Tetrapropylammonium Occlusion in Nanoaggregates of Precursor of Silicalite-1 Zeolite Studied by 1 H and 13 C NMR

The dynamic behavior of tetrapropylammonium (TPA) cations in the clear precursor sols for silicalite synthesis has been investigated by 1H diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), T1, T2, and T1ρ 1H relaxation, as well as 1HÑ13C cross polarization (CP) nuclear magnetic resonance. The DOSY NMR experiments showed the presence of strong solute–solvent interactions in concentrated sols, which are decreasing upon dilution. Similarities in dependence of diffusion coefficients with fractional power of the viscosity constant observed for nanoparticles, TPA cations and water led to the conclusion that they aggregate as anisotropic silicate-TPA particles. Relaxation studies as well as 1HÑ13C CP experiments provide information on dynamic properties of ethanol, water and TPA cations, which are function of silicate aggregates. The general tendency showed that the presence of silicate as oligomers and particles decreases the relaxation times, in particular T2 and T1ρH, as a consequence of involvement of these latter in ion-pairing interactions with water-solvated TPA molecules slowing down their mobility. Furthermore, from the 1HÑ13C CP dynamics curve profiles a change in the CP transfer regime was observed from fast (TCH << T1ρH) for solutions without silicates to moderate (TCH~T1ρH) when silicates are interacting with the TPA cations that may reflect the occlusion of TPA into flexible silicate hydrate aggregates.


Introduction
Silicalite clear precursor sols are generally prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolysis and consist of a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles in water-ethanol mixture with many coexisting silicate oligomers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].The nature of the nanoparticles during zeolite formation by heating has been claimed as being an amorphous-like structure [9][10][11].However, the very early stages of zeolite formation lies in the pre-heating stage, at precursor formation.Since their discovery in the mid 1990s many controversial studies have attempted to derive the exact status of the very early nanoparticles of small size in the range a few nanometers [2,3,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].The question of whether these nanoparticles contain occluded organic templates or are simply organic-free silica entities has been disputed [9] and a core-shell structure with a negatively charged surface silica core surrounded by a shell of organocations, might seem to be the most accepted description [1,2,10,15,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].Alternatively, at precursor formation before any heating, light diffusing nanoparticles have been demonstrated as aggregated oligomeric silicates, and not as dense silica particles [4].Since oligomeric silicates are present as anionic entities in typical high pH sols, organocations must be ion-paired within nanoaggregates as they are in hydrate silicate crystals [31][32][33].The knowledge of the location and the role of organocations is key to understanding their structure directing effects.NMR methods have been shown to be a powerful tool for studying structure and dynamics not only for the silicate speciation but also of the organocations.In contrast to many other alternative analysis methods, NMR spectroscopy allows the observation of dispersed particles in their native state without alteration or interference of their surrounding environment.For instance, pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR enables self-diffusion measurements [34].Careful PFG NMR enabling in the pulse sequence to measure accurately diffusion, known under the acronym DOSY NMR, has been proven to be a valuable tool to study diffusion of a variety of molecules, especially chemical objects with different dimensionality [35,36].Application of 29 Si DOSY NMR has been performed successfully on some aqueous silicate solutions for studying silicate speciation and spectral assignment [37][38][39].Recently, few 1 H PFG NMR studies have been conducted in typical precursor sols providing useful insights on dynamic behavior of organocations with respect to silicated nanoparticles [4,27,28,[40][41][42].Although particles are supposed to exhibit solid-state characteristics at a microscopic scale with some softness and flexibility, liquid-state NMR instrumentation enables their measurement in reasonable conditions.In general, theoretical and experimental approaches usually applied for either liquids or solids may be extended to dispersed nanoparticles as well [43][44][45][46][47][48][49].While a liquid or dissolved component in solution will preserve its full diffusive mobility depending on the overall viscosity, any constituent of the solid structure of the particle will be more or less immobilized within the solid network.Under such circumstances solid-state magnetic resonance methodology can be employed.For example, under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions, the 1 HÑ 29 Si CPMAS NMR spectroscopy pioneering works of Burkett and Davis [22,50,51] probed closely the evolution of inorganic-organic interactions during the course of the synthesis.Also, intramolecular cross-polarization experiments between the 1 H and 13 C nuclei of the template molecule demonstrated that much of the increased efficiency was a result of reduced rotational mobility of the TPA molecule [50,52].All these studies have been conducted on gel phase precursors and its application on dynamic and inhomogeneous colloidal suspension system would not be necessarily straightforward and must be undertaken to conclude to similar or different behavior.
In the current work we report 1 H DOSY NMR studies of water, ethanol and tetrapropylammonium cations present in typical TEOS-TPAOH-H 2 O system used for silicalite-1 synthesis (Figure 1).The effect of dilution was investigated revealing strong cooperative interactions between solvents, solutes, and nanoparticles.The diffusion coefficients were directly correlated to the viscosity change.Furthermore, 1 H T 1 , T 2 and T 1ρH relaxation measurements, as well as 1 HÑ 13 C spin dynamic cross polarization experiments, were carried out in order to shed light on the dynamic behavior and the interactions of the solvated organocations species with the nanoparticles present in the synthesis mixture.Significant effects particularly on T 2 , measuring rotational diffusion, and T 1ρH measuring H-C dipolar fluctuations (rotational, vibrational or distance fluctuations) were monitored with systems containing silicates undergoing restricted dynamic of tetrapropylammonium interacting with nanoparticles.Mobility of species is directly correlated to such parameters [53][54][55][56][57][58].Temperature changes induce significant modulation of NMR relaxation, and allow following occlusion of tetrapropylammonium cations into nanoparticles.These results are discussed in the general context of zeolite nucleation and crystal growth.

