Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.: A Systematic Plant Analysis of the Polar Extracts from Its Organs by UHPLC-HRMS

Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. (field marigold, Asteraceae) is an alimurgic plant, whose flowers and leaves are a common part of local food dishes. The diversity in polar specialized metabolites is herein unraveled, with the aim to further promote and valorize the food use of the plant. To this purpose, following the plant dissection of its organs (florets, fruits, leaves, bracts, stems, and roots), ultrasound assisted maceration has been employed in order to recover phenols and polyphenols. Through an untargeted UHPLC-HR MS (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry) approach, and deeper investigation of the fragmentation patterns of each compound by tandem mass spectrometry, the florets’ constitution in triterpene saponins and flavonol glycosides has been highlighted, whereas hydroxycinnamoyl compounds are mainly in bracts and fruits. The antiradical and reducing capabilities of the organs’ extracts have been assessed, and data acquired have been analyzed by cluster analysis, which allowed bracts and fruits to be observed, despite their negligible food use, as the most active extracts. Chemical and antioxidant data on the diverse organs of field marigold suggest new investigative food and nutraceutical scenarios of this plant, also revalorizing and preserving its traditional uses.


Introduction
Wild edible plants (WEPs), described as native species naturally growing, have been among the main food ingredients of rural communities linking human life since ancient times [1,2]. In the Mediterranean area, the traditional uses of WEPs were introduced in ancestors' diets for their curative properties, and nowadays, they continue to represent a considerable part of the Mediterranean Diet. WEPs as basic food stuffs in many local folk cuisines [3][4][5][6][7]. The renewed interest in WEPs is largely due to the growing knowledge of the healthy role of phytochemical compounds, so much so that WEPs can be defined as "functional foods", being a good source of bioactive molecules and dietary supplements [8][9][10]. This is especially true in countries where the native vascular flora is particularly rich, such as Italy [11].
Indeed, the increased interest in ethnobotanical studies of local wild plants [7,12] emerged out of a need to create new products for the food industry with beneficial properties, as well as for sustainable agriculture because of the low impact of their cultivation on the environment [2,[13][14][15][16]. In this scenario, knowledge of edible plants biodiversity available in the local food tradition, and of new pathways for the eco-sustainable enhancement of food resources, constitute crucial aspects to intercept in marginal or valuable areas (e.g., Nature Reserves and National Parks), in full agreement with the EU's biodiversity its different organs, plant dissection is herein proposed as preliminary to extraction. The latter was carried out in order to strengthen the recovery of phenols and polyphenols from the six C. arvensis organs, such as florets, fruits, leaves, bracts, stems, and roots. UHPLC-HRMS (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry) techniques, in an untargeted approach, were exploited to unravel the chemical complexity of different organs of C. arvensis, as well as antioxidant assessment through three different assays.

Plant Material Collection, Organ Separation, and Extraction
Calendula arvensis plants were collected in May 2021 in southern Italy in the municipality of Roccaromana (Caserta, Italy; 41°16′30.36″ N 14°13′19.92″ E, 163 m a.s.l.) (Figure 1 A). Taxonomic identification was performed following [28,29]. A voucher specimen (CE0131) has been deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies of the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (Caserta, Italy). Sampled plants came from an uncultivated land colonized mainly by Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. rhoeas and other ruderal species. As per the Bioclimatic map of Europe [43], this territory is located in the transition zone between the Pluvioseasonal Oceanic Mediterranean and Temperate Oceanic Submediterranean bioclimates. From the pedological point of view, soil is a Luvi-Vitric Andosol and is ascribable to the great land system of the "foothills plain of limestone reliefs" [44]. Immediately after harvesting, each plant material was dissected by hand into fruits, ligulate florets (henceforth referred to as florets), receptacle with involucral bracts (throughout the text, indicated as bracts), leaves, stems, and roots, then labeled, and stored in liquid nitrogen ( Figure 1A). Each plant organ was first lyophilized and pulverized by a rotating knives homogenizer. Dried material underwent ultrasound assisted maceration (UAM; Branson Ultrasonics TM Bransonic TM M3800-E; Danbury, CT, USA) using first n-hexane and then methanol as extractive solvents. The drug/solvent ratio was 1:20 (g drug: mL solvent); three UAM cycles by each solvent were carried out (30 min for each; Figure 1B). The Each plant organ was first lyophilized and pulverized by a rotating knives homogenizer. Dried material underwent ultrasound assisted maceration (UAM; Branson Ultrasonics TM Bransonic TM M3800-E; Danbury, CT, USA) using first n-hexane and then methanol as extractive solvents. The drug/solvent ratio was 1:20 (g drug: mL solvent); three UAM cycles by each solvent were carried out (30 min for each; Figure 1B). The alcoholic extracts were chemically analyzed through UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS analysis, and their antioxidant capability was assessed.

UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS and MS/MS Analyses
The alcoholic extracts from C. arvensis organs were profiled by a NEXERA UHPLC system (Shimadzu; Tokyo, Japan) equipped with Luna ® Omega C-18 columns. A linear gradient was applied for separative purposes with water (A) and acetonitrile (B), both with 0.1% formic acid: held at 5%, for 1 min; 1-7 min, 5-17.5% B; 7-9 min, 17.5-25% B; 9-18 min,  25-55% B; 18-20 min, 55-95% B. The mobile phase composition was maintained at 95% B for another 1 min. Thus, the starting conditions were restored in 1 min, while system re-equilibration was in 2 min. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 2.0 µL. MS analysis was achieved by the AB SCIEX Triple TOF ® 4600 (AB Sciex; Concord, ON, Canada), equipped with a DuoSpray TM ion source, which operated in the negative ESI mode.
The QqTOF HRMS method consisted of a full scan TOF survey (accumulation time 249.9 ms, 100-1500 Da) and eight IDA (information-dependent acquisition). The MS parameters were as follows: curtain gas 35 psi, nebulizer gas 60 psi, heated gas 60 psi, ion spray voltage 4.5 kV, and interface heater temperature 500 • C. The instrument was controlled by Analyst ® TF 1.7 software, while data processing was through PeakView ® software version 2.2.
The TOF-MS/MS parameters for the analysis of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids were −100 V of declustering potential (DP), −40 V of Collision energy (CE), and −15 V of Collision energy spread (CES). For the characterization of triterpenoid saponins, the parameters were as follows: DP −120 V, CE −100 V, and CES −25 V.

Antioxidant Assessment
The alcoholic extracts from C. arvensis organs were tested at 100, 50, 25, 10, and 2.5 µg/mL towards the ABTS [2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The ABTS radical cation was prepared as in Pacifico et al. [45]. After the ABTS •+ solution was diluited in Phosphatebuffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) to achieve an absorbance of 0.7, that was recorded at 734 nm. All organ alcoholic extracts were dissolved in the ABTS •+ solution in order to achieve the final tested dose level, and the absorbance values were taken after 6 min by a Victor3 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer/Wallac; Waltham, MA, USA). A blank, in which the organ extracts were replaced with solvents, was also prepared.
The DPPH free radical scavenging capacity was also evaluated as previously described [45]. The Victor3 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer/Wallac; Waltham, MA, USA) was employed for recording the absorbance at 517 nm. A blank, in which methanolic extracts were replaced with solvents, was used as a reference. In both the antiradical assays, Trolox (4, 8, 16, 32 µM) was the positive standard. Three replicate measurements for each samples (three for each concentration) were performed.
The potassium ferricyanide reducing power (PFRAP) assay was also performed to estimate the reducing power of the investigated alcoholic extracts (at 100, 50, 25, 10, and 2.5 µg/mL final concentration levels). The absorbance was measured at 700 nm [46,47]. A blank was considered, preparing a solution with PFRAP reagent without samples, as well as Trolox as a positive standard.
All data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Statistical Analysis
A multivariate analysis approach by ClustVis (https://biit.cs.ut.ee/clustvis/, accessed on 20 October 2021) was adopted to explore and clarify quali-quantitative compositive data compounds in each organ.
Numerical clustering of antioxidant assay (DPPH, ABTS, and PFRAP) data was made on the basis of mean values of three replicates for each of five extract concentrations tested for each of the six C. arvensis organs (fruits, florets, bracts, stems, leaves, and roots), using the SYN-TAX software [48]. To investigate the chemical composition, mainly in terms of polyphenols, of the diverse organs (florets, fruits, bracts, leaves, stems, and roots) of C. arvensis, the cryo-dried plant materials underwent ultrasound assisted maceration first in n-hexane, to remove Foods 2022, 11, 247 5 of 23 more lipophilic components (e.g., fatty acids). Thus, the defatted plant matrices were then extracted with methanol. The alcoholic extracts obtained, were analysed by means of UHPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS analysis, taking into account the chemical features of the compounds. The Total Ion Chromatograms (TICs; Figure 2) highlight that hydroxycinnamoylbased compounds, flavonoids, and triterpenoid saponins diversely occurred in the different organs. Different TOF-MS/MS parameters (including collision energy and declustering potential) were utilized in order to reach a comprehensive fragmentation for each identified class of compounds, thus putatively unravelling the compounds' MS/MS chemical features. TOF-MS and TOF-MS/MS data of all the compounds are listed in Table 1.    .1268, were tentatively identified as tricaffeoylcitric acid isomers. TOF-MS/MS experiments, whose spectra are in Figure S1, displayed the sequential loss of three dehydrated caffeoyl moieties to generate the fragment ions at m/z 533.09, 371.06, and 209.02. The fragment ion at m/z 371.06 underwent further H 2 O loss to provide the ion at m/z 353.05, which, losing a dehydrated caffeic acid, formed the citrate ion at m/z 191.01. Although these caffeic acid derivatives were not previously isolated in the Calendula genus, they are already known for some Asteraceae (i.e., in roots of Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob [50] and in aerial parts of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. [51]), and displayed antiglycative activity, inhibiting the formation of AGEs (Advanced Glycation End-products) [52]. The latter was likely quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside (isoquercitrin), previously identified in C. arvensis aerial parts [57], while compound 13 was hyperin [58], which was found to exert an intracellular antioxidant activity in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line higher than that isoquercitrin, because of the presence of specific protein receptors for galactosides [59].

