Polyphenol Characterization in Red Beverages of Carapa procera (D.C.) Leaf Extracts

: The red aqueous beverages of Carapa procera (D.C.) leaf extracts were investigated for their polyphenol contents using HPLC-DAD, HPLC-ESI-MS, and semipreparative HPLC. Polyphenols were extracted, clariﬁed, and concentrated using a multistep process including ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), cross-ﬂow microﬁltration (CFM), and reverse osmosis (RO). On the basis of analytical and semipreparative chromatographic techniques, 12 phenolic compounds were identiﬁed and quantiﬁed for the ﬁrst time: 2 anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O -glucoside and cyanidin 3-O -rutinoside), 5 phenolic acids (protocatechuic, the three ca ﬀ eoylquinic isomers, and coumaroylquinic acid), and 5 ﬂavonols (quercetin 3-O -rutinoside, quercetin 3-O -galactoside, quercetin 3-O -glucoside, quercetin aglycone, and kaempferol 3-O -rutinoside). From the concentrated extract, it was possible to recover for anthocyanins (28.4 ± 0.3 µ mol L − 1 cyanidin equivalents) the two glycosides of cyanidin, for ﬂavonols (1587 ± 3 µ mol L − 1 quercetin equivalents) the two glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol, and for phenolic acids (3650 ± 10 µ mol L − 1 gallic acid equivalents) chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids.


Introduction
Carapa procera (D.C.) is a medicinal tropical tree which belongs to the Carapa genus and the Meliaceae family [1,2].This plant is usually called "crabwood" in English, "carapa" in French, "andiroba" in Portuguese, and "dona" or "kondou" in Ivorian vernacular languages.The genus Carapa includes other species found in Latin America (guianensis), Nicaragua and Costa Rica (nicaraguensis), and East Africa (toucoulouna or grandiflora).In West Africa, only the species C. procera grows.Most of the tree parts (bark, pulp, seeds, and leaves) of this species are usually used for their therapeutic properties.Of exploited parts, 57% are composed of the nuts, followed by bark and leaves (12%), and about 7% include the wood and roots [3].The oil extracted from the seeds is a product of great interest in the cosmetics industry and biological parapharmacy [4].Extracts obtained from the leaves are locally used to fight against child malnutrition, pulmonary troubles, and stomachic and intestinal diseases [5][6][7].These leaves are rich in minerals and are useful for making a fortifying herbal tea, commonly drunk by women after giving birth.They are also recognized to contain tannins and astringents [6].Their green-reddish color led us to hypothesize that the red coloration may be due to the presence of anthocyanins.According to their medicinal value and the trend of increasing consumption of natural products with bioactive compounds [8], we investigated the polyphenol composition of these aqueous extracts.These compounds are recognized for their antioxidative and coloring properties, and there is growing interest in them.The green-reddish leaves could make C. procera a promising source of anthocyanins and other polyphenols.To our knowledge, such compounds have not yet been described from this raw material.Only Gbohaïda et al. [9] have investigated this topic, but they did not describe the chemical structures of intrinsic phenolic compounds.This study aimed, therefore, to evaluate the polyphenols in aqueous extracts obtained by coupling ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), cross-flow microfiltration (CFM), and reverse osmosis (RO) processes.

Plant Material
Fresh leaves of C. procera (D.C.) were harvested in the Ivory Coast, near Yamoussoukro, during the bloom season.These leaves were dried in an oven at 40 • C, packed in plastic bags, sealed under vacuum, and shipped to the Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD).The dried leaves were stored at 4 • C before pilot water extraction.