1 H NMR DOSY
Diffusion (or self-diffusion) is the motion of particles in solution, known as Brownian molecular motion: translational and rotational.It is directly related to different physical parameters such as the size and shape of the diffusing particle, the temperature, and the viscosity of the solution.It can be characterized by a diffusion tensor D, the trace of it being the diffusion coefficient D. It is a parameter characteristic of the nature and properties of liquids, solutions, and gels [63,64].Thus it allows access to properties, such as molecular volume and/or weight, mobility and dynamic behavior, and chemical interactions with their environment.
2D DOSY NMR provides spectral edition of different observed species according to their self-diffusion coefficient D. A series of spectra are recorded at different spin echoes with increasing pulsed field gradient strengths, as displayed in the pulse sequence (Figure 2).The gradient pulses are used in order to dephase, during the first evolution period, the magnetization of spins which have diffused to a new location during the period Δ.The pulsed field gradients, during the first half period, label the position of spins with their voxel Larmor frequency, while the second gradient pulses re-phase all nuclear spins except those which have diffused during the time period Δ. Analysis of the resulting resonance decays by inverse Laplace transformation (ILT) allows extraction of each diffusion coefficient.Thus, a DOSY NMR spectrum consists of a correlation between NMR resonances and the diffusion coefficient D of the corresponding NMR detected species.The conventional NMR spectrum is displayed in the direct dimension (f2), while the "diffusion spectrum" with peaks corresponding to the value of the diffusion constant D is displayed in the indirect dimension (f1).
Extraction of diffusion coefficients from DOSY experiments results from the computation of the most probable sum of Gaussian decaying functions taking place between a coding gradient and a decoding one.This is the principle of a stable ILT although this later is an unstable transformation.Such instability can be overcome by performing a Tikhonov regularization and further maximization of entropy (MaxEnt) [65,66].The diffusion dispersion obtained is a probability histogram of diffusion coefficients.Spectral decomposition has been performed for each spectrum.For each component a vector of areas for each field gradient has been used for ILT transform.A final reconstruction of a 2D spectrum is generated with the spectral component in the direct dimension and its diffusion probability distribution in the indirect dimension.[12,13,24,59], or dilute systems (blue area) as studied by Davis, Tsapatsis, and Shantz et al. [3,22,27,28,41,42,50,51,60,61].Both domains have also been extensively explored by Nikolakis, Lobo, and Martens et al. [1,2,4,10,14,17,20,25,26,62].

1 H NMR DOSY
Diffusion (or self-diffusion) is the motion of particles in solution, known as Brownian molecular motion: translational and rotational.It is directly related to different physical parameters such as the size and shape of the diffusing particle, the temperature, and the viscosity of the solution.It can be characterized by a diffusion tensor D, the trace of it being the diffusion coefficient D. It is a parameter characteristic of the nature and properties of liquids, solutions, and gels [63,64].Thus it allows access to properties, such as molecular volume and/or weight, mobility and dynamic behavior, and chemical interactions with their environment.
2D DOSY NMR provides spectral edition of different observed species according to their self-diffusion coefficient D. A series of spectra are recorded at different spin echoes with increasing pulsed field gradient strengths, as displayed in the pulse sequence (Figure 2).The gradient pulses are used in order to dephase, during the first evolution period, the magnetization of spins which have diffused to a new location during the period ∆.The pulsed field gradients, during the first half period, label the position of spins with their voxel Larmor frequency, while the second gradient pulses re-phase all nuclear spins except those which have diffused during the time period ∆.Analysis of the resulting resonance decays by inverse Laplace transformation (ILT) allows extraction of each diffusion coefficient.Thus, a DOSY NMR spectrum consists of a correlation between NMR resonances and the diffusion coefficient D of the corresponding NMR detected species.The conventional NMR spectrum is displayed in the direct dimension (f 2), while the "diffusion spectrum" with peaks corresponding to the value of the diffusion constant D is displayed in the indirect dimension (f 1).
Extraction of diffusion coefficients from DOSY experiments results from the computation of the most probable sum of Gaussian decaying functions taking place between a coding gradient and a decoding one.This is the principle of a stable ILT although this later is an unstable transformation.Such instability can be overcome by performing a Tikhonov regularization and further maximization of entropy (MaxEnt) [65,66].The diffusion dispersion obtained is a probability histogram of diffusion coefficients.Spectral decomposition has been performed for each spectrum.For each component a vector of areas for each field gradient has been used for ILT transform.A final reconstruction of a 2D spectrum is generated with the spectral component in the direct dimension and its diffusion probability distribution in the indirect dimension.The 1 H NMR spectra of the system 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H2O, where x ranges from 152 to 15,000, exhibit six resonances as expected due to water, ethanol and TPA.For x = 152, the resonances appeared at 5.30 ppm for water, 1.14 and 3.58 ppm for ethanol, and 1.00, 1.70, and 3.19 ppm for TPA molecule.A progressive high field shift was observed for all the resonances with increasing water amount, and the final observed chemical shifts at x = 15,000 were 4.74, 1.07, 3.55, 0.84, 1.59, and 3.05 ppm respectively.As it can be seen clearly, the strength of the effect is different from one species to another.The most affected resonance was the one corresponding to water and the least that of ethanol since on average the observed shifts upon dilution within the studied range of water amount were −0.56 for water, −0.15 ppm for TPA and −0.05 ppm for ethanol.The appreciable dependence of water chemical shift with the molar composition of the system should be directly related to the pH change with dilution.The pH of the studied sols varies from ca. 13.5 to 10.0 when x changes from 152 to 9500 [62].The moderate changes in TPA chemical shifts could reflect the changes in chemical interaction, in particular with the nanoparticles, with increasing dilution.These interactions have an electrostatic character and decrease with dilution and decreasing pH.However, within the measurement accuracy estimated to be less than 0.02 ppm, no significant change of ethanol chemical shift was observed indicating very small environmental change around this molecule with dilution and so little interaction with the sol components.In order to gain further insight on dynamics and interactions of these three molecules present in the different systems, DOSY experiments were conducted on all these sols.As representative results, the DOSY NMR spectra for x = 152 and 15,000 are depicted in Figure 3.In all cases, one main diffusion behavior for each species was measured as a result of an average diffusion process.