Effect of Silane Functionalization on Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Palygorskite Nanocomposites

: Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/palygorskite (Paly) nanocomposites were prepared using the melt compounding technique. Paly modiﬁed by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltrime thoxysilane (VTMS) was used as nanoﬁller for PLA with concentrations in the 1–7 wt% range. It has been found that the functionalization allows a covalent bond between the hydroxyl groups of the Paly and the PLA matrix, evidenced by the improvement in mechanical properties. Paly modiﬁcation with VTMS has better properties compared with Pale modiﬁcation with APTES. This indicates a better adhesion between the Paly-VTMS and PLA matrix, and a good dispersion of the nanoﬁller in the polymer matrix.


Introduction
Poly(lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer synthesized from renewable resources such as corn, rice, potatoes, or sugarcane [1,2]. It is of greater interest because of its manufacturability during heat treatment, high melting point, plasticity [2,3], the possibility of recycling [4,5], biocompatibility, good biodegradation rate [6][7][8], as well as relatively low cost [9]. Moreover, upon degradation, PLA breaks down into non-toxic components [10]. This opens up prospects for the introduction of PLA in a wide range of production areas, primarily in the food and agricultural sectors of the economy, as a material for packaging, as well as in the pharmaceutical and medical industries [11]. However, the use of PLA has limitations associated with its high brittleness, low elongation at break, low impact strength, and poor crystallizability. Its low mechanical, barrier properties, and low thermal stability in comparison with major industrial polymers limit the extensive use of PLA in its native form [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The addition of reinforcing components into the PLA polymer matrix allows expanding the possibilities of its application [20,21]. In this case, the morphology of the filler and its compatibility with the polymer matrix play a key role in improving the physical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite [22]. In most studies on the improvement of PLA properties, the researchers used layered aluminosilicates as a filler, in particular montmorillonite and its organomodified forms [23][24][25][26]. Still, the question of the effect of morphology on the physical and mechanical properties of PLA is insufficiently investigated [11]. In this respect, it is interesting to study palygorskite (also known as attapulgite) with a fiber morphology (with diameter up to 25 nm and length up to 1000 nm) and a porous structure (the size of nano-channels is 0.64 × 0.37 nm), having PLA (4032D) with a number average molecular weight of 200 kDa was obtained from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). Palygorskite (Cimsil G30) was purchased from TOLSA S.A. (Madrid, Spain). The silanes (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane) were purchased from MAS Albion Ltd. (Moscow, Russia). The structures of chemical compounds are given in Table 1. Table 1. Structure and chemical characteristics of poly(lactic acid) and silane molecules.

Label
Chemical Name Structural Formula Molecular Weight (g/mol)

PLA Polylactide Ingeo 4032D
rganics 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 structure (the size of nano-channels is 0.64 × 0.37 nm), having the following chemical formula: (Si,Al)8O20(Mg,Al,Fe)5(OH)2(OH2)44H2O, where H2O is zeolitic water, OH2 is coordinated water, and OH is structural water [27]. A large surface area and needle-like morphology of palygorskite (Paly) raise the possibility of obtaining a pronounced reinforcing effect at polymer nanocomposites. Using organomodification for Paly should not only provide dispersion of the mineral in the polymer matrix, but also enhance their interaction. This is manifested in the improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite containing Paly [28][29][30][31][32]. One of the strategies for organomodification of clay minerals is the grafting silylation reaction. Silane is used as a coupling agent because of its ability to react with clays by hydrolysis/condensation, and its end groups can also react with polymers. The effect in this case is achieved owing to the formation of covalent bonds [33,34]. In this case, it is interesting to evaluate the effect of Paly modification with various silanes on the properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites, which has been poorly understood until recently. However, there are examples of successful applications of silanes for other clay minerals [35][36][37]. The aim of this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of pre-modified Paly on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were chosen as Paly modifiers. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. For comparative evaluation, a multiple research was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical bending tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Materials
PLA (4032D) with a number average molecular weight of 200 kDa was obtained from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). Palygorskite (Cimsil G30) was purchased from TOLSA S.A. (Madrid, Spain). The silanes (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane) were purchased from MAS Albion Ltd. (Moscow, Russia). The structures of chemical compounds are given in Table 1.