Pilot Plant Extraction and Concentration
Extracts were obtained according to the method described by Adjé et al. [10] and Koffi et al. [11].Entire pieces of dried leaves (250 g) were sonicated (119 mW•g −1 ) at room temperature (20 • C) for 1 h with 25 L of deionized tap water and acidified with citric acid (0.01 N) in a stainless-steel container (nominal volume: 30 L) [12].The extract obtained from this ultrasound process was firstly filtered with a nylon cloth to separate the soaked material from the reddish extract.The red crude extract (CrE) recovered was then used for the following steps of clarification (CFM) and concentration (RO).The CFM pilot plant used was equipped with two stainless-steel positive pumps.One was used to continuously feed the filtration loop (TIA, Bollène, France) with the prefiltered C. procera aqueous CrE.The other was used to maintain the constant cross-flow velocity of the extract (CFM retentate) through the membrane during microfiltration.The retentate velocity (4.5 ms −1 ) was controlled by an electromagnetic flow meter (Krohne, France).The filtration loop was equipped with a ceramic cartridge membrane (P19-60, Membralox, 800 mm long, 0.2 µm average pore size), with a total filtration surface of 0.304 m 2 (Pall-Exekia, Tarbes, France).The CFM process required ∆P = 0.6 bar and a permeate flow average of about 61 kg The CFM permeate recovered was concentrated through the RO module, which was built on the same stainless-steel frame as that of the microfiltration module.The RO membrane was an industrial type, SW 30-2540 composite polymeric membrane, packed in a spiral-wound configuration (filmtec) with 2 m 2 of filtration surface.The operating pressure was P = 40 bar.The RO retentate was collected.The crude extract (prefiltered water), the CFM permeate, and the RO retentate were filtered through a 0.45 µm membrane before further analyses.
For the confirmation of anthocyanin characterization in C. procera, extracts of petals of Delonix regia (for which anthocyanins were previously characterized and appeared to be the same) were also carried out in the same conditions [10].

Dry Matter
The dry matter content (% DM) was determined according to the norm AFNOR NF V18-109 71/47 version [12].A 2 mL aliquot of extract was weighed and dried in an oven at 105 • C for 24 h.The dry matter content (%) was then calculated with the following formula: where m 0 is the weight sample at t = 0 (before drying in the oven), and m 1 is the weight after 24 h.All analyses were done in triplicate.

Total Polyphenol Analyses by Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) Method
The F-C method [13][14][15] was used to determine the total polyphenol contents in C. procera aqueous extract samples.Diluted Folin's reagent (1/10, 2.5 mL) was added to 30 µL of the sample.After 2 min of incubation at room temperature, 2 mL of sodium carbonate (75 g L −1 ) was added.The mixture was maintained at 50 • C for 15 min.The contents, previously cooled, were decanted in spectrophotometric tubes.The calibration was carried out with a gallic acid reference standard.The optical density (OD) was recorded at 760 nm.All assays were repeated three times.

Total Flavonoid Analyses
Total flavonoid contents were determined using a spectrophotometric method [16,17].Aliquots of aqueous extract (1 mL) were mixed with 0.3 mL of sodium nitrite (5%, w/v) and 0.3 mL of aluminum chloride (10%, w/v).After incubation at room temperature for 5 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with water to reach 10 mL (final volume) before adding 2 mL of sodium hydroxide (1 N).Then, the absorbance was measured at 510 nm for total flavonoid determination.The calibration was carried out with a delphinidin standard.All measurements were repeated three times.

HPLC-ESI-MS Analyses
An ion trap mass spectrometer (LCQ Advantage, Thermo Electron S.A., Courtaboeuf, France) was connected to the HPLC-DAD (Waters-Alliance 2690) equipped with a C18 column (Satisfaction column, 250 mm × 4.6 µm, Cil Cluzeau, France) via an ESI interface for HPLC-MS 2 analyses.The mobile phase consisted of a binary solvent system and was composed of a linear gradient of A (formic acid/water, 0.5/99.5,v/v) and B (formic acid/acetonitrile 0.5/99.5,v/v).The linear gradient started from 95% A-5% B to 60% A-40% B within 60 min at 0.8 mL•min −1 .UV-vis spectra were recorded from 210 to 650 nm.The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive and negative modes and under the following conditions, respectively, for each mode: the range of m/z 200-2000 and 100-1500; source voltage: 4 and 3 kV; capillary temperature: 250 • C; sheath gas and auxiliary gas flow: 50-10 and 35-5 units; and collision energy for fragmentation: 30%.