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the diffusion coefficients for H2O, EtOH and TPA upon increase of the water content in the clear precursor sols for silicalite-1 synthesis.Starting with low values for each entity, the diffusion coefficients increase with dilution of the solution.Values for D of water, ethanol and TPA were respectively found to be equal to ca. 390, 370, and 90 μm 2 •s −1 with the system with the lowest value of x (=152) and reached asymptotic values of ca.2400, 1300 and 750 μm 2 •s −1 , respectively, at extreme dilution.The limiting values extrapolated to pure water are 2300, 1230, and 820 μm 2 •s −1 respectively for water [67,68], ethanol [69] and TPA [70].DLS measurements on the same system exhibited for nanoparticles diffusion coefficients D varying between 16 and 96 μm 2 •s −1 when x was varied from 152 to 8000 [62].The 1 H NMR spectra of the system 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H 2 O, where x ranges from 152 to 15,000, exhibit six resonances as expected due to water, ethanol and TPA.For x = 152, the resonances appeared at 5.30 ppm for water, 1.14 and 3.58 ppm for ethanol, and 1.00, 1.70, and 3.19 ppm for TPA molecule.A progressive high field shift was observed for all the resonances with increasing water amount, and the final observed chemical shifts at x = 15,000 were 4.74, 1.07, 3.55, 0.84, 1.59, and 3.05 ppm respectively.As it can be seen clearly, the strength of the effect is different from one species to another.The most affected resonance was the one corresponding to water and the least that of ethanol since on average the observed shifts upon dilution within the studied range of water amount were ´0.56 for water, ´0.15 ppm for TPA and ´0.05 ppm for ethanol.The appreciable dependence of water chemical shift with the molar composition of the system should be directly related to the pH change with dilution.The pH of the studied sols varies from ca. 13.5 to 10.0 when x changes from 152 to 9500 [62].The moderate changes in TPA chemical shifts could reflect the changes in chemical interaction, in particular with the nanoparticles, with increasing dilution.These interactions have an electrostatic character and decrease with dilution and decreasing pH.However, within the measurement accuracy estimated to be less than 0.02 ppm, no significant change of ethanol chemical shift was observed indicating very small environmental change around this molecule with dilution and so little interaction with the sol components.In order to gain further insight on dynamics and interactions of these three molecules present in the different systems, DOSY experiments were conducted on all these sols.As representative results, the DOSY NMR spectra for x = 152 and 15,000 are depicted in Figure 3.In all cases, one main diffusion behavior for each species was measured as a result of an average diffusion process.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the diffusion coefficients for H 2 O, EtOH and TPA upon increase of the water content in the clear precursor sols for silicalite-1 synthesis.Starting with low values for each entity, the diffusion coefficients increase with dilution of the solution.Values for D of water, ethanol and TPA were respectively found to be equal to ca. 390, 370, and 90 µm 2 ¨s´1 with the system with the lowest value of x (=152) and reached asymptotic values of ca.2400, 1300 and 750 µm 2 ¨s´1 , respectively, at extreme dilution.The limiting values extrapolated to pure water are 2300, 1230, and 820 µm 2 ¨s´1 respectively for water [67,68], ethanol [69] and TPA [70].DLS measurements on the same system exhibited for nanoparticles diffusion coefficients D varying between 16 and 96 µm 2 ¨s´1 when x was varied from 152 to 8000 [62].
The observed diffusion coefficients of each chemical entity do correspond to average values for different diffusing species in fast exchange regime on the NMR time scale [27].The trend of the curves of D as a function of water amount in Figure 4 strengthens this assumption since with increasing dilution the number of interacting species is expected to progressively and continuously diminish, eventually vanishing.The observed diffusion coefficients of each chemical entity do correspond to average values for different diffusing species in fast exchange regime on the NMR time scale [27].The trend of the curves of D as a function of water amount in Figure 4 strengthens this assumption since with increasing dilution the number of interacting species is expected to progressively and continuously diminish, eventually vanishing.
The dependence of observed diffusion coefficients with water content is driven by the change in viscosity of the medium, and gives indications about the different solute-solvent interactions present [71].For highly concentrated samples with very low values of x, diffusion coefficients of all existing species in solution appeared to be particularly low and those of the solvents, water and ethanol which also can serve as internal reference molecules, were comparable despite the significant difference of their molecular size.Such low values of D for diffusing units, should correspond on average to aggregates of more than one molecule in highly viscous systems, favoring intermolecular interactions.Indeed, viscosity has been found to drop rapidly from ca. 13 to 1 mPa.s when increasing water amount in these sols [62].In highly viscous systems, translational motion of all observed species would involve cooperative movement of one or more neighboring solvent molecules.Unusually low values of D for water, ethanol and TPA, reflect a slowing down of diffusive motions by strong specific interactions with neighboring solvent molecules.Progressive  The observed diffusion coefficients of each chemical entity do correspond to average values for different diffusing species in fast exchange regime on the NMR time scale [27].The trend of the curves of D as a function of water amount in Figure 4 strengthens this assumption since with increasing dilution the number of interacting species is expected to progressively and continuously diminish, eventually vanishing.