Modification of Palygorskite
The Paly functionalization procedure is shown in Figure 1. For homogenization, Paly (1 g) was mixed with ethyl alcohol (20 g). The resulting mixture was subsequently subjected to 30 min of ultrasonic treatment (magnetostrictive emitter with the frequency of 22 kHz, amplitude of 50 μm, and output power of 500 W) and 30 min of mixing on a magnetic stirrer (1500 rpm at room temperature) (Figure 1a). For modification, APTES or 123,000.00 APTES 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane organics 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 structure (the size of nano-channels is 0.64 × 0.37 nm), having the following chemical formula: (Si,Al)8O20(Mg,Al,Fe)5(OH)2(OH2)44H2O, where H2O is zeolitic water, OH2 is coordinated water, and OH is structural water [27]. A large surface area and needle-like morphology of palygorskite (Paly) raise the possibility of obtaining a pronounced reinforcing effect at polymer nanocomposites. Using organomodification for Paly should not only provide dispersion of the mineral in the polymer matrix, but also enhance their interaction. This is manifested in the improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite containing Paly [28][29][30][31][32]. One of the strategies for organomodification of clay minerals is the grafting silylation reaction. Silane is used as a coupling agent because of its ability to react with clays by hydrolysis/condensation, and its end groups can also react with polymers. The effect in this case is achieved owing to the formation of covalent bonds [33,34]. In this case, it is interesting to evaluate the effect of Paly modification with various silanes on the properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites, which has been poorly understood until recently. However, there are examples of successful applications of silanes for other clay minerals [35][36][37].
The aim of this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of pre-modified Paly on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were chosen as Paly modifiers. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. For comparative evaluation, a multiple research was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical bending tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).  Table 1.

Modification of Palygorskite
The Paly functionalization procedure is shown in Figure 1. For homogenization, Paly (1 g) was mixed with ethyl alcohol (20 g). The resulting mixture was subsequently subjected to 30 min of ultrasonic treatment (magnetostrictive emitter with the frequency of 22 kHz, amplitude of 50 μm, and output power of 500 W) and 30 min of mixing on a magnetic stirrer (1500 rpm at room temperature) (Figure 1a). For modification, APTES or structure (the size of nano-channels is 0.64 × 0.37 nm), having the following chemical formula: (Si,Al)8O20(Mg,Al,Fe)5(OH)2(OH2)44H2O, where H2O is zeolitic water, OH2 is coordinated water, and OH is structural water [27]. A large surface area and needle-like morphology of palygorskite (Paly) raise the possibility of obtaining a pronounced reinforcing effect at polymer nanocomposites. Using organomodification for Paly should not only provide dispersion of the mineral in the polymer matrix, but also enhance their interaction. This is manifested in the improvement of the mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite containing Paly [28][29][30][31][32]. One of the strategies for organomodification of clay minerals is the grafting silylation reaction. Silane is used as a coupling agent because of its ability to react with clays by hydrolysis/condensation, and its end groups can also react with polymers. The effect in this case is achieved owing to the formation of covalent bonds [33,34]. In this case, it is interesting to evaluate the effect of Paly modification with various silanes on the properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites, which has been poorly understood until recently. However, there are examples of successful applications of silanes for other clay minerals [35][36][37].
The aim of this work is to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of pre-modified Paly on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of PLA/Paly nanocomposites. 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were chosen as Paly modifiers. The nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. For comparative evaluation, a multiple research was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical bending tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).  Table 1.