Semipreparative HPLC for Purification
For their HPLC characteristics comparison with their standard, major compounds from concentrated extracts were isolated and purified by semipreparative HPLC using an Agilent series 1200 HPLC instrument (Agilent, France) equipped with a quaternary pump, a diode array detector, and an autosampler.The column was a C 18 AB (250 mm × 10 mm, 5 µm, Cil Cluzeau, France) with a guard column C 18 AB (20 × 8 mm, 5 µm).The mobile phase consisted of a binary solvent system and was composed of a linear gradient of A (formic acid/water, 0.5/99.5,v/v) and B (formic acid/acetonitrile 0.5/99.5,v/v).The linear gradient started from 90% A-10% B to 60% A-40% B within 60 min at 2.5 mL•min −1 .UV-vis spectra were recorded from 210 to 650 nm.The compound detections were carried out at λ = 280 nm (phenolic acids), 325 nm (flavonols), and 530 nm (anthocyanins).A fractionated aliquot (0.7 mL) was collected per bottle on the basis of threshold peaks.The column was washed using an isocratic program of a solution (50% acetonitrile/50% water) for 10 min.

Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three replicates.Data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistica 7.1 (StatSoft, Inc, Tulsa, OK, USA) software.A Newman-Keuls test was performed to determine significance (p < 0.05).

Global Determination of Polyphenols and Dry Matter of C. procera Pilot Plant Extracts
The results (Table 1) showed that concentration by RO allowed for obtaining a higher content of total phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins than that in the clarified macerate (CFM) and CrE.Total phenolic acids in the RO extract was up to 4420 ± 260, while in CFM, the content was 630 ± 44 µmol L −1 GAE, and total flavonoids was 1068 ± 2 and 140 ± 1 µmol L −1 delphinidin equivalents (DE), respectively.Compared with phenolic and flavonoid values obtained, the anthocyanin contents were low (0.08 ± 0.01 and 1.4 ± 0.2 µmol L −1 cyanidin rutinoside equivalents (Cya rut)) in CFM and RO extracts, respectively, showing red colorless extracts.Total phenolic values were 4 times higher than those of total flavonoids.This indicates that other compounds have high importance in the content of the remaining compounds.Further, the process allowed concentrating the anthocyanin content 18 times higher in the clarified macerate and the dry matter content was about 14 times higher in RO (RO: 2.7% ± 0.3%; CFM: 0.20%).At the same time, total phenolic acids and flavonoids were concentrated only 7-8 times higher (Table 1).In each column, the averages not followed by the same lowercase letter a,b are statistically different at p < 0.05.Abbreviations: GAE-gallic acid equivalents; DE-delphinidin equivalents; Cya rut-cyanidin rutinoside equivalents; RO-reverse osmosis.

Identification and Quantitation of Polyphenols by Analytical Techniques: HPLC-DAD/LC-MS 2
Identification of polyphenols in C. procera aqueous leaf extracts was carried out using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques.
Anthocyanins (λ max = 530 nm), flavonols (λ max = 325 nm), and phenolic acids (λ max = 280 nm) were detected on the basis of the comparison of their retention time (RT), elution order, and UV-vis and ESI-MS 2 data with commercial standards or purified compounds from known plant samples.

Anthocyanin Identification
The anthocyanin profiles (Figure 1) showed two peaks: An1 (RT = 27.5 min) and An2 (RT = 29.4min).Their MS fragmentation in positive mode (Figure 2 and Table 2) indicated for peak An1 a molecular ion in MS 1 at m/z 449 and an aglycone of cyanidin at m/z 287 corresponding to a loss of 162 amu (one molecule of hexose).MS 2 data of peak An2 showed in full scan a molecular ion at m/z 595, as well as in MS 2 fragment at m/z 449, and an aglycone of cyanidin at m/z 287, corresponding to a loss of 146 u (one molecule of rhamnose), then a loss of 162 u (one molecule of glucose or galactose) [10].
Beverages 2019, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 16 low (0.08 ± 0.01 and 1.4 ± 0.2 µmol L −1 cyanidin rutinoside equivalents (Cya rut)) in CFM and RO extracts, respectively, showing red colorless extracts.Total phenolic values were 4 times higher than those of total flavonoids.This indicates that other compounds have high importance in the content of the remaining compounds.Further, the process allowed concentrating the anthocyanin content 18 times higher in the clarified macerate and the dry matter content was about 14 times higher in RO (RO: 2.7% ± 0.3%; CFM: 0.20%).At the same time, total phenolic acids and flavonoids were concentrated only 7-8 times higher (Table 1).

