Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of High Concentration of Bioactive Compounds Fragments from Euphorbia hirta L. Extract and Their Effect on Diabetes Mellitus

The present study was performed to spray-dry the high concentration of bioactive compounds from Euphorbia hirta L. extracts that have antidiabetic activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of four different extracts (crude extract, petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract) from the dried powder of Euphorbia hirta L. were determined using a spectrophotometer. After that, the fragment containing a high number of bioactive compounds underwent spray-dried microencapsulation to produce powder which had antidiabetic potential. The total phenolic content values of the crude extract, petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extract were 194.55 ± 0.82, 51.85 ± 3.12, 81.56 ± 1.72 and 214.21 ± 2.53 mg/g extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Crude extract, petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract and ethyl acetate extracts showed total flavonoids 40.56 ± 7.27, 29.49 ± 1.66, 64.99 ± 2.60 and 91.69 ± 1.67 mg/g extract, as rutin equivalents. Ethyl acetate extract was mixed with 20% maltodextrin in a ratio of 1:10 to spray-dry microencapsulation. The results revealed that the moisture content, bulk density, color characteristic, solubility and hygroscopicity of the samples were 4.9567 ± 0.00577%, 0.3715 ± 0.01286 g/mL, 3.7367 ± 0.1424 Hue, 95.83 ± 1.44% and 9.9890 ± 1.4538 g H2O/100 g, respectively. The spray powder was inhibited 51.19% α-amylase at 10 mg/mL and reduced 51% in fast blood glucose (FBG) after 4 h treatment. Furthermore, the administration of spray powder for 15 days significantly lowered the fast blood glucose level in streptozotocin-diabetic mice by 23.32%, whereas, acarbose—a standard antidiabetic drug—and distilled water reduced the fast blood glucose level by 30.87% and 16.89%. Our results show that obtained Euphorbia hirta L. powder has potential antidiabetic activity.


Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and the result of metabolic disorders in pancreas β-cells that have hyperglycemia [1,2]. Hyperglycemia is caused by a deficiency of insulin production by pancreatic (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) or the insufficiency of insulin production in the face of insulin resistance (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) [2,3]. Hyperglycemia causes damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels [4]. According to the ninth edition, in 2019, of the IDF Diabetes Atlas released by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), as of 2019, the total adult population living with diabetes in the age group of 20-79 years stands at 463 million, which is set to increase to 578 million (DNS), were purchased from Merck, Germany. Gallic acid, streptozotocin (STZ), nicotinamide (NAD), enzyme α-amylase, acarbose, p-nitrophenyl glucopyranoside (pNPG) were products of Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The mouse was purchased from The Institute of Drug Quality Control-Ho Chi Minh City (IDQC-HCMC).

Plant Material
E. hirta was identified by the Institute of Tropical Biology under the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. The fresh E. hirta plant was harvested in Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in October 2015. The whole plant without root was washed with tap water to remove all contamination and soaked in ethanol 70 • to prevent the presence microorganisms. Then, the samples were dried in an oven at 60 • C for 8 h to remove the water content. After that, the sample was ground into powder and stored in a plastic bag for further uses.

Preparation of E. hirta Extracts
The plant powder (1.5 kg) was macerated with a methanol solvent by the ratio of 1:2 (w/w) in 2 weeks [22]. Then, the aqueous phase was filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper, and the residue was added by fresh methanol. This process was repeated seven times until a clear colorless solution was obtained. Then, the extract solution was concentrated by a rotary evaporator at 60 • C to give 184.56 g of crude extract. Subsequently, the crude extract was mixed with distilled water by ratio 1:1 (w/w) and soaked with petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, respectively, to produce the fractional extract. The rotary evaporator was used to evaporate all the solvents to take the concentrated extracts.
The percentage of the yield of the extract was calculated as % Yield (%Y) = weight of dried extract (g) weight of sample (g) × 100 (1)

Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
The determination of the total phenolic content was based on the Folin-Ciocalteu assay method with some modification [23]. The reaction mixture consists of 0.2 mL of extract samples dissolving in methanol at 1 mg/mL. One milliliter of 10% Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was treated into the mixture and shaken well. After 5 min, 1.5 mL of 5% Na 2 CO 3 solution was added into the mixture. Gallic acid was used as the standard solutions (20,40,40,60,80 and 100 µg/mL). The absorbance was measured at 750 nm by a spectrophotometer. The total phenol content was expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of the extract [24].