Modification of Palygorskite
The Paly functionalization procedure is shown in Figure 1. For homogenization, Paly (1 g) was mixed with ethyl alcohol (20 g). The resulting mixture was subsequently subjected to 30 min of ultrasonic treatment (magnetostrictive emitter with the frequency of 22 kHz, amplitude of 50 μm, and output power of 500 W) and 30 min of mixing on a magnetic stirrer (1500 rpm at room temperature) (Figure 1a). For modification, APTES or 148.23

Modification of Palygorskite
The Paly functionalization procedure is shown in Figure 1. For homogenization, Paly (1 g) was mixed with ethyl alcohol (20 g). The resulting mixture was subsequently subjected to 30 min of ultrasonic treatment (magnetostrictive emitter with the frequency of 22 kHz, amplitude of 50 µm, and output power of 500 W) and 30 min of mixing on a magnetic stirrer (1500 rpm at room temperature) (Figure 1a). For modification, APTES or VTMS (250 mg) was added to the mixture. Then, the mixture was brought to pH 4.5-5.5 by adding a solution of acetic acid (1.25 mL) in deionized water (30 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h on a magnetic stirrer (1500 rpm, 65 • C) (Figure 1b). Finally, the sample was centrifuged at 9000 rpm to obtain a solid substance, after which it was dried at room temperature.
at room temperature.

Preparation of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Palygorskite Nanocomposites
PLA/Paly nanocomposites with 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% filler content (Paly-APTES and Paly-VTES) were prepared using the melt extrusion technique using LTE 26-48 co-rotating twin-screw extruder, with a screw speed of 80 rpm. Before processing, the PLA and the filler were dried for 12 h at 80 °C. This blending process was conducted with temperature profiles of the extruder barrels; the ten zones of the hopper were 175, 180,185,185,185,190,190,195,195,195, and head 190 °C. The extrudate was then passed through a chilled water bath and pelletized. The scheme for obtaining PLA/Paly-APTES or PLA/Paly-VTMS is depicted in Figure 1c. The PLA, PLA/Paly-APTES, and PLA/Paly-VTMS paddle-shaped samples (150 × 20 × 4 mm) were prepared in injection molding machine (Haibo HBT700L) at 185, 195, 200, and head 190 °C cylinder temperature, and 35 °C mould temperature at 5 s holding time under the pressure range of 1200-600 bar (Figure 1d).

Characterization Methods
Fourier transform infrared (ALPHA-E; Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structures of the nanocomposites. The spectrum ranged from 500 to 4000 cm −1 , the resolution was 4 cm −1 , and the number of scans was 32. Flexural modulus was measured according to ASTM D790-17 standard using ZwickiLine Materials Testing machine 5 kN at a constant crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. By transmission electron microscopy (Tecnai Spirit G2; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), the dispersion of Paly-APTES or Paly-VTMS in PLA/Paly nanocomposite was observed. A synchronous thermal analyzer (STA 449 F3; NETSCH, Selb, Germany) combining thermo gravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry was used. The effect of

Preparation of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Palygorskite Nanocomposites
PLA/Paly nanocomposites with 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% filler content (Paly-APTES and Paly-VTES) were prepared using the melt extrusion technique using LTE 26-48 co-rotating twin-screw extruder, with a screw speed of 80 rpm. Before processing, the PLA and the filler were dried for 12 h at 80 • C. This blending process was conducted with temperature profiles of the extruder barrels; the ten zones of the hopper were 175, 180,185,185,185,190,190,195,195,195, and head 190 • C. The extrudate was then passed through a chilled water bath and pelletized. The scheme for obtaining PLA/Paly-APTES or PLA/Paly-VTMS is depicted in Figure 1c. The PLA, PLA/Paly-APTES, and PLA/Paly-VTMS paddle-shaped samples (150 × 20 × 4 mm) were prepared in injection molding machine (Haibo HBT700L) at 185, 195, 200, and head 190 • C cylinder temperature, and 35 • C mould temperature at 5 s holding time under the pressure range of 1200-600 bar (Figure 1d).