The dependence of observed diffusion coefficients with water content is driven by the change in viscosity of the medium, and gives indications about the different solute-solvent interactions present [71].For highly concentrated samples with very low values of x, diffusion coefficients of all existing species in solution appeared to be particularly low and those of the solvents, water and ethanol which also can serve as internal reference molecules, were comparable despite the significant difference of their molecular size.Such low values of D for diffusing units, should correspond on average to aggregates of more than one molecule in highly viscous systems, favoring intermolecular interactions.Indeed, viscosity has been found to drop rapidly from ca. 13 to 1 mPa.s when increasing water amount in these sols [62].In highly viscous systems, translational motion of all observed species would involve cooperative movement of one or more neighboring solvent molecules.Unusually low values of D for water, ethanol and TPA, reflect a slowing down of diffusive motions by strong specific interactions with neighboring solvent molecules.Progressive The dependence of observed diffusion coefficients with water content is driven by the change in viscosity of the medium, and gives indications about the different solute-solvent interactions present [71].For highly concentrated samples with very low values of x, diffusion coefficients of all existing species in solution appeared to be particularly low and those of the solvents, water and ethanol which also can serve as internal reference molecules, were comparable despite the significant difference of their molecular size.Such low values of D for diffusing units, should correspond on average to aggregates of more than one molecule in highly viscous systems, favoring intermolecular interactions.Indeed, viscosity has been found to drop rapidly from ca. 13 to 1 mPa.s when increasing water amount in these sols [62].In highly viscous systems, translational motion of all observed species would involve cooperative movement of one or more neighboring solvent molecules.Unusually low values of D for water, ethanol and TPA, reflect a slowing down of diffusive motions by strong specific interactions with neighboring solvent molecules.Progressive and similar increase of D for the three molecules, with lowering their concentration and consequently viscosity support this argument.Variation of the diffusion coefficients has therefore to be examined with respect to viscosity.
Figure 5 shows that the logarithm of diffusion coefficients of water, ethanol and TPA decreases linearly with the logarithm of the viscosity of the corresponding clear sol.This means that the diffusion coefficients are dependent on the viscosity of the medium following a relationship of the form [72]: where 0 ď α ď 1.This characteristic parameter would be directly related to the strength of interaction of diffusing species with its environment; the higher the value of α the lesser the interaction.Indeed, it has been found that α tends to 1 when the solute/solvent size ratio is greater than 5, and to 0 in extremely highly viscosity media [73].Furthermore, α has been found to equal to 1 for water in hydrophobic media [71].
Inorganics 2016, 4, 18 6 of 18 and similar increase of D for the three molecules, with lowering their concentration and consequently viscosity support this argument.Variation of the diffusion coefficients has therefore to be examined with respect to viscosity.Figure 5 shows that the logarithm of diffusion coefficients of water, ethanol and TPA decreases linearly with the logarithm of the viscosity of the corresponding clear sol.This means that the diffusion coefficients are dependent on the viscosity of the medium following a relationship of the form [72]: where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1.This characteristic parameter would be directly related to the strength of interaction of diffusing species with its environment; the higher the value of α the lesser the interaction.Indeed, it has been found that α tends to 1 when the solute/solvent size ratio is greater than 5, and to 0 in extremely highly viscosity media [73].Furthermore, α has been found to equal to 1 for water in hydrophobic media [71].Values of α for water, ethanol and TPA obtained from linear least-square fits of the curves in Figure 5 were respectively 0.70 ± 003, 0.50 ± 003, and 0.77 ± 005.The curve lnD = f(lnη) for nanoparticles is also displayed in Figure 5 and it has been found to be parallel to TPA curve and to a lesser extent to water curve with a slope α of 0.75 ± 003.
Similarities between α values of nanoaggregates and those of TPA and water indicate roughly the same types of interactions experienced by those species in the different sols studied within the large range of concentration with respect to water.Indeed, water as a strong polar solvent, as well as TPA cation as charge compensating species, both interact strongly with the silicates oligomeric anions in solution, but also within the nanoaggregates.However, ethanol interferes to a much lesser extent with silicates [27].
Each species exhibits a single set of resonances, and is not split in the indirect diffusion dimension.This indicates a fast exchange of species in their different possible locations outside or inside nanoaggregates.Additionally, water, TPA and nanoaggregates exhibit the same viscosity dependency pointing to a single exchanging system.Ethanol has a somehow different behavior with a progressive change from strong association to water at low concentration of water, exhibiting a common diffusion coefficient, to weak association at high dilution with their normal size separation.

Longitudinal and Transverse 1 H NMR Relaxations
Characteristics of samples studied here are presented in Table 1.Such samples are representative of (i) typical sol precursors for silicalite, either in concentrated (S) or dilute system (SD); (ii) systems without silica (S0) and (SD0); and (iii) thermal treated system (SH).Values of α for water, ethanol and TPA obtained from linear least-square fits of the curves in Figure 5 were respectively 0.70 ˘0.03, 0.50 ˘0.03, and 0.77 ˘0.05.The curve lnD = f (lnη) for nanoparticles is also displayed in Figure 5 and it has been found to be parallel to TPA curve and to a lesser extent to water curve with a slope α of 0.75 ˘0.03.
Similarities between α values of nanoaggregates and those of TPA and water indicate roughly the same types of interactions experienced by those species in the different sols studied within the large range of concentration with respect to water.Indeed, water as a strong polar solvent, as well as TPA cation as charge compensating species, both interact strongly with the silicates oligomeric anions in solution, but also within the nanoaggregates.However, ethanol interferes to a much lesser extent with silicates [27].
Each species exhibits a single set of resonances, and is not split in the indirect diffusion dimension.This indicates a fast exchange of species in their different possible locations outside or inside nanoaggregates.Additionally, water, TPA and nanoaggregates exhibit the same viscosity dependency pointing to a single exchanging system.Ethanol has a somehow different behavior with a progressive change from strong association to water at low concentration of water, exhibiting a common diffusion coefficient, to weak association at high dilution with their normal size separation.