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
The total flavonoid content was determined by the spectrophotometric method [25]. The reaction mixture consists of 5 mL of extract samples dissolving in methanol at 0.4 mg/mL. Then, 5 mL of 2% AlCl 3 solution was treated into the mixture. Rutin was used as a standard solution at different concentrations (20,40,40,60,80 and 100 µg/mL). The absorbance was measured at 415 nm by a spectrophotometer. The content of flavonoids in extracts was expressed in terms of rutin equivalent (mg of RU/g of extract) [24].

Spray-Drying Microencapsulation
Spray drying has been used to protect the ingredients that are sensitive to light, heat or oxygen. In this technique, a wall material protects the bioactive compounds [26,27]. The extracted sample was mixed with 20% maltodextrin at a ratio of 1:10, and the resulting mixtures were homogenized before spray dryer. The powder was obtained using LabPlant SD-06A spray dryer, serial number 485. The inlet temperatures were 180 • C, the outlet temperatures varied according to the inlet temperatures [28], the feed flow rate of the extracts was 10 rpm. Then, the E. hirta powder was used to determine the physical properties as the moisture content, color characteristic, buck density, solubility and hygroscopicity.

Determination of Moisture Content
The moisture content was determined by moisture balance, type MOC-120H, No. D207302059. Triplicate samples of E. hirta powder (5 mg) were weighed and dried in the oven at 105 • C until its weight was constant [21].

Color Characteristic
Color characteristic was measured by the Hue method. Distilled water-diluted triplicate samples of E. hirta powder to ratio 10:1 (w/w). The absorbance of this solution was measured at 510 nm and 610 nm and calculated the Hue: The Hue Index usually ranges from 3 (a greenish-yellow or olive hue) to 7.5 (amber red-brown) for caramel colors.

Solubility
The solubility of the samples was determined according to the reported procedures with some modification [29]. One gram of samples was added to 100 mL of distilled water, then the mixture was stirred at 600 rpm for 5 min. After that, 20 mL of the supernatant was transferred into petri-dishes and dried in an oven at 70 • C until the weight was constant. The solubility was calculated by weight difference and expressed in dry basis, considering the moisture content of each sample.

Hygroscopicity
The hygroscopicity of the E. hirta powder was determined according to [28] with some modifications. The E. hirta powder was stored at room temperature in desiccators containing saturated sodium chloride solutions. The samples were weighed after one week, and the hygroscopicity was expressed in grams of the absorbed moisture per 100 g of dry solids.

In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity
The α-amylase inhibitory activity was measured by the dinitrosalicylic acid method [16]. The 0.5 mL of the extract samples dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide at different concentrations were pre-incubated with α-amylase 2 U/mL for 15 min. Then, 0.5 mL of the 1% w/v starch solution was added to the mixture, which was further incubated at 37 • C for 10 min. Then, the reaction was stopped by adding 1 mL DNS reagent and heated in a boiling water bath for 5 min. Acarbose was used as a positive control and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm. Percentage inhibition is calculated as The α-amylase inhibitory activity was expressed as the IC50 according to the percentage inhibition [30,31].

Acute Toxicity Testing
Spray powder safety evaluation was conducted by pyramiding single-dose (acute) toxicity testing [32]. A group of two mice (25-30 g) was fed with E. hirta powder with an increasing dosage on alternate days as 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg kg −1 , with the dosing continuing until death. The toxicity test was found to be safe up to the dose 5000 mg/kg body weight; hence 1/10 of the dose was taken as an effective dose (500 mg/kg body weight).