Triterpene Saponins
A great part of the identified metabolites were triterpene saponins, already widely known as bioactive constituents of the Calendula genus. These compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, antimutagen, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, hemolytic, antimicrobial and trypanocidal activities. It was reported that C. officinalis biosynthesizes oleanane saponins in all its organs, distinguishable in two series of compounds, namely the 3-O-monoglucoside oleanolic acid and 3-O-monoglucuronide oleanolic acid derivatives [63].
Recently, new bisdesmoside triterpene saponins, calendustellatosides A-E, have been described in C. stellata. The most representative aglycones are oleanolic, echinocystic, morolic, and mesembrianthemoidigenic acids, whereas saccharidic units are localized to C-3 and C-28 carbons [64]. At the beginning of nineties, the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of C. arvensis dictated the phytochemical study of plants, resulting in the identification of these components [57], some of whom are named arvensosides [65]. Indeed, the extracts prepared from this plant were traditionally used as disinfectants, antispasmodics, diuretics, and for its diaphoretic and sedative properties [35]. To the best of our knowledge, no data about mass spectrometric behaviour of these compounds are reported and the study of their fragmentation pattern represents an excellent tool for their efficient and fast recognition in C. arvensis-based products. The compounds tentatively identified are reported in Figure S3.  Figure S7). The compound was tentatively identified as achantopanaxoside E, previously isolated from C. stellata [64], and reported to exert mild inhibition of pancreatic lipase [68].  Figure S17).

Guidelines for the Straightforward Identification of Triterpene Saponins by HR-MS/MS Tools
The TOF-MS and TOF-MS/MS data allow us to describe some guidelines that favour the rapid identification of this class of compounds in complex mixtures. In fact, it is observed that when the compound is glycosylated, both in the alcoholic function in C-3 and in the carboxylic function in C-28, only the adduct with formic acid is detectable in the TOF-MS spectrum, and, more likely, the first fragment ion observed in the TOF-MS/MS spectra is the result of the loss of a dehydrated hexose sugar from the undetected molecular deprotonated ion. The latter was well distinguishable in the TOF-MS spectra of compounds in which an oxidized sugar occurs, or in compounds whose C-28 carbon was not esterified. Compounds with hexuronate, beyond neutral losses of 162.05 Da, attributable to [hexose-H 2 O] residues, displayed the characteristic loss of 176.03 Da. Hexuronic acid was also recognized based on the concerted loss of 62 Da, which was through decarboxylation (−44 Da) and dehydration (−18 Da), and the loss of a [hexuronic acid-(2H 2 O + CO 2 )] moiety. Once an acyl moiety was present (e.g., hydroxymethylglutarate) and linked on a sugar part, it was quickly lost from the deprotonated molecular ion.