Longitudinal and Transverse 1 H NMR Relaxations
Characteristics of samples studied here are presented in Table 1.Such samples are representative of (i) typical sol precursors for silicalite, either in concentrated (S) or dilute system (SD); (ii) systems without silica (S0) and (SD0); and (iii) thermal treated system (SH).  1 Average standard deviation from calculated fits was within the range of 2%-9%. 2 Multi-exponential behavior.
Under the experimental conditions of our samples, the most effective relaxation mechanism for TPA and ethanol protons would be dominated by intramolecular homonuclear dipole-dipole interaction.Under such circumstances, relaxation rates can be given by the following equations: where r corresponds to dipole-dipole distance, and spectral densities for random isotropic rotation are: J q (ω 0 ) = C q [τ c /(1 + ω 0 τ c )] for q = 0, 1, and 2, (C 0 = 24/15, C 0 = 4/15, C 0 = 16/15).ω 0 is the Larmor frequency and τ c the rotational correlation time.Information on mobility and dynamic behavior can be readily obtained from an analysis of relaxation rates.Unlike T 1 relaxation times, T 2 were found to be much more sensitive to chemical changes of sample (S) by removing silicates, diluting, or heating.Values for T 1 of a given resonance remained substantially within the same order of magnitude whatever the sample.However, T 2 values were 2-3 times larger upon dilution, and from 2 to 8 times shorter upon heating for all resonances.Additionally, values of T 2 were 2 to 4 times larger in samples containing silicates compared to similar samples without silicates for TPA and water resonances.From such observations, it appears clearly that water molecules and TPA cations are involved in mutual interactions with silicates species, and little or no interaction with ethanol.Fluctuation strength of such interactions would directly affect relaxation rates of NMR observables.This is true in both concentrated and diluted systems (see comparison between S and S0, and on the other hand between SD and SD0).Furthermore, dilution reduces both intermolecular solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions, especially the strong ions pairing and thus the electrostatic interaction.The most affected T 2 were those of TPA and water resonances and the least affected those of ethanol resonances when comparing samples S and SD.The situation was reversed comparing samples without silicates, i.e., S0 and SD0 are those where the most affected T 2 are ethanol resonances and the least affected those of TPA and water resonances indicating a dominating interaction of the latter taking place with silicates.These results strengthen the idea of involvement of clathrate hydrate interaction-type in presence of silicate species [74].
Because T 2 measures rotational diffusion with a period of rotation τ c (see Equation ( 3)), insights about molecular motions and dynamic behaviors of probed species can be deduced.For instance, a decrease of T 2 values in system containing silica indicates restricted mobility caused by ion-pairing formation and/or occlusion into aggregates.Consistently, dilution leads to increased values of T 2 by diminishing ion-pairing effect and aggregation phenomena.Furthermore, the presence of dispersed nanocrystals in heated sample (SH) would lead to slower diffusion of species and in turn explain a drop of T 2 for all resonances.

Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation in the Rotating Frame
S, S0, SD, SD0, and SH samples were subjected to proton relaxation in the rotating frame T 1ρH study.Results are displayed in Figure 6 and presented in Table 3.The heated sample (SH) has the shortest T 1ρH , and samples containing no silicates (S0 and SD0) have larger values than the corresponding samples with silicates (S and SD, respectively).The expression of T 1ρH is given in Equation ( 4) to compare to T 2 (Equation ( 3)) for the same relaxation process: where ω 1 stands for effective radiofrequency field.As T 1ρH and T 2 are closely comparable the spectral density components seem to be comparable for largely different values between the Larmor and the radio-frequency.This implies that motional behaviors of all observed species have liquid-state-like characteristics (ω 1 τ c << 1 and ω 0 τ c << 1).At first sight, trends observed with T 2 (Table 2) are almost identical to those obtained with T 1ρH (Table 3).However, some effects are more accentuated on the T 1ρH values by comparison to those on T 2 .For instance, the effect of presence of silicates on the relaxation rates of TPA resonances is more important since their T 1ρH in samples containing silicates was measured to be 4-5 times lower than in samples without silicates.On the other hand, heating which led to increasing the relaxation rates for all resonances, was found to impact less T 1ρH values than T 2 .In particular, almost no change was noticed on T 1ρH for water resonance before and after heating.
where ω1 stands for effective radiofrequency field.As T1ρH and T2 are closely comparable the spectral density components seem to be comparable for largely different values between the Larmor and the radio-frequency.This implies that motional behaviors of all observed species have liquid-state-like characteristics (ω1τc << 1 and ω0τc << 1).Relatively low values of T 1ρH for TPA resonances are observed in S and SH samples, suggesting restricted motion in sols.Progressive decrease of T 1ρH values for proton resonances when changing position from the end-(CH 3 ), to middle-(CH 2 ), and then to beginning of the chain (CH 2 N) groups confirms that molecular motion predominates the mechanism of T 1ρH for this species.Mobility increased progressively when going through the arms of the molecule from the ammonium center to the methyl position.When comparing with diluted sample SD, T 1ρH increased significantly (twice) indicating higher mobility of organocations resulting from lowering viscosity.Nevertheless, since dilution did not alter significantly the T 1ρH in samples without silicates (S0 and SD0) changes observed in Si containing samples (S and SD) should then mostly be due to interaction with silica.
The situation is different for ethanol.As already observed previously with T 2 , no significant change in T 1ρH values of resonances for this species upon either dilution or addition/removal of silicates species was noticed and the values ranged from 2 to 4 s approximately.This indicates that ethanol, in contrast to TPA, is less affected by intermolecular interaction and so interferes less with the system chemically.It does not seem to play a significant role in these sols apart from as a co-solvent.The decrease of T 1ρH in heated samples is therefore related to the presence of nanocrystals.The latter leads to a reduction of molecular diffusion in solution lowering mobility of solutes, as well as solvents.