Induction of STZ/NAD-Diabetes Mice
The model of the STZ/NAD-induced mice followed the guideline of Masiello et al. [33] with modification. Male mice weighing 22c25 received an intraperitoneally administered dose of 200 mg/kg bw of NAD, and after 15 min received another intraperitoneally administered dose of 100 mg/kg bw of STZ. After the intraperitoneal administration of STZ/NAD, the mice were observed for 30 min to examine for any abnormal signals. STZ/NAD-induced mice were fed with a daily special diet with fat milk and lard to make them obese. The blood glucose levels of mice were measured and recorded to check for the change in blood glucose. After 21 days, a model of diabetic mice was completed.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Test
Diabetic mice (glucose level > 200 mg/dL) were divided into three groups of 6 mice each and orally administered as below: Group 1: negative control-orally administered with distilled water; Group 2: positive control-orally administered with acarbose (100 mg/kg bw); Group 3: sample group-orally administered with E. hirta powder (500 mg/kg bw).
The administration was continued for 15 days, once daily. Then, the blood glucose level was measured and recorded after 0, 1, 2 and 4 h on the first day and on days 1, 2, 6, 10 and 15 of administration.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0. One-way variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) was applied to determine the significant difference between the samples at p-value < 0.05.

Euphorbia hirta L. Extraction Yield
Nine and a half kilograms of fresh E. hirta produced around 1.5 kg of dried powder, 184.56 g of crude extract, 61.25 g of petroleum ether extract, 2.1 g of chloroform extract and 32.95 g of ethyl acetate extract. The results are shown in Figure 1. Different extracts were obtained from the E. hirta from the different solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) employed.

Phytochemical Analysis
According to the previous investigations, Euphorbia hirta L. contain a large amount of phenolic and flavonoid components [10]. In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were shown in Table 1. The total phenolic content in the examined extracts was expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (mg of GAE/g extract) by the standard curve equation: y = 8.659x − 0.0153, R 2 = 0.998. The value of the phenolic content was 194.55 ± 0.82, 51.85 ± 3.12, 81.56 ± 1.72 and 214.21 ± 2.53 mg of GAE/g extract for the crude extract, petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract and the ethyl acetate extract, respectively. The concentration of flavonoids was expressed as rutin (mg of RU/g extract) by the standard curve equation: y = 12.905x − 0.0515, R2 = 0.9888. The concentration of flavonoids in various plant extracts were 40.56 ± 7.27, 29.49 ± 1.66, 64.99 ± 2.60 and 91.69 ± 1.67 mg of RU/g extract. The highest phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were measured in ethyl acetate extract, and the lowest phenolic and flavonoid concentrations were measured in petroleum ether extract. The phenolic and flavonoid concentrations in the plant extracts depend on the solvent polarity which used in the extract preparation [24]. These data suggested that the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were Foods 2020, 9, 881 6 of 12 best extracted via ethyl acetate solvent from E. hirta. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract was suggested to further investigate and determine the bioactive compounds and identify their antidiabetic activity.

Phytochemical Analysis
According to the previous investigations, Euphorbia hirta L. contain a large amount of phenolic and flavonoid components [10]. In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were shown in Table 1 [24]. These data suggested that the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were best extracted via ethyl acetate solvent from E. hirta. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract was suggested to further investigate and determine the bioactive compounds and identify their antidiabetic activity.

Spray-Drying Microencapsulation
The physical properties of spray powder were shown to clarify the quality of the E. hirta powder ( Table 2). The moisture content effects on the shelf-life of dried materials, and the shelf-life of powder

Spray-Drying Microencapsulation
The physical properties of spray powder were shown to clarify the quality of the E. hirta powder ( Table 2). The moisture content effects on the shelf-life of dried materials, and the shelf-life of powder can extend in moisture under than 10% [34]. The moisture content in the E. hirta powder is around 4.9567 ± 0.00577%, which is less than 5% so that it is suitable for storage for a long time. Bulk density is a property of food powder, the bulk density of E. hirta powder ranges from 0.36 to 0.48 g/mL, and the high bulk density increases its sticky or less free-flowing nature. In this research, the E. hirta powder had a bulk density of 0.3715 ± 0.01286 g/mL, as it adapted the requirement. Solubility shows the ability of the powder to be dissolved in water, and the solubility of the E. hirta powder is around 95.83 ± 1.44%. Color is a major quality parameter in a dried food product; color was presented in the Hue Index value. Table 2 shows that the Hue index value around 3.7367 ± 0.1424 means that the color of spray sample is yellow. Hygroscopicity is the ability of food powder to absorb moisture from a high relative humidity environment. The result from Table 2 showed that E. hirta powder could absorb 9.9890 ± 1.4538 g H 2 O in a 100 g sample.