Other Compounds
Compound 1 was likely malic acid, and compound 2 was quinic acid. In particular, the molecular deprotonated ion at m/z 133.0140 for compound 1, gave, following the loss of water, the ion at m/z 115.0036 as base peak. The TOF-MS spectrum of compound 3 displayed the deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 341.1108 (C 12 H 22 O 11 ). The compound was tentatively identified as a dihexose. In the TOF-MS/MS spectrum, the cleavage of O-glycosidic bond and the loss of a hexose unit (−162.05 Da) generated the fragment ion at m/z 179.0562. Confirming its saccharidic nature, it was detected in the fragment ions at m/z 119.0348 and at m/z 89.0244, which were formed by the cross-ring cleavage of the saccharidic unit and the corresponding neutral loss of 60 Da and 90 Da. This compound was tentatively identified as trehalose, a disaccharide with a glycosidic bond α(1→1 ), already reported in the literature as abundant in C. officinalis [72]. The non-reducing nature of saccharide agreed to the presence of the fragment ion at m/z 179.0562. In fact, non-reducing sugars are distinguished from those reducing (e.g., lactose and maltose) in tandem mass spectrometry by the absence of fragments with a higher m/z ratio, and the fragmentation involves the acetalic bond directly [73]. Trehalose acts, in many organisms, as a source of energy or as a protective agent against the effects of freezing or dehydration. Its physical and/or chemical features allow it to differ from other sugars, and to be favourably engaged as an ingredient for many food, healthcare and, pharmaceutical products [74]. Studies in C. officinalis seedlings observed that the exposition at low temperature strongly increases the content of this osmoprotectant [72]. The TOF-MS spectrum of compound 4, displaying the deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 153.0195, was in accordance with the dihydroxybenzoic acid. In fact, the decarboxylation of the deprotonated molecular ion generated the fragment ion at m/z 109.0287 and the radical ion at m/z 108.0214, attributable to the presence of a diphenolic moiety. In this context, protocatechuic acid or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was previously identified in the methanolic extract of C. officinalis flowers [75]. Compound 5, with the deprotonated molecular ion at m/z 285.0619, was the pentosyl derivative of the previous one. In particular, the loss of 132 Da generated, in the TOF-MS/MS spectrum, the fragment ion at m/z 153.0190 and the radical ion at m/z 152.0111. The decarboxylation of the radical ion provided the abundant formation of the ion at m/z 108.0214. This compound was previously identified in a methanolic extract of C. arvensis aerial parts [39]. The presence of hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives, such as protocatechuic acid hexoside and a syringic acid derivative, was also observed in the subspecies lusitanica (Boiss.) Ohle and algarbiensis (Boiss.) Nyman of C. suffruticosa. [39].

Multivariate Analysis
A multivariate analysis approach was adopted to explore and clarify the qualiquantitative compositive data analysis of each organ. In particular, the principal component analysis (PCA), considering the two principal components (PC) that described 77.6% of the total variance with PC1 and PC2, representing 20.8% and 56.8%, respectively, highlighted the compositive distinctiveness of florets positioned at the end of the negative score of the PC1 axis. On the contrary, all the other organs grouped in the positive score, even if fruits were at the end of the negative score of PC2 and leaves in the positive one; the root extract was positively correlated with those of stems and bracts ( Figure 3).    The heatmap of the alcoholic extract of C. arvensis organs clearly evidenced the cluster segregations of the different quali-quantitative compound compositions in relation to each analysed organ (Figure 4), confirming for the latter the distinctiveness of florets obtained, based on the PCA. Moreover, the other subcluster of organs matched to leaves and stems on the one hand, and roots and bracts on the other. The basis that drives the separation is to achieve homogeneous elements. Considering each individual class of the compounds, it appears clear that fruits and bracts are distinguishable for their higher content of hydroxycinnamic derivative. Florets are rich in flavonoid glycosides and triterpenic saponins. The latter are completely absent in fruits, which are characterized for the greater presence of flavonol acetylglycosides.