The relaxation behavior of water appeared closely similar to TPA.Samples containing dissolved silicates always showed lowest values of T 1ρH and dilution led to an increase of T 1ρH .As for TPA species, the low values of T 1ρH could be interpreted as a consequence of a reduction of the mobility of water and higher values of T 1ρH as due to increased water mobility.Since only a fraction of water molecules are involved in interaction with the solutes/nanoparticles, the observed phenomena are an average process.Involvement of water molecules in strong hydrogen bond networks interacting directly with silicates [31][32][33]74] induces a reduced mobility of water in silicate sols.
Such results combined to T 2 relaxation, point to direct interaction of organocations with silicate species, as ion-pairs, reducing considerably their mobility.Water is also affected by restricted mobility, as being involved in strong hydrogen network surrounding the ion-pairs.In contrast, ethanol appears mostly as spectator component.

Proton to Carbon Cross-Polarization
1 HÑ 13 C cross polarization spectra were successfully recorded for all samples providing the five expected resonances at 17.1 and 56.9 ppm due to EtOH and at 10.0, 14.8, and 59.8 ppm corresponding to TPA cation.Even in the absence of silica, ethanol and TPA resonances were obtained with this method.Magnetization transfer occurs through dipolar interaction between 13 C and 1 H of C-H bonds [75].The successive NMR spectra of the 1 HÑ 13 C cross polarization experiment as a function of contact time, for the reference sample (S), are displayed in Figure 7.The contact time dependencies of the resonance intensity in the 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiments for all samples are depicted in Figure 8.The TPA resonance in the heated sample has faster intensity decay than the reference and diluted samples, whereas for ethanol no major differences appear.This is consistent with shorter T 1ρH values of TPA resonances in the heated sample compared to the other samples and no variation in T 1ρH values for ethanol resonances, as already noticed previously.
Inorganics 2016, 4, 18 10 of 18 and 1 H of C-H bonds [75].The successive NMR spectra of the 1 H→ 13 C cross polarization experiment as a function of contact time, for the reference sample (S), are displayed in Figure 7.The contact time dependencies of the resonance intensity in the 1 H→ 13 C CP experiments for all samples are depicted in Figure 8.The TPA resonance in the heated sample has faster intensity decay than the reference and diluted samples, whereas for ethanol no major differences appear.This is consistent with shorter T1ρH values of TPA resonances in the heated sample compared to the other samples and no variation in T1ρH values for ethanol resonances, as already noticed previously.The CP transfer of magnetization between the abundant 1 H and rare 13 C spins can be described by the simplified thermodynamic model when the average residual 1 H-1 H homonuclear dipolar interaction is larger than the 1 H- 13 C heteronuclear dipolar interaction.Assuming that relaxation can be neglected for 13 C spins, the NMR resonance of these spins as a function of contact time t, can   and 1 H of C-H bonds [75].The successive NMR spectra of the 1 H→ 13 C cross polarization experiment as a function of contact time, for the reference sample (S), are displayed in Figure 7.The contact time dependencies of the resonance intensity in the 1 H→ 13 C CP experiments for all samples are depicted in Figure 8.The TPA resonance in the heated sample has faster intensity decay than the reference and diluted samples, whereas for ethanol no major differences appear.This is consistent with shorter T1ρH values of TPA resonances in the heated sample compared to the other samples and no variation in T1ρH values for ethanol resonances, as already noticed previously.The CP transfer of magnetization between the abundant 1 H and rare 13 C spins can be described by the simplified thermodynamic model when the average residual 1 H-1 H homonuclear dipolar interaction is larger than the 1 H- 13 C heteronuclear dipolar interaction.Assuming that relaxation can be neglected for 13 C spins, the NMR resonance of these spins as a function of contact time t, can verify the relationship [76]: The CP transfer of magnetization between the abundant 1 H and rare 13 C spins can be described by the simplified thermodynamic model when the average residual 1 H-1 H homonuclear dipolar interaction is larger than the 1 H- 13 C heteronuclear dipolar interaction.Assuming that relaxation can be neglected for 13 C spins, the NMR resonance of these spins as a function of contact time t, can verify the relationship [76]: where I 0C is the maximum magnetization of C; 1/T CH is the CP rate.This later is characteristic to a heteronuclear dipole-dipole interaction being inversely proportional to the internuclear distance.
Since CP efficiency can be assigned to direct C-H bonds of the corresponding C site, Equation ( 5) was fitted using T 1ρH values measured independently (Table 3).The results of fitting curves of ethanol and TPA 13 C resonances in the CP experiments on different samples are presented in Figure 8 and Table 4.In all cases, we observed smaller T CH for ethanol than for TPA meaning that CP efficiency was better for ethanol than TPA.No significant effect on T CH was observed for either ethanol or TPA upon dilution in non-silicate containing samples.However, samples containing silicate species showed larger T CH for TPA resonances and also for ethanol resonances but to a lesser extent.Characteristic times T CH and T 1ρH are shown in Table 4 and Table 3, respectively.The usual condition of CP regime, T CH << T 1ρH is met in any case here.If for ethanol resonances T CH was always two magnitude orders smaller than T 1ρH , in the case of TPA resonances T CH was only one order of magnitude smaller than T 1ρH in absence of silicates, and becomes in the same order of magnitude when silicates were present in solution.In fact, the presence of silicates made the relaxation times for TPA T 1ρH decreased and T CH increased reducing therefore their relative difference.The increase of T CH reflects the decrease of the residual dipolar coupling, while the decrease of T 1ρH indicates the increase of homonuclear dipolar interaction compared to radiofrequency strength ω 1 .The change in the CP regime in presence of silicate particles from fast transfer, characteristic of isolated pair of spins C-H, to moderate transfer is consistent with strong ion-pairing formation between TPA and silicates within aggregated particles.Occlusion of TPA into hydrated silicate particles leads, not only to restricted mobility, but also to close contact with immobilized hydrogen network with clathrate like structure that could act as spin bath.