In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity Essay
The inhibition of α-amylase minimized the absorption of glucose into blood by the delay of the digestion of carbohydrates. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activities of the E. hirta powder were assayed. The result of this study showed that spray powder has a good α-amylase inhibitory activity (Figure 2) with the IC50 value as evidence ( Table 3). The E. hirta powder and acarbose-a standard drug in diabetes management (at concentration 10 mg/mL) showed a 51.19% and 94.69% inhibitory effect on α-amylase, respectively. The IC50 value of the E. hirta powder was 5.725 mg/L, meanwhile for acarbose it was 2.511 mg/mL. Although the α-amylase inhibitory activity of E. hirta powder is not strong enough as that of acarbose is, it also proved that E. hirta can inhibit the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme and has potential antidiabetic activity.

In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity Essay
The inhibition of α-amylase minimized the absorption of glucose into blood by the delay of the digestion of carbohydrates. The in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activities of the E. hirta powder were assayed. The result of this study showed that spray powder has a good α-amylase inhibitory activity (Figure 2) with the IC50 value as evidence ( Table 3). The E. hirta powder and acarbose-a standard drug in diabetes management (at concentration 10 mg/mL) showed a 51.19% and 94.69% inhibitory effect on α-amylase, respectively. The IC50 value of the E. hirta powder was 5.725 mg/L, meanwhile for acarbose it was 2.511 mg/mL. Although the α-amylase inhibitory activity of E. hirta powder is not strong enough as that of acarbose is, it also proved that E. hirta can inhibit the carbohydratehydrolyzing enzyme and has potential antidiabetic activity.

Acute Toxicity
The mice orally administered 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000, 3000, 5000 mg kg −1 doses of E. hirta powder were kept under observation for two weeks. After two weeks, all the mice were alive and did not show any toxic symptoms such as body weight loss. Therefore, it was found that 5000 mg kg −1 dose of the powder showed a confidence dose and was considered as safe. Therefore, it was concluded that the median lethal dose (LD50) was more than 5000 mg kg −1 when administered orally (Table 4). Therefore, the extracts used in this study are safe for long administration.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Test
This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the spray powder containing Euphorbia hirta L. in the STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic mice usually have fast blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dL. Acarbose is commonly used as a standard antidiabetic drug in STZ-induced diabetes to compare the anti-hyperglycemic extent of bioactive compounds. In normoglycemic rats, the test showed a significant reduction of blood glucose level till the end of 4 h.
The fast blood glucose levels in 4 h showed that after 4 h of treatment with the E. hirta powder (Figure 3), there was a 51% reduction in the fast blood glucose level, whereas the treatment with acarbose and distilled water at the same time produced a 44% and 35% reduction. In a short time, the E. hirta powder reduced fast blood glucose levels better than distilled water and acarbose.

Anti-Hyperglycemic Test
This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of the spray powder containing Euphorbia hirta L. in the STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetic mice usually have fast blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dL. Acarbose is commonly used as a standard antidiabetic drug in STZinduced diabetes to compare the anti-hyperglycemic extent of bioactive compounds. In normoglycemic rats, the test showed a significant reduction of blood glucose level till the end of 4 h.
The fast blood glucose levels in 4 h showed that after 4 h of treatment with the E. hirta powder (Figure 3), there was a 51% reduction in the fast blood glucose level, whereas the treatment with acarbose and distilled water at the same time produced a 44% and 35% reduction. In a short time, the E. hirta powder reduced fast blood glucose levels better than distilled water and acarbose.  A significant reduction of 23.32% in fast blood glucose was observed after 15 days of treatment with the E. hirta powder, compared to the 30.87% and 16.89% reduction when treated with acarbose and distilled water, respectively ( Figure 4). In the longer time treatment, acarbose was the competitive inhibitor in the reduction of fast blood glucose levels, however, the reduction of the fast blood glucose levels of the E. hirta powder was close to acarbose and better than distilled water. Therefore, the result of this test showed that the E. hirta powder exhibited a significant reduction in the fast blood glucose levels.
Foods 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 12 competitive inhibitor in the reduction of fast blood glucose levels, however, the reduction of the fast blood glucose levels of the E. hirta powder was close to acarbose and better than distilled water. Therefore, the result of this test showed that the E. hirta powder exhibited a significant reduction in the fast blood glucose levels.