Antioxidant Activity of Calendula arvensis Alcoholic Extracts
Data from the in vitro antiradical capability of the alcoholic extracts of the C. arvensis organs were preliminarily analysed by cluster analysis, to explore the degree of dissimilarity values between test types and plant organs. An average linkage agglomeration criterion and Jaccard Index as dissimilarity coefficient were applied to each (6 organs × 5 concentrations) of the three data matrix of radical scavenging activity (ABTS, PFRAP, and DPPH).   Clustering of the investigated samples is displayed above the heatmap. In the ClustVis hierar-chical clustering tool, rows and columns are clustered by means of correlation distance and aver-age linkage.
The obtained dendrograms ( Figure 5A) clearly demonstrated different clustering patterns of the organs' alcoholic extract, in relation to the antioxidant test used. The dendrogram obtained for the ABTS data assay highlighted two clusters ( Figure 5A1), which have a dissimilarity value of 24% among them, with the first including bracts, florets, and fruits, while the second grouping was root, stem, and leaf extracts. On the contrary, the cluster analysis for PFRAP assay displayed two main clusters ( Figure 5A2), with the first one characterized in turn by two subclusters including bracts, florets, and fruits on one side, and roots and leaves on the other (Figure 5A2 (I.a)), while the second consisted only of stems.
The dendrogram, relating to the results of the DPPH assays, displayed three clusters ( Figure 5A3): the first group included bracts and fruit extracts, the second, comprised of roots and flowers, and the third cluster consisted of stem and leaf extracts.
In a second step, the antioxidant activity data were organized and depicted according to the obtained clusters of each dendrogram, respectively ( Figure 5B). It can be observed in the ABTS and PFRAP tests that the activity values of bracts, florets, and fruits are grouped in a single cluster, I and Ia respectively, which resulted in the most active and with a similar pattern in relation to concentrations. Stems, leaves, and roots are instead clustered together both in ABTS and PFRAP, cluster II and Ib respectively, except for the PFRAP, where the stems are included in a separate group, displaying the lowest activity values. A different behaviour was highlighted for the DDPH test, where the lowest values were measured with a progressive decrease in activity from cluster I (bracts and fruits) to the lowest of the III (stems and leaves). The analysed data reveals that the classes of metabolites in the alcoholic extracts, responsible for the observed antioxidant activity, lead to a different response depending on assay used, but mainly on the quali-and quantitative composition of the extracts. In particular, the highest activity of bracts and fruits can be in agreement with the large amount of hydroxycinnamoyl compounds, such as chlorogenic acid and dicaffeoyl quinic acid for bracts, and tricaffeoyl citric acid in fruit extract. In fact, these compounds contain catechol moiety in their structure, which is highly reactive, based on its two exchangeable hydrogen atoms. They exhibit an antioxidant activity more than that of glycosylated flavonoids, particularly abundant in the florets extract, since the glycosylation reduces their antioxidant activity when compared to that of their respective aglycones [49].