In summary, the present NMR data demonstrate that TPA cations, water and silicate anions are all involved in a mutual attractive interactions in the early stages of the colloidal silicalite precursor formation.Solvated ion-pairing complexes constitute the first components of the primary flexible and dynamic particles produced through aggregation processes.Common viscosity dependency of diffusion rates for water and TPA, as measured by DOSY, as well as silica nanoaggregates from previous DLS data [62], strongly suggests a single interacting system.The significant decrease of T 1ρH of TPA end-group methyl protons under the effect of heating (Table 3) is consistent with restricted mobility that increases the homonuclear dipolar interaction.A schematic representation of the progressive occlusion of the organocations into the silicalite particles is depicted in Figure 9.The crystallization course upon heating would imply progressive desolvatation, continuous condensation, and internal structuration inside the primary particles that should affect the mobility and dynamics of all species in the overall system along the different processes.

1 H DOSY NMR
For the 1 H DOSY experiments, a series of samples with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H2O (x = 152, 400, 900, 1400, 1900, 4000, 6000, 8000, 9500 and 15,000) have been prepared mixing TEOS with aqueous TPAOH solution and the corresponding amount of water.First TEOS was hydrolyzed in 40 wt % TPAOH aqueous solution at ambient conditions under vigorous magnetic stirring for approximately 1 h.Appropriate amounts of water were then added subsequently when it was necessary.The compositions were chosen to be in the range of those used in silica precursor particle studies [14, 25,61] and silicalite-1 growth experiments [59].All samples were allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of three days before NMR measurement.
The diffusion 1 H NMR experiments were carried out at on a Bruker AMX 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) operating at 9.4 T and resonating frequency of 400.13 MHz.A BBI Bruker 5-mm probe equipped with a z gradient coil up to 53 G/cm was used for these experiments.The measurement temperature was 25 °C for all experiments.Chemical shifts are reported relative to external standard TMS at 0 ppm.To enable field-frequency locking, external D2O solvent was employed using a coaxial insert tube.Spectra were recorded in static conditions with a pulsed-field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) sequence [77], using bipolar gradients and a 90° pulse duration of 10 μs.The corresponding pulse sequence is presented in Figure 2. In a typical experiment, the gradient strength (g) was exponentially varied from 1 to 48 G/cm, the bipolar pulse gradient duration (δ) was 3 ms (half-sine shape, 1.5 ms duration of individual pulses), the gradient recovery delay (τ) was 1 ms, the LED recovery delay (Te) was 20 ms, and the diffusion period (∆) was ca.160 ms.Under these conditions the resonance intensity attenuation of the slowest diffusive species (TPA) at 48 G/cm was approximately 10% of the value obtained at 1 G/cm.For each data set, 8192 complex points were collected for each increment step with a relaxation delay of 5 s.A total of 50 increments varying gradient were used.The number of scans was adapted to the state of dilution of the sample (n times 16 scans).The total experiment time ranged from 1 to 89 h per sample.DOSY spectra were generated by using the GIFA program [78]

1 H DOSY NMR
For the 1 H DOSY experiments, a series of samples with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H 2 O (x = 152, 400, 900, 1400, 1900, 4000, 6000, 8000, 9500 and 15,000) have been prepared mixing TEOS with aqueous TPAOH solution and the corresponding amount of water.First TEOS was hydrolyzed in 40 wt % TPAOH aqueous solution at ambient conditions under vigorous magnetic stirring for approximately 1 h.Appropriate amounts of water were then added subsequently when it was necessary.The compositions were chosen to be in the range of those used in silica precursor particle studies [14, 25,61] and silicalite-1 growth experiments [59].All samples were allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of three days before NMR measurement.
The diffusion 1 H NMR experiments were carried out at on a Bruker AMX 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) operating at 9.4 T and resonating frequency of 400.13 MHz.A BBI Bruker 5-mm probe equipped with a z gradient coil up to 53 G/cm was used for these experiments.The measurement temperature was 25 ˝C for all experiments.Chemical shifts are reported relative to external standard TMS at 0 ppm.To enable field-frequency locking, external D 2 O solvent was employed using a coaxial insert tube.Spectra were recorded in static conditions with a pulsed-field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) sequence [77], using bipolar gradients and a 90 ˝pulse duration of 10 µs.The corresponding pulse sequence is presented in Figure 2. In a typical experiment, the gradient strength (g) was exponentially varied from 1 to 48 G/cm, the bipolar pulse gradient duration (δ) was 3 ms (half-sine shape, 1.5 ms duration of individual pulses), the gradient recovery delay (τ) was 1 ms, the LED recovery delay (T e ) was 20 ms, and the diffusion period (∆) was ca.160 ms.Under these conditions the resonance intensity attenuation of the slowest diffusive species (TPA) at 48 G/cm was approximately 10% of the value obtained at 1 G/cm.For each data set, 8192 complex points were collected for each increment step with a relaxation delay of 5 s.A total of 50 increments varying gradient were used.The number of scans was adapted to the state of dilution of the sample (n times 16 scans).The total experiment time ranged from 1 to 89 h per sample.DOSY spectra were generated by using the GIFA program [78] implemented in the DOSY Module of NMRNotebook software and consist of chemical shifts on direct f 2 dimension ( 1 H NMR spectrum) and Gaussian distribution of self-diffusivity on indirect f 1 dimension (plot of peaks corresponding to diffusion coefficient values).Inverse Laplace Transform [65] driven by maximum entropy was used to build the diffusion dimension.In the 1 H dimension, the free induction decays (FIDs) were zero filled to 16,384 data points and processed without decaying exponential apodization function.A spline baseline correction was then applied.Correction from chemical shift variations observed along the 2D experiment, due to imperfections of temperature regulation, was used according to the procedure published previously [79].The DOSY reconstruction was realized with 192 points in the diffusion dimension and 500 MaxEnt iterations.