Identification and Quantitation of Polyphenols by Analytical Techniques: HPLC-DAD/LC-MS 2
Identification of polyphenols in C. procera aqueous leaf extracts was carried out using chromatographic and spectrometric techniques.Anthocyanins (λmax = 530 nm), flavonols (λmax = 325 nm), and phenolic acids (λmax = 280 nm) were detected on the basis of the comparison of their retention time (RT), elution order, and UV-vis and ESI-MS 2 data with commercial standards or purified compounds from known plant samples.

Anthocyanin Identification
The anthocyanin profiles (Figure 1) showed two peaks: An1 (RT = 27.5 min) and An2 (RT = 29.4min).Their MS fragmentation in positive mode (Figure 2 and Table 2) indicated for peak An1 a molecular ion in MS 1 at m/z 449 and an aglycone of cyanidin at m/z 287 corresponding to a loss of 162 amu (one molecule of hexose).MS 2 data of peak An2 showed in full scan a molecular ion at m/z 595, as well as in MS 2 fragment at m/z 449, and an aglycone of cyanidin at m/z 287, corresponding to a loss of 146 u (one molecule of rhamnose), then a loss of 162 u (one molecule of glucose or galactose) [10].The UV-vis maximal absorption was in both cases 516 nm (Figure 2 and Table 2), confirming the presence of cyanidin aglycone.Peaks An1 and An2 corresponded to compounds containing an aglycone of cyanidin linked to one hexose and two molecules of sugar (one rhamnose and one hexose), respectively.
These retention time, fragmentation, and UV-vis data were the same as those of the main compounds of the petals of D. regia Bojer ex Hook: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-Orutinoside [10].Therefore, we suggested for peaks An1 and An2 the structures of cyanidin 3-Oglucoside (19% of total peak area) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (81% of total peak area), respectively (Table 2).
The nature of sugar moieties were confirmed using cochromatography of diluted extracts of both plant samples (Figure 3a-e The UV-vis maximal absorption was in both cases 516 nm (Figure 2 and Table 2), confirming the presence of cyanidin aglycone.Peaks An1 and An2 corresponded to compounds containing an aglycone of cyanidin linked to one hexose and two molecules of sugar (one rhamnose and one hexose), respectively.
These retention time, fragmentation, and UV-vis data were the same as those of the main compounds of the petals of D. regia Bojer ex Hook: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside [10].Therefore, we suggested for peaks An1 and An2 the structures of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (19% of total peak area) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (81% of total peak area), respectively (Table 2).
The nature of sugar moieties were confirmed using cochromatography of diluted extracts of both plant samples (Figure 3a-e The UV-vis maximal absorption was in both cases 516 nm (Figure 2 and Table 2), confirming the presence of cyanidin aglycone.Peaks An1 and An2 corresponded to compounds containing an aglycone of cyanidin linked to one hexose and two molecules of sugar (one rhamnose and one hexose), respectively.
These retention time, fragmentation, and UV-vis data were the same as those of the main compounds of the petals of D. regia Bojer ex Hook: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-Orutinoside [10].Therefore, we suggested for peaks An1 and An2 the structures of cyanidin 3-Oglucoside (19% of total peak area) and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (81% of total peak area), respectively (Table 2).
The nature of sugar moieties were confirmed using cochromatography of diluted extracts of both plant samples (Figure 3a-e

Flavonol Identification
Flavonol compounds were identified from C. procera leaf extracts at λmax = 325 nm.Among the 10 peaks considered on the chromatographic profile (Figures 4 and 5), 5 were flavonols (F1-F5).Table 3 shows the positive LC-ESI-MS 2 data of these five compounds (peaks F1-F5).F1 and F2 were identified as the two major flavonols (27% of the total of detected peaks).