Characterization Methods
Fourier transform infrared (ALPHA-E; Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structures of the nanocomposites. The spectrum ranged from 500 to 4000 cm −1 , the resolution was 4 cm −1 , and the number of scans was 32. Flexural modulus was measured according to ASTM D790-17 standard using ZwickiLine Materials Testing machine 5 kN at a constant crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. By transmission electron microscopy (Tecnai Spirit G2; Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), the dispersion of Paly-APTES or Paly-VTMS in PLA/Paly nanocomposite was observed. A synchronous thermal analyzer (STA 449 F3; NETSCH, Selb, Germany) combining thermo gravimetric analysis with differential scanning calorimetry was used. The effect of Paly-APTES or Paly-VTMS on the thermal stability of the nanocomposite was studied. In synchronous mode (TGA and DSC), we used the sample weighing about 6-9 mg, and the temperature was raised from 40 • C to 500 • C with a heating rate of 10 • C/min. Argon (air) was used as the purge and protection gas, and the flow rate of argon (air) was 30 mL/min. Corundum crucibles with a hole in the lid were used for measurements. In DSC mode, the test volume was about 6-9 mg, and the temperature was raised from 25 • C to 300 • C with a heating rate of 10 • C/min. It was cooled from 300 • C to 25 • C at a cooling rate of 5 • C/min. Sealed aluminum crucibles were used for measurements.
Surface modification of the Paly using APTES is revealed in a decrease in the intensity of Si-O vibrations due to the response of APTES and Paly [38,39] (Figure 2a). The vibrational frequencies of silane molecules interacting with fibrous silicates are in the range of 1200-2000 cm −1 . The band at 1630 cm −1 is associated with the stretching vibration C=C, and the band at 1720 cm −1 is associated with the stretching vibration C=O [42,43]. In addition, new peaks at 1566, 1496, and 690 cm −1 (Figure 2b), which correspond to bending vibrations of -NH 2 , -CH 2 , and deformation of -CH out of plane, once again confirm this conclusion [44,45]. All these observations are consistent with the APTES grafting onto the Paly surface [46]. In Paly modification with silane (Figure 2c), there occurs a new peak at 2930 cm −1 , and one more small hump at 2850 cm −1 , associated with C-H asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the -CH 2 groups, which confirms the presence of silane on the mineral surface [47].
Surface modification of the Paly surface using VTMS is characterized by new Si-O-Si bands appearing in the FTIR spectrum at 1120, 1080, 1031, and 790 cm −1 [48][49][50][51] (Figure 2a). Moreover, stripes with asymmetric stretch -CH 2 at 3062 cm −1 , C=C stretch at 1600 cm −1 , and -CH in-plane band at 1274 cm −1 (Figure 2b,c) [52]. Thus, the presence of silane bands in all spectra of functionalized clays confirms that the OH group on the inner/outer surface and edge of clays can chemically react with alkoxysilane Si-OR groups.
FTIR spectra of PLA, PLA/Paly-APTES, and PLA/Paly-VTMS are shown in Figure 3. For PLA, there are stretching frequencies for C=O, asymmetric, and symmetric vibrations of -CH 3 group at 1746, 2997, and 2943 cm −1 , respectively. At 1180 cm −1 , one can observe a band associated with the O-C-O groups, as well as three peaks at 1128, 1081, and 1042 cm −1 belonging to the C-C-O group. In addition, bending frequencies for -CH 3 are determined at 1452, 1380, and 1359 cm −1 [53,54]. In Figure 3a, the excess of the intensity of the maximum in the region of 1650 cm −1 is observed, related to the hygroscopic water of Paly oscillation, for PLA/Paly-APTES with 5 wt% filler content over a sample containing 7 wt% filler; this can be attributed to the heterogeneity of filler distribution in the PLA matrix witnessed in TEM images (Section 3.3).