Discussion
Plants are a rich resource of natural bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids and their derivatives. These compounds have received attention because of their bioactivities and physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities [35]. From the crude extract of Euphorbia hirta L. containing multiple different

Discussion
Plants are a rich resource of natural bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, flavonoids and their derivatives. These compounds have received attention because of their bioactivities and physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities [35]. From the crude extract of Euphorbia hirta L. containing multiple different groups of bioactive compounds, liquid-liquid extractions can be employed to separate many different fractions. During this procedure, the chemical constituents of the extract are separated based on their polarity by specific solvents including petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. This procedure typically results in a total of four extracts. The qualitative phytochemical analysis in E. hirta was obtained from these extracts. In relation to the solvent used, high concentrations of the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were found in the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts. The value of the phenolic contents was 81.56 ± 1.72 and 214.21 ± 2.53 mg of GAE/g extract for the chloroform extract and the ethyl acetate extract, respectively. The concentration of flavonoids was 64.99 ± 2.60 and 91.69 ± 1.67 mg of RU/g extract for the chloroform extract and the ethyl acetate extract, respectively.
In the previous studies, the point of focus has been on elucidating the mechanism of action and the phytochemicals of plant extracts for traditional diabetes treatment. The study of the inhibitory activity of phytochemicals against α-amylase and α-glucosidase has been widely popular. Several phytochemicals including flavonoids and phenolics have been detected. The presence of these compounds, especially in chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts, demonstrated ability in the treatment of diabetes. The inhibition of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of saccharides such as α-amylase is an important therapeutic strategy for reducing hyperglycemia [14]. Polyphenolic compounds have popularly reported the inhibitory activity against α-amylase in both in vitro and in vivo experiments [11,12,36]. Phenolics and flavonoids found in E. hirta such as quercetin, quercitrin, and rutin were proved to be effective inhibitors of mammalian α-amylase. The E. hirta powder and acarbose (at concentration 10 mg/mL) showed 51.19% and 94.69% inhibitory effects on α-amylase, respectively. The IC50 value of the E. hirta powder was 5.725 mg/L, meanwhile acarbose was 2.511 mg/mL. Although the α-amylase inhibitory activity of E. hirta powder was not strong enough as acarbose, it also proved that E. hirta had a mild α-amylase inhibition and has potential antidiabetic activity. This result is consistent with the reported investigation [37,38].
The control of postprandial plasma glucose concentrations is the key to the the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its related complications. The results of this study showed that Euphorbia hirta L. powder from the highest number of bioactive compounds possessed antidiabetic activities. Phenolics and flavonoids are commonly distributed in plants and have been demonstrated to possess potential effects in the treatment of diabetes disease. The possible mechanism of antidiabetic action of E. hirta is the inhibition of α-amylase and the reduction of the fast blood glucose level on diabetic mice [39]. Therefore, this study supports the drug/functional food development from the E. hirta extract in the management of diabetes.

Conclusions
This study provided significant evidence for the antidiabetic activity of Euphorbia hirta L. One of the possible mechanisms of antidiabetic activity of this plant is related to the inhibitory action of the key enzymes involving the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, to control the blood glucose concentration in the body. Recent investigations have proved that phenolics and flavonoids from natural resources containing bioactive components have hypoglycemia in action. Therefore, in further studies, we will continue to investigate the stabilities in functional food application. Besides, the fragments of E. hirta extracts having antidiabetic activities will be carried out to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds for the in vitro and in vivo studies of their antidiabetic activity. Furthermore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the extracts and phytochemicals of this plant at the cellular and molecular levels.