Flavonol Identification
Flavonol compounds were identified from C. procera leaf extracts at λ max = 325 nm.Among the 10 peaks considered on the chromatographic profile (Figures 4 and 5), 5 were flavonols (F1-F5).Table 3 shows the positive LC-ESI-MS 2 data of these five compounds (peaks F1-F5).F1 and F2 were identified as the two major flavonols (27% of the total of detected peaks).According to those data, peak F1 (RT = 46.5 min) had a molecular ion at m/z 611 in full MS, and in MS 2 fragment, ions at m/z 465 and 303 (aglycone of quercetin) corresponding, respectively, to losses of 146 u (one molecule of rhamnose) and then 162 u (one molecule of hexose: glucose or galactose).We observed that this compound had a maximal absorption at 356 nm with a UV-vis spectrum similar to a quercetin compound.F1 was suggested to be a glycoside of quercetin.The sugar moieties (rhamnose and hexose) may be linked together or not.We confirmed this result by matching the chromatogram of the standard of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) with that of the corresponding purified compound (Figure 5).
For peak F2 (RT = 47.2 min), the UV-vis spectrum (356 nm) and characteristics of fragmentation were the same as those obtained with peak F1 in MS 2 .Compound F2 lost a fragment ion m/z 162 (one molecule of hexose: glucose or galactose) in full scan from a molecular ion m/z 465.
MS 2 data of peak F3 revealed exactly the same fragmentation and UV-vis characteristics with F2 but a different retention time (RT = 47.7 min).This means that F3 is a quercetin glycoside as well, but these two compounds (F2 and F3) differ by their sugar moieties, which have the same molecular weight but not the same nature.Because of the elution order reported in literature, such a result led us to suggest for F2 and F3 the structure of quercetin galactoside and quercetin glucoside, respectively [19].
MS data of peak F4 (RT = 49.0 min) showed in full scan a molecular ion at m/z 595 and in MS 2 fragments at m/z 449 (loss of 146 amu: rhamnose) and 287 (loss of 162 amu: glucose or galactose), with a λmax = 348 nm.F4 was suggested to be a kaempferol linked to one molecule of rhamnose and one molecule of glucose or galactose: kaempferol rhamnosyl-hexoside [20].According to the work of Kumar et al., who described this compound on the basis of the same data, in Phyllanthus species extracts, F4 was suggested to be kaempferol rutinoside [21].
In the case of peak F5 (RT = 58.6 min, λmax = 368 nm), the fragmentation provided a molecular ion at m/z 303, described and confirmed as an aglycone of quercetin on the basis of comparison with the commercial standard.