FTIR Analysis
The FTIR spectra of pristine Paly and silane-functionalized Paly are displayed in Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of Paly demonstrates tetrahedral (Si-O-Si, 950-1250 cm −1 ) [38,39] and octahedral (Al-Al-OH, 913 cm −1 ; Al-Fe-OH, 865 cm −1 ; and Mg-Mg-OH, 647 cm −1 [40]) vibrations with bands connected with hydroxyl groups and water molecules in the range 3200-3400, 3562 cm −1 [41], and 1668 cm −1 [42], respectively.  This finding shows that there is less accessibility of surface hydroxyl groups because of the modification of the Paly surface with a silane. The carbonyl group that appears at 1745 cm −1 for pure PLA shifts slightly towards the higher wavenumber (1746 cm −1 ) in the PLA/Paly-APTES and PLA/Paly-VTMS nanocomposites in the case of 7 wt% content of Paly-APTES (Paly-VTMS), indicating a certain degree of chemical interaction between Paly-APTES (Paly-VTMS) and PLA matrix. In this case, the largest number of surfaceactive groups of the Paly-APTES (Paly-VTMS) filler interacting with the PLA matrix may be retained.

Mechanical Properties
The flexural modulus of PLA, PLA/Paly-APTES, and PLA/Paly-VTMS nanocomposites is shown in Figure 4. The increase in flexural strength modulus with increasing silylated Paly concentration to 7 wt% indicates a positive effect of silanization on nanofiller dispersion in the PLA polymer matrix. The overall flexural strength of PLA/Paly-VTMS composites is higher than that of PLA/Paly-APTES. This happens owing to better interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler, which improves stress transfer and leads to higher flexural strength values. The presence of agglomerates with an increasing concentration of Paly-APTES is also the reason for underestimated values of the flexural modulus of PLA/Paly-APTES composites. A simultaneous increase in the flexure modulus for PLA/Paly-APTES and PLA/Paly-VTMS nanocomposites with the addition of 1 wt% silylated Paly compared with pure PLA from 3.3 GPa to 3.392 and 3.394 GPa, respectively, was witnessed. This indicates that Paly intrinsic stiffness has a positive effect on the overall stiffness of the PLA/Paly nanocomposites, which increases the flexural modulus of nanocomposites. Improving the flexural modulus for PLA and its nanocomposites is important for sustainable packaging applications [55] as it is a measure of the stiffness of a material. The positive effect of functionalization with silanes APTES and VTMS of clay minerals such as montmorillonite, halloysite, and sepiolite on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers was also scrutinized by Raji et al. [39].

Mechanical Properties
The flexural modulus of PLA, PLA/Paly-APTES, and PLA/Paly-VTMS nanocomposites is shown in Figure 4. The increase in flexural strength modulus with increasing silylated Paly concentration to 7 wt% indicates a positive effect of silanization on nanofiller dispersion in the PLA polymer matrix. The overall flexural strength of PLA/Paly-VTMS composites is higher than that of PLA/Paly-APTES. This happens owing to better interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler, which improves stress transfer and leads to higher flexural strength values. The presence of agglomerates with an increasing concentration of Paly-APTES is also the reason for underestimated values of the flexural modulus of PLA/Paly-APTES composites. A simultaneous increase in the flexure modulus for PLA/Paly-APTES and PLA/Paly-VTMS nanocomposites with the addition of 1 wt% silylated Paly compared with pure PLA from 3.3 GPa to 3.392 and 3.394 GPa, respectively, was witnessed. This indicates that Paly intrinsic stiffness has a positive effect on the overall stiffness of the PLA/Paly nanocomposites, which increases the flexural modulus of nanocomposites. Improving the flexural modulus for PLA and its nanocomposites is important for sustainable packaging applications [55] as it is a measure of the stiffness of a material. The positive effect of functionalization with silanes APTES and VTMS of clay minerals such as montmorillonite, halloysite, and sepiolite on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers was also scrutinized by Raji et al. [39].

Morphology Analysis
Paly-VTMS particles are dispersed in the PLA polymer matrix, which can be clearly seen in Figure 5a. Despite the concentration of 7 wt% Paly-VTMS in the polymer matrix, no signs of particle agglomeration are detected, which indicates a clear interaction between Paly-VTMS and the PLA matrix. In contrast, for Paly-APTES particles in the PLA matrix for the case of 7 wt% concentration, areas of particle agglomeration are observed (Figure 5b). This indicates a reduced interaction between the modified APTES Paly and polymer matrix.