PFRAP, and DPPH).
The obtained dendrograms ( Figure 5A) clearly demonstrated different clustering patterns of the organs' alcoholic extract, in relation to the antioxidant test used. The dendrogram obtained for the ABTS data assay highlighted two clusters ( Figure 5A1), which have a dissimilarity value of 24% among them, with the first including bracts, florets, and fruits, while the second grouping was root, stem, and leaf extracts. On the contrary, the cluster analysis for PFRAP assay displayed two main clusters ( Figure 5A2), with the first one characterized in turn by two subclusters including bracts, florets, and fruits on one side, and roots and leaves on the other (Figure 5A2 (I.a)), while the second consisted only of stems. The dendrogram, relating to the results of the DPPH assays, displayed three clusters ( Figure 5A3): the first group included bracts and fruit extracts, the second, comprised of roots and flowers, and the third cluster consisted of stem and leaf extracts.
In a second step, the antioxidant activity data were organized and depicted according to the obtained clusters of each dendrogram, respectively ( Figure 5B). It can be observed The interest in the Calendula genus has always been high but, from a scientific point of view, if the chemistry and bioactivity of C. officinalis, also elected the herb of the year in 2008 by the International Herb Association [76], have been widely investigated, little attention has been given, if not in local research, to C. arvensis. The latter, which could familiarly be referred to as the ugly half-sister of the pot marigold, shares its phytochemical goodness. Although C. arvensis flower and leaf extracts were extensively studied for their antioxidant efficacy [77], our study highlighted that the biological activity commonly ascribed to "flowers" is largely attributable also to a specific part of the inflorescence, including involucral bracts and fruits. Thus, the careful examination of the bioactivity of the different plant parts is also necessary to increase its potential for use [78].
The diversity in flavonol glycosides has not been highlighted before in the few studies conducted, relating to the phytochemical aspects of the species (Figure 6). In this context, an in-depth study of the current literature highlights that a large portion of the compounds identified have not been reported before as constituents of C. arvensis, where several studies underline their presence in other species of the same genus, even if different from the more attentive C. officinalis. However, recently, some beneficial properties of the C. arvensis are enhancing the need to thoroughly detail its chemical constitution, also with the objective to fully exploit its properties on human and animal health. The hypoglycaemic activity, exerted mainly through enzyme inhibition, of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. arvensis flowers have been demonstrated [79]. The inhibitory activity against αamylase, α-glucosidase, and β-galactosidase was ascribed to caffeic acid and its derivatives. Indeed, considering compositive information herein acquired, these compounds are mainly abundant in the fruits of the species. The fruit organ lacks triterpene saponins. The latter were broadly studied for their gastroprotective, antiviral, antimutagenic, and antiinflammatory activities, and their recovery in bracts, as well as in leaves and stems, making these organs an exploitable source. In light of this, and taking into account that C. arvensis, from an ecological point of view, displays a wide diffusion strategy even outside its original range [23], it is interesting to evaluate that the availability to recover its bioactive compounds could be a tool also to counteract the high weed risk assessment for the species [80]. In this context, and considering process and product sustainability, the chemical compositional study of C. arvensis points to new scenarios in which the use of the plant for food and/or nutraceutical purposes is also fully configured. The data acquired provide a valuable tool for revalorizing this wild food species, preserving its traditional uses, and improving the Mediterranean diet assortment. The diversity in flavonol glycosides has not been highlighted before in the few studies conducted, relating to the phytochemical aspects of the species (Figure 6). In this context, an in-depth study of the current literature highlights that a large portion of the compounds identified have not been reported before as constituents of C. arvensis, where several studies underline their presence in other species of the same genus, even if different from the more attentive C. officinalis. However, recently, some beneficial

Conclusions
Wild edible plants are a great source of bioactive specialized metabolites whose intake could be beneficial for humans, but the knowledge on these plants, broadly consumed as part of local dishes, is still not enough. Wild plants, whose leaves, flowers, or fruits are edible, can be particularly tasty. This is mainly true for the native, pleasant looking species C. arvensis (Vaill.) L., which represents a strong competitor in agricultural, anthropogenic, and natural systems. The wide range of distribution and locally high coverage of this species is due to its ability to adapt to different environments, also thanks to its richness in specialized metabolites. Furthermore, considering its local use in the food and cosmetic sectors, the valuable use of all its organs represents a feasible strategy. Herein, the UHPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS analysis of the alcoholic extracts from the species organs, properly dissected, has particularly emphasized that the knowledge of the phytochemistry of this species is far from being fully known. On the other hand, since the phytochemical diversity of the various organs is similar to other species of the genus Calendula, which have a more marked economic impact, C. arvensis has a potential for use that is not fully exploited. The data acquired highlighted that each organ is a reservoir of specific classes of substances. Not disregarding the botanical role that each organ plays, and investigating finely its composition, fruits, and bracts of C. arvensis, which share a great part of hydroxycinnamoyl compounds, are highlighted as a fascinating source for further exploration within and beyond the food field. The research data are a stimulus for further investigation aimed at highlighting, on the one hand, the phytochemical-environmental aspects of this species, also considering its harvesting in different areas, and on the other hand, to deepen the health aspects of its various organs in order to consider the use of C. arvensis not only for its florets, which add a touch of color and fragrant aromas to salads or other dishes, or even for its leaves, which could be boiled or not, to vary and/or characterize the flavor of local dishes. Therefore, the data acquired are nothing more than a starting point, and, based on the chemical diversity of the polar constituents, a systematic organ-specific investigation of the apolar component will be pursued.