Phenolic Acid Identification
The chromatographic profile (Figure 6) showed many peaks at 280 nm.Among them, it was possible to distinguish peaks AP1-AP5 as phenolic acids.From the composition comparison with standards (peak AP1) and reported data (peaks AP2-AP5), we were able to describe the molecular structures of dissolved phenolic acids.According to those data, peak F1 (RT = 46.5 min) had a molecular ion at m/z 611 in full MS, and in MS 2 fragment, ions at m/z 465 and 303 (aglycone of quercetin) corresponding, respectively, to losses of 146 u (one molecule of rhamnose) and then 162 u (one molecule of hexose: glucose or galactose).We observed that this compound had a maximal absorption at 356 nm with a UV-vis spectrum similar to a quercetin compound.F1 was suggested to be a glycoside of quercetin.The sugar moieties (rhamnose and hexose) may be linked together or not.We confirmed this result by matching the chromatogram of the standard of quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) with that of the corresponding purified compound (Figure 5).
For peak F2 (RT = 47.2 min), the UV-vis spectrum (356 nm) and characteristics of fragmentation were the same as those obtained with peak F1 in MS 2 .Compound F2 lost a fragment ion m/z 162 (one molecule of hexose: glucose or galactose) in full scan from a molecular ion m/z 465.
MS 2 data of peak F3 revealed exactly the same fragmentation and UV-vis characteristics with F2 but a different retention time (RT = 47.7 min).This means that F3 is a quercetin glycoside as well, but these two compounds (F2 and F3) differ by their sugar moieties, which have the same molecular weight but not the same nature.Because of the elution order reported in literature, such a result led us to suggest for F2 and F3 the structure of quercetin galactoside and quercetin glucoside, respectively [19].
MS data of peak F4 (RT = 49.0 min) showed in full scan a molecular ion at m/z 595 and in MS 2 fragments at m/z 449 (loss of 146 amu: rhamnose) and 287 (loss of 162 amu: glucose or galactose), with a λ max = 348 nm.F4 was suggested to be a kaempferol linked to one molecule of rhamnose and one molecule of glucose or galactose: kaempferol rhamnosyl-hexoside [20].According to the work of Kumar et al., who described this compound on the basis of the same data, in Phyllanthus species extracts, F4 was suggested to be kaempferol rutinoside [21].
In the case of peak F5 (RT = 58.6 min, λ max = 368 nm), the fragmentation provided a molecular ion at m/z 303, described and confirmed as an aglycone of quercetin on the basis of comparison with the commercial standard.

Phenolic Acid Identification
The chromatographic profile (Figure 6) showed many peaks at 280 nm.Among them, it was possible to distinguish peaks AP1-AP5 as phenolic acids.From the composition comparison with standards (peak AP1) and reported data (peaks AP2-AP5), we were able to describe the molecular structures of dissolved phenolic acids.
The MS data (Table 4) of peak AP1 (RT = 15.4 min) showed a deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 153.In MS 2 , the loss of m/z 44 (corresponding to a CO 2 unit) led to a fragment at m/z 109.The UV-vis spectrum also showed absorption maxima at 217, 260, and 295 nm and was identical to that of protocatechuic acid.A comparison with standard data showed that this compound (AP1) can be confirmed to be protocatechuic acid.
For peak AP2 (RT = 18.6 min), according to the MS 2 data shown in Table 4, a molecular ion was observed at m/z 353.In MS 2 , the loss of m/z 162 (hexose moieties), 12, and 44 (CO 2 unit) gave fragments 191 (quinic acid), 179 (caffeic acid), and 135, respectively.The UV-vis spectrum showed a maximum absorption at 308 nm.We suggest that compound AP2 was a caffeoylquinic acid derivative.These observations have already been reported by Parejo et al. [22], who described this compound as 3-caffeoylquinic acid in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).
However, MS 2 data (Table 4) of peak AP3 (RT = 23.6 min) showed a molecular ion at m/z 353 but fragments at m/z 191 corresponding to quinic acid (loss of hexose moieties, 162 amu) and 163 (loss of CO, 28 amu), and the UV-vis spectrum showed maximum absorption at 313 nm.This compound was suggested to be a caffeoylquinic acid derivative as well.The fragmentation described above was also identical to that reported in the works of Clifford et al. and Rakesh et al. [23,24].AP3 was then identified as 5-caffeoylquinic acid.The MS data (Table 4) of peak AP1 (RT = 15.4 min) showed a deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 153.In MS 2 , the loss of m/z 44 (corresponding to a CO2 unit) led to a fragment at m/z 109.The UV-vis spectrum also showed absorption maxima at 217, 260, and 295 nm and was identical to that of protocatechuic acid.A comparison with standard data showed that this compound (AP1) can be confirmed to be protocatechuic acid.For peak AP2 (RT = 18.6 min), according to the MS 2 data shown in Table 4, a molecular ion was observed at m/z 353.In MS 2 , the loss of m/z 162 (hexose moieties), 12, and 44 (CO2 unit) gave fragments 191 (quinic acid), 179 (caffeic acid), and 135, respectively.The UV-vis spectrum showed a maximum absorption at 308 nm.We suggest that compound AP2 was a caffeoylquinic acid derivative.These observations have already been reported by Parejo et al. [22], who described this compound as 3caffeoylquinic acid in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).
However, MS 2 data (Table 4) of peak AP3 (RT = 23.6 min) showed a molecular ion at m/z 353 but fragments at m/z 191 corresponding to quinic acid (loss of hexose moieties, 162 amu) and 163 (loss of CO, 28 amu), and the UV-vis spectrum showed maximum absorption at 313 nm.This compound was  MS 2 data of peak AP4 (RT = 25.4 min) showed the following characteristics of fragmentation: molecular ion at m/z 353 in full MS and fragments at m/z 191 (quinic acid), 179 (caffeic acid), 173 (quinic acid dehydrated derivative), and 135 in MS 2 and maximum absorption (λ max = 327 nm).According to reported data [22,23], this compound (AP4) was identified as 4-caffeoylquinic acid.These authors reported that isomers of chlorogenic acid eluted preferentially in the following order: 3-caffeoylquinic, 5-caffeoylquinic, and 4-caffeoylquinic acids.When comparing fragment m/z 191 intensity on both 3-and 4-isomer spectra, it was found that the m/z intensity was greater for 3-caffeoylquinic than for 4-caffeoylquinic, as shown in Figure 7.
MS 2 data of peak AP4 (RT = 25.4 min) showed the following characteristics of fragmentation: molecular ion at m/z 353 in full MS and fragments at m/z 191 (quinic acid), 179 (caffeic acid), 173 (quinic acid dehydrated derivative), and 135 in MS 2 and maximum absorption (λmax = 327 nm).According to reported data [22,23], this compound (AP4) was identified as 4-caffeoylquinic acid.These authors reported that isomers of chlorogenic acid eluted preferentially in the following order: 3-caffeoylquinic, 5-caffeoylquinic, and 4-caffeoylquinic acids.When comparing fragment m/z 191 intensity on both 3-and 4-isomer spectra, it was found that the m/z intensity was greater for 3caffeoylquinic than for 4-caffeoylquinic, as shown in Figure 7.

