, social factors and structural constraints [4].These are a major threat to the sustainable animal production [5].Companion animal ownership has experienced an upsurge in economic value, and owners are prepared to spend more on their pets, and companion animals are seen as an "important part of the households" [6][7][8].All animals are susceptible to developing neoplasms, which can occur across a broad range of species or be species-specific.The frequent tumours of animals include equine sarcoid, benign and malignant melanomas, lymphomas, papillomas, equine granulosa cell tumour, squamous cell carcinomas, equine Vet.Sci.2024, 11, 175 3 of 20 pituitary adenoma of pars intermedia, rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma, equine pedunculated mesenteric lipomas, transmissible venereal tumour of dogs and Marek's disease of chickens [9][10][11].In addition, in modern companion and production animal clinical practice, there is a constant demand for reliable and up-to-date information about the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of diseases [12,13].Despite this fact, accurate epidemiological veterinary tumour data in Nigeria and Africa at large may still be lacking, while the increasing prevalence of tumours in pet animals can be attributed to various factors, one of which is the trend of animals living longer lives [14].Neoplasm registries have been established and developed for human medicine since the 1940s, providing valuable insights into cancer epidemiology and trends.In contrast, veterinary neoplasm registries have been relatively fewer in number, are often short-lived, and are sporadic in nature although these surveys and studies based on extensive data collections in veterinary oncology research have covered broader fields, thus contributing to our understanding of cancer in animals [15].In Nigeria, there is no comprehensive nationwide neoplasm registry for domestic animals, hence the need to conduct this study.

Areas Included in Survey
This study was conducted through personal visits made at eight VTHs in Nigeria, namely Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi; Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike; University of Abuja; University of Ibadan; University of Nigeria, Nsukka; and Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto (Figure 1) [16].
Vet. Sci.2024, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 21 specific.The frequent tumours of animals include equine sarcoid, benign and malignant melanomas, lymphomas, papillomas, equine granulosa cell tumour, squamous cell carcinomas, equine pituitary adenoma of pars intermedia, rabbit uterine adenocarcinoma, equine pedunculated mesenteric lipomas, transmissible venereal tumour of dogs and Marek s disease of chickens [9][10][11].In addition, in modern companion and production animal clinical practice, there is a constant demand for reliable and up-to-date information about the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of diseases [12,13].Despite this fact, accurate epidemiological veterinary tumour data in Nigeria and Africa at large may still be lacking, while the increasing prevalence of tumours in pet animals can be attributed to various factors, one of which is the trend of animals living longer lives [14].Neoplasm registries have been established and developed for human medicine since the 1940s, providing valuable insights into cancer epidemiology and trends.In contrast, veterinary neoplasm registries have been relatively fewer in number, are often short-lived, and are sporadic in nature although these surveys and studies based on extensive data collections in veterinary oncology research have covered broader fields, thus contributing to our understanding of cancer in animals [15].In Nigeria, there is no comprehensive nationwide neoplasm registry for domestic animals, hence the need to conduct this study.

Areas Included in Survey
This study was conducted through personal visits made at eight VTHs in Nigeria, namely Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi; Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike; University of Abuja; University of Ibadan; University of Nigeria, Nsukka; and Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto (Figure 1) [16].

Study Period
During the personal visits, the hospital case files from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed and the tumour case profiles were recorded.

Study Period
During the personal visits, the hospital case files from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed and the tumour case profiles were recorded.

Animal Species
The animals included in this study were birds, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, sheep, goats and cattle that presented with neoplasms of any kind.VTH individual case files regarding the neoplasms in domestic animals that presented at the selected VTHs nationwide were reviewed.All of the data presenting the medical history and diagnostic information, such as species, sex, breed, age, anatomic site of tumours and gross and histopathologic diagnostic findings, were noted.