Morphology Analysis
Paly-VTMS particles are dispersed in the PLA polymer matrix, which can be clearly seen in Figure 5a. Despite the concentration of 7 wt% Paly-VTMS in the polymer matrix, no signs of particle agglomeration are detected, which indicates a clear interaction between Paly-VTMS and the PLA matrix. In contrast, for Paly-APTES particles in the PLA matrix for the case of 7 wt% concentration, areas of particle agglomeration are observed (Figure 5b). This indicates a reduced interaction between the modified APTES Paly and polymer matrix.

Morphology Analysis
Paly-VTMS particles are dispersed in the PLA polymer matrix, which can be clearly seen in Figure 5a. Despite the concentration of 7 wt% Paly-VTMS in the polymer matrix, no signs of particle agglomeration are detected, which indicates a clear interaction between Paly-VTMS and the PLA matrix. In contrast, for Paly-APTES particles in the PLA matrix for the case of 7 wt% concentration, areas of particle agglomeration are observed (Figure 5b). This indicates a reduced interaction between the modified APTES Paly and polymer matrix.    position of all samples, with an almost complete loss of weight by 380 • C. Closer to 500 • C, the residual mass of PLA/Paly-VTMS and PLA/Paly-APTES samples increases. This is due to the increase in the content of the Paly-APTES and Paly-VTMS filler remaining after heating (Table 2).

Conclusions
Nanocomposites based on PLA and modified palygorskite were prepared by melt blending. Palygorskite was modified with two organosilanes (APTES and VTMS), which promoted the formation of covalent bonds between the polymer and the clay through reactive extrusion, allowing strong interactions between the clay and the PLA matrix. Spectral studies were performed to characterize the successful grafting of silanes onto palygorskite. It has been found that the functionalization method allows a covalent bond between the hydroxyl groups of the clay minerals and the polymer matrix, as evidenced by the improvement in mechanical properties. Thus, for the flexural modulus, PLA increases from 3300 MPa to 3930 MPa at 7 wt% for Paly-VTMS. The obtained results prove that silylation of palygorskite is an important method for increasing the interfacial adhesion between palygorskite and the PLA matrix.   3.5. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Figure 6 represents the DSC curves of PLA, PLA/Paly-VTMS, and PLA/Paly-APTES samples. With an increase in the content of silanized Paly from 1 to 5 wt%, an augmentation in the crystallinity index (X c ) is detected, which indicates that the clay filler can act as a nucleation agent to induce the PLA crystallization [56,57]. Adding 7 wt% silanized Paly diminishes this effect (Table 2). An increase in crystallinity results in a higher glass transition temperature (T g ). The addition of silanized Paly to PLA did not significantly affect the melting temperature (T m ), except for samples with 7 wt% filler content, indicating a better packaging and organization caused by the clay filler [58]. Similar behavior was also observed in the work of Lai et al. for PLA nanocomposites filled with organic-modified montmorillonite clay [56].

Conclusions
Nanocomposites based on PLA and modified palygorskite were prepared by melt blending. Palygorskite was modified with two organosilanes (APTES and VTMS), which promoted the formation of covalent bonds between the polymer and the clay through reactive extrusion, allowing strong interactions between the clay and the PLA matrix. Spectral studies were performed to characterize the successful grafting of silanes onto palygorskite. It has been found that the functionalization method allows a covalent bond between the hydroxyl groups of the clay minerals and the polymer matrix, as evidenced by the improvement in mechanical properties. Thus, for the flexural modulus, PLA increases from 3300 MPa to 3930 MPa at 7 wt% for Paly-VTMS. The obtained results prove that silylation of palygorskite is an important method for increasing the interfacial adhesion between palygorskite and the PLA matrix. The company had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.