Effect of Extraction Process Steps on Polyphenol Content
During the entire process (CrE, CFM, and RO), the contents of the three families of polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids) previously identified and the concentration factor (CF) for each family were determined (Table 5).In each column, the averages not followed by the same lowercase letter a,b are statistically different at p < 0.05.Abbreviations: CrE-crude extract; CFM-cross-flow microfiltration; CF-concentration factor; CE-cyanidin equivalents; QE-quercetin equivalents.
The data analyzed by HPLC-DAD of RO samples showed high contents of phenolic acids (3650 ± 10 µmol L −1 GAE), followed by flavonols (1587 ± 1 µmol L −1 QE).Few anthocyanins were quantified (28.4 ± 0.3 µmol L −1 CE).In addition, when reducing the volume (volume reduction factor, VRF) 23 times, it was possible to concentrate more anthocyanins than phenolic acids and flavonols (CF 18 times for anthocyanins while 10 and 7 times for phenolic acids and flavonols, respectively).This indicates that only anthocyanins were better accumulated under the effect of transmembrane pressure during the reverse osmosis operation.

Table 1 .
Polyphenol determinations in Carapa procera leaf extracts and dry matter.

Table 1 .
Polyphenol determinations in Carapa procera leaf extracts and dry matter.In each column, the averages not followed by the same lowercase letter a,b are statistically different at p ˂ 0.05.

Table 4 .
LC-ESI-MS of phenolic acids extracted from C. procera leaves.

Table 4 .
LC-ESI-MS of phenolic acids extracted from C. procera leaves.

Table 5 .
Polyphenol family contents of C. procera leaves at each step of the process (CrE, CFM, and RO).

Table 6 .
Polyphenolic compounds in the final RO extract of C. procera leaves.