Data Presentation and Statistical Analysis
Data generated from this study were inputted into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA), and exported into R statistical software version 4.0.2.
The distribution of the tumour cases by dichotomous target variables retrieved from the respective VTHs were presented as box plots.The various points on the box plots represent the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile and maximum values, respectively.Outliers were identified as values greater than twice the product of 1.5 and the interquartile range from the 25 or 75 percentiles.
The spatial (geographical) distribution of neoplasms in the surveyed VTHs and the regions where they are located in Nigeria were analysed using Pearson's Chi-square test while a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was computed to test the null hypothesis of no true difference in means of cases and the categorical variables of species and location of sample collection.Additionally, a Tukey post hoc analysis was conducted where a statistically significant difference was obtained at an alpha level of 0.05.

Prevalence of Tumours Diagnosed in Domestic Animals in Nigerian VTHs
The prevalence of neoplasms in animals that presented for veterinary care at VTHs, during 2000-2017, in Nigeria, are shown in Table 1.The total number of cases that presented to Nigerian VTHs was 31,500.The most prevalent tumours for each VTH are shown in Table 2.The distribution of benign and malignant tumours among animals are shown in Table 3.The box plot representation of tumours distribution according to species is shown in Figure 2. Of the total cases of tumours, 49% were noted in birds while 44% were encountered in dogs.The other animal species had few cases of neoplasia: 3.2% in horses, 2.4% in cattle, 1.5% in sheep, 0.3% in goats and 0.15% in pigs.The cats consulted in VTHs did not show neoplasia.The geospatial distribution of regions where Nigerian VTHs are located along with the number of the neoplasms diagnosed are shown in Table 4.The Pearson's Chi-square analysis of geospatial distribution showed that there was a statistically significant difference (0.0006).

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 21
The mean distribution of species diagnosed with neoplasms was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The highest recorded mean distribution was in birds, followed by dogs.There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between VTHs regarding the mean distribution of the total number of tumour cases that were reported.The Arc GIS analysis revealed that most of the neoplasms were in canine species.UDUSVTH and ABUVTH reported cases of tumours in more than half of the investigated domestic animal species (Figure 3).The mean distribution of species diagnosed with neoplasms was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The highest recorded mean distribution was in birds, followed by dogs.There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between VTHs regarding the mean distribution of the total number of tumour cases that were reported.The Arc GIS analysis revealed that most of the neoplasms were in canine species.UDUSVTH and ABUVTH reported cases of tumours in more than half of the investigated domestic animal species (Figure 3).

Breed Distribution of Animals Diagnosed with Neoplasms that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017
Records regarding the dog breeds diagnosed with neoplasms are shown in Figure 4 The Nigerian local breed had a total of 139 tumour cases, more than any other breed of dog.Specifically, as revealed in Figure 4, the highest median distribution value of canine tumour cases was found in NLB breeds, with significant outliers computed for AL, BM and RT breeds in UIVTH, respectively.Significant differences were recorded between different breeds of dogs diagnosed with tumours (p < 0.05).The highest record of the diag-  Specifically, as revealed in Figure 4, the highest median distribution value of canine tumour cases was found in NLB breeds, with significant outliers computed for AL, BM, and RT breeds in UIVTH, respectively.Significant differences were recorded between different breeds of dogs diagnosed with tumours (p < 0.05).The highest record of the diagnosed tumours in various canine breeds was reported in UIVTH, although the differences between VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Breed Distribution of Animals Diagnosed with Neoplasms that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017
Records regarding the dog breeds diagnosed with neoplasms are shown in Figure The Nigerian local breed had a total of 139 tumour cases, more than any other breed o dog.Specifically, as revealed in Figure 4, the highest median distribution value of canin tumour cases was found in NLB breeds, with significant outliers computed for AL, BM and RT breeds in UIVTH, respectively.Significant differences were recorded between di ferent breeds of dogs diagnosed with tumours (p < 0.05).The highest record of the diag nosed tumours in various canine breeds was reported in UIVTH, although the difference between VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).Records of the breed distribution of ruminants diagnosed with tumours are shown in Figure 5.The White Fulani breed, having eight neoplastic cases, was the most affected breed of cattle.Regarding the sheep, the Balami breed, with three cases, was the most affected (Figure 5).High records of tumour cases were reported for breeds HF, UD and WF, respectively.Cases prevailed in ABUVTH and UDUSVTH, considering all ruminant species (Figure 5).Even in the case of ruminant breeds, no significant differences were observed between the breeds (p > 0.05).The majority of cases were noted in UDUSVTH but no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the VTHs.
Records of equine and bird breeds diagnosed with tumours are shown in Figure 6.In the case of horses, the Arewa breed, with 16 cases, was the most affected one.In birds, the layers prevailed, with 211 cases (Figure 6).Therefore, the highest median distribution of cases was observed for layers, although outliers were reported in pullet/chick in ABUVTH (Figure 6).breed of cattle.Regarding the sheep, the Balami breed, with three cases, was the most affected (Figure 5).High records of tumour cases were reported for breeds HF, UD and WF, respectively.Cases prevailed in ABUVTH and UDUSVTH, considering all ruminant species (Figure 5).Even in the case of ruminant breeds, no significant differences were observed between the breeds (p > 0.05).The majority of cases were noted in UDUSVTH but no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between the VTHs.Records of equine and bird breeds diagnosed with tumours are shown in Figure 6.In the case of horses, the Arewa breed, with 16 cases, was the most affected one.In birds, the layers prevailed, with 211 cases (Figure 6).Therefore, the highest median distribution Vet.Sci.2024, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 21 of cases was observed for layers, although outliers were reported in pullet/chick in ABUVTH (Figure 6).The differences between the different breeds of equines and birds diagnosed with neoplasia were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The differences between the different breeds of equines and birds diagnosed with neoplasia were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Sex Distribution of Tumours Diagnosed in Domestic Animals in Nigerian VTHs from 2000-2017
Records of the sex distribution of domestic animals diagnosed with neoplasms are shown in Table 5.A total of 134 males and 464 females were diagnosed with neoplasia, while in 41 cases, the sex was not specified.In the case of dogs, 73% (464/639) of the cases were found in females, while 21% (134/639) of cases were found in males.
The mean of the sex distribution of the animals in which the diagnosed neoplasms were observed was statistically significant (p < 0.05).The highest mean was in the females while the highest mean of the sex distribution of the animals diagnosed with neoplasms as observed per veterinary teaching hospital showed that UNNVTH had the highest value, although the differences in the means with the other VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Frequency of Occurrence of Specific Tumours Diagnosed in Domestic Animals that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017
The frequency of the occurrence of specific tumours diagnosed in dogs in Nigerian VTHs are shown in Table 6 while the geographical locations where these tumours were diagnosed are shown in Figure 7. Transmissible venereal tumour, with 153 cases, was the most diagnosed canine tumour.The mean of the distribution of the occurrence of the specific diagnosed canine tumours was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The highest mean was in canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) while the highest record of the total mean of the occurrence of specific diagnosed tumours observed per VTH showed that FUAMVTH had the highest value, although the differences in the means with the other VTHS were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Records of the frequency of the occurrence of specific neoplasms diagnosed in avian, equine and porcine species in Nigerian VTHs, are shown in Table 7. Marek's disease, with 281 cases, was the most diagnosed in avian species.Squamous cell carcinoma, with 12 cases, was the most diagnosed in equines while osteoma was the only case of tumour that was diagnosed in porcine species.The mean of the distribution of the occurrence of the specific diagnosed tumours in avian, equine and porcine species was not statistically significant (p >0.05).The highest recorded mean was in avian Marek's disease while the highest record of the mean of the occurrence of specific diagnosed tumours observed per VTH showed that MOUAUVTH had the highest value, although the differences in the means with the other VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
The frequency of the occurrence of specific tumours diagnosed in ruminants in Nigerian VTHs are shown in Table 8.Bovine papilloma, with seven cases, was the most frequently diagnosed tumour case in ruminants.The mean distribution of the occurrence of the specific diagnosed tumours of ruminants was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The highest mean was in bovine papilloma while the highest record of the mean of the occurrence of specific diagnosed tumours observed in ruminants per VTH showed that UDUSVTH had the highest value, although the differences in the means with the other VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The frequency of the occurrence of different diagnosed tumours in different anatomic locations in domestic animals diagnosed with tumours in Nigerian VTHs are shown in Figure 8.The digestive system, with 296 (46.25%) cases, was the location where the tumours were mostly found.Anatomically, the digestive system and the female reproductive system were the body regions mostly affected by tumours with outliers reported in ABUVTH (Figure 8) while ABUVTH and UIVTH also reported outliers for oral cavity/pharynx and skin, respectively.The mean distribution of the occurrence of the different diagnosed tumours o mestic animals in different anatomic sites was not statistically significant (p >0.05).highest recorded mean was the neoplasms in the digestive system, while the highest orded mean for the occurrence of diagnosed neoplasms in domestic animals in the d ent anatomic locations per VTH showed that ABUVTH had the highest value, altho The mean distribution of the occurrence of the different diagnosed tumours of domestic animals in different anatomic sites was not statistically significant (p >0.05).The highest recorded mean was the neoplasms in the digestive system, while the highest recorded mean for the occurrence of diagnosed neoplasms in domestic animals in the different anatomic locations per VTH showed that ABUVTH had the highest value, although the differences in the means with the other VTHs were not statistically significant (p > 0.05).The age distribution of canines, bovines, equines, small ruminants (caprines and ovines) and avians with diagnosed tumours in Nigerian VTHs, are shown in Tables 9-13.For the bovines, the yearlings had more tumour cases (four) than any other age group; in canines, equines and small ruminants, the adulthood age group had more cases (127, six and four, respectively) than any other age group, while in avians, the layers age group (217) had more tumour cases than any other age group.
the German shepherd as the most affected, while Aupperle-Lellbach et al. (2022) [21], reported the Beagles as most affected.
In cattle, almost 75% of the neoplasms were noted in the Bunaji breed, while approximately one fifth of the cases in the bovines were seen in the Sokoto Gudali Breed.This finding might be because the White Fulani (Bunaji) cattle is a widely spread breed in Nigeria.The Bunaji population is closely followed by Sokoto Gudali as the second most popular breed in Nigeria [22].In ovines, 37.5% of the diagnosed neoplasms were seen in the Balami breed and the Yankasa breed, which are the most common sheep breeds in Nigeria [22].UDUSVTH from Sokoto had the highest number of neoplastic cases in ruminants (56.5%; 13/23).This could be because the people of Sokoto State, who bring their animals to the UDUSVTH for health care and medical treatment, are mostly pastoralist and these breeds of cattle and sheep are the predominant breeds seen in this part of the country.
In this study, more females were diagnosed with neoplasms than males.This report is similar to the findings of Di Cerbo et al. (2014) [23], Garcia et al. (2019) [24], Noury et al. (2020) [18] and Aupperle-Lellbach et al. ( 2022) [21].The results partly disagree with the findings of Sani et al. (2022) [20], who reported most of the neoplasms of dogs in males, while in cats, females were frequently diagnosed.Various researchers have reported skin tumours as the most commonly encountered in practice [17,21,24].Considering the age of dogs, all individuals under 7 years were the most diagnosed with tumours.The same age group was reported by Viana et al. 2019 [17], Noury et al. 2020 [18] and Sani et al. 2022 [20].Others reported the senior age group of dogs as being the most affected [21,24].This finding might be due to the contrast in the level of health care provided to these animals in countries like Mexico, Germany and our study area, Nigeria.
Most of the neoplasms were recorded in older dogs, cattle, birds, sheep, horses and goats.This finding is similar to the findings of Vascellari et al. (2009) [15], who reported similar results in dogs and cats and partly agrees with the findings of Witter et al. (1973) [25], who reported that older birds were fully susceptible to infection with Marek's disease virus and were only slightly resistant to the development of microscopic lesions.This is also similar to the findings of Sani et al. (2017) [26] for chicken and Khordadmehr et al. (2017) [27], in Pea fowls.Therefore, age, breed and sex are major risk factors for neoplasm development as similarly observed in the reports of Garcia et al. (2019) [24].
This study has shown records of tumour cases diagnosed in VTHs in Nigeria for 17 years using Arc GIS to describe the geographical areas where these tumours were diagnosed.A remark from this study is that there is little emphasis given to the appropriate diagnosis and recording of diagnosed tumour cases.It may be a case of nonchalance or complete apathy regarding the subject.In avian oncology, we discovered that in the incidence of a tumour case, after post-mortem diagnosis has been done, the case is recorded as a single one instead of recording the whole number of birds that were brought and which were diagnosed with these neoplastic diseases.Another very important observation was that tumour diagnosis in Nigerian VTHs ends at the histopathology level and in some cases, the diagnosis is made solely based on the observation of gross lesions.
It is important to encourage the proper and continuous documentation of tumour cases.Increasing the database may allow for the evaluation of possible risk factors (species, age, breed, sex, etc.) which could affect the incidence of a particular tumour.Veterinary clinicians, pathologists and especially the oncologists, will benefit from the tumour registry by obtaining data for specific breeds, age groups or gender regarding the tumour occurrence in Nigeria.

Conclusions
It is recommended that a systematic routine be instituted in veterinary teaching hospitals around the country to document the clinical cases in different animal species, so that every patient's demographic and medical information can be properly captured.This will be of great assistance to subsequent work and will also help with proper disease surveillance.From the results of this study, it can be seen that incomplete reports and diagnoses were made, therefore it is further recommended that resident doctors and clinicians in VTHs be exposed to regular refresher courses in the area of veterinary oncology and pathology.These will help in proper neoplastic disease diagnosis and curb this apparent apathy towards tumour cases.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Thematic map showing the country and the localities where the university clinics are located.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Thematic map showing the country and the localities where the university clinics are located.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Box plot representation of species distribution of domestic animals that presented for care at veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in Nigeria and were diagnosed with neoplasms from 2000-2017.Note that Case represents number of tumour cases.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Box plot representation of species distribution of domestic animals that presented for care at veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in Nigeria and were diagnosed with neoplasms from 2000-2017.Note that Case represents number of tumour cases.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Thematic map showing the study locations for the study (panel A), and the various sampled locations for neoplasm investigations (panel B).Panel C represents the distribution of neoplasms by species in VTHs.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Thematic map showing the study locations for the study (panel (A)), and the various sampled locations for neoplasm investigations (panel (B)).Panel (C) represents the distribution of neoplasms by species in VTHs.

3. 3 .
Breed Distribution of Animals Diagnosed with Neoplasms that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017 Records regarding the dog breeds diagnosed with neoplasms are shown in Figure 4.The Nigerian local breed had a total of 139 tumour cases, more than any other breed of dog.
breed at the various Veterinary Teaching Hospitals Distribution of Tumours

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Geographical location of the teaching hospitals and the specific neoplasms diagnosed in each veterinary teaching hospital.

3. 6 .
Anatomic Locations of Tumours Diagnosed in Domestic Animals that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017

14 Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Box plot representation of distribution of diagnosed tumours with respect to anat locations of these tumours in domestic animals that presented for care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2 2017.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Box plot representation of distribution of diagnosed tumours with respect to anatomic locations of these tumours in domestic animals that presented for care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

3. 7 .
Age Distribution of Domestic Animals Diagnosed with Tumours that Presented for Veterinary Care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017

Table 1 .
The prevalence of neoplasms in animals that presented for veterinary care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 2 .
The most diagnosed neoplasm types in animals that presented for veterinary care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 3 .
The distribution of benign and malignant tumours among animals that presented for veterinary care in VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 4 .
Geospatial distribution of regions where neoplasms of domestic animals were diagnosed in Nigerian VTHs.Geopolitical Zones Total Number Surveyed Total Number of Cases Percentage Prevalence Chi-Square Value p-Value

Table 4 .
Geospatial distribution of regions where neoplasms of domestic animals were diagnosed in Nigerian VTHs.

Table 5 .
Sex distribution of animals diagnosed with neoplasms that presented for care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 7 .
Frequency of occurrence of specific neoplasms diagnosed in avian, equine and porcine breeds that presented for care at VTHs in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 9 .
Age distribution of dogs diagnosed with neoplasms that presented for care at veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in Nigeria, 2000-2017.

Table 10 .
Age distribution of cattle diagnosed with neoplasms that presented for care at veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in Nigeria, 2000-2017.