Relaxation and Cross Polarization Experiments
The 1 H T 1 , T 2 , T 1ρ and 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiments were realized on 5 different samples (Table 1) with the following molar composition, 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H 2 O/D 2 O, which will be the reference sol (S); the corresponding solution without silica 9 TPAOH:400 H 2 O/D 2 O:100 EtOH (S0); the diluted system 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:1600 H 2 O/D 2 O (SD); its corresponding solution without silica 9 TPAOH:1600 H 2 O/D 2 O:100 EtOH (SD0); and the reference sol (S) which has been heated at 95 ˝C for 24 h (SH) to obtain dispersed silicalite-1 nanocrystals.All samples appeared to the naked eye as a transparent fluid except the last one (SH), having a milky aspect as a result of suspension of bigger particles.First, TEOS was hydrolyzed in aqueous 40 wt % TPAOH.D 2 O was then added to the mixture to reach the required molar composition.Solutions without silica were prepared mixing aqueous 40 wt % TPAOH, EtOH and D 2 O in appropriate amounts.All samples were allowed to equilibrate for ten days before NMR measurements.
The spectra were measured at room temperature on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer operating at 11.7 T and resonating frequency of 500.13MHz.A BBO Bruker 10-mm probe was used for these experiments.Longitudinal relaxation times were measured by the saturation-recovery method using variable recycle delay in the range 0.2-15 s.The transverse relaxation times (T 2 ) were determined using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence preceded by 32 presaturation pulses, [(ds_90 ˝x)32_dr_90 ˝x_(τ_180 ˝y_τ)n_Acq], which utilizes a 180 ˝pulse train to attenuate resonances from relaxing species [80].The saturation delay (ds), recovery delay (dr) and the T 2 delay (τ) are set to 0.1 s, 10 s, and 0.5 ms respectively and a half-echo was recorded for each T 2 relaxation delay 2nτ varied exponentially from 1 ms up to 10 s.The number of scans per sample was 8.The spin-lattice relaxation times in the rotating frame were measured under direct proton detection mode varying the duration of the spin lock pulse from 0.1 to 500 ms.The 90 ˝pulse on protons was 40 µs, the recycle delay 35 s.
Cross-Polarization (CP) through heteronuclear dipolar interaction as obtained by applying the Hartmann-Hahn condition during the contact time of double irradiation.Polarization transfer in liquids has been shown to work as well through hetronuclear spin-lock [75].Spectra of the 13 C NMR were taken under CP conditions with a proton decoupling rf strength of ca.2.5 kHz.The 90 ˝pulse length on proton nuclei was 31 µs, the recycle delay 61 s, and the number of scans 80.A standard solid-state spin-lock polarization sequence was utilized with variable contact times from 0.1 to 200 ms.Optimization of Hartmann-Hahn condition, with rf( 1 H) = rf( 13 C) = 8 kHz, was performed directly on the samples themselves.TMS was used as external shift reference for both 1 H and 13 C spectra.

Conclusions
The interactions involving the organocation TPA and the solvents water and ethanol present in clear precursor sols for silicalite synthesis have been investigated by a variety of methods based on 1 H NMR spectroscopy, namely DOSY, relaxation and cross-polarization experiments.The 1 H DOSY NMR indicated the strong solute-solvent interactions in concentrated sols which are decreasing with the increase of the water content to finally reach a plateau in the values for the diffusion coefficients from the system 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:6000 H 2 O.The dependence of diffusion coefficients with the viscosity was found to obey a power law for which the fractional power coefficient for nanoparticles was similar to the one for TPA and deviated slightly from those of water, and much more from those of ethanol.
The 1 H relaxation and CP experiments provided information on dynamic behaviors of observed species in TPAOH/silicate media.They showed that the presence of silicate particles led to a decrease in the relaxation times, especially T 2 and T 1ρH , as a result of restricted motions.In particular, the most affected species are TPA molecules, water to a lower extent, while ethanol experienced very little effect confirming the involvement of water-solvated TPA in intimate interaction with silicate species.Efficient CP between proton and carbon spins was observed for both ethanol and TPA resonances as a consequence of the existence of residual dipolar interactions in the C-H bonds due to translational motions.In presence of silicates, excess of TPA cations should give rise to a core-shell organization as described in the literature.The overall present results are consistent with fluctuations of density being much shorter than the NMR time scale, and thus support the idea for which the very early stages of zeolite formation would exhibit objects with high plasticity.Different methods of characterization can mark off limits for their lifetime.One can expect, very early stage would have much shorter lifetime than at later stages, after temperature treatment with development of highly reticulated structures.

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/4/2/18/s1, Figure S1: Relaxation delay dependence of 1 H magnetization in T 1 saturation-recovery experiment for the different resonances obtained for TPA, ethanol and water in samples S, S0, SH, SD, and SD0; Figure S2: Relaxation delay dependence of 1 H magnetization in T 2 measurement experiment for the different resonances obtained for TPA, ethanol and water in samples S, S0, SH, SD, and SD0.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Diffusion coefficients of water, EtOH and TPA species according to 1 H DOSY NMR as a function of water amount in the 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H2O system.When absent error bars are smaller than the symbol size and correspond to standard deviation from measurement of individual resonances for a given species.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Diffusion coefficients of water, EtOH and TPA species according to 1 H DOSY NMR as a function of water amount in the 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H2O system.When absent error bars are smaller than the symbol size and correspond to standard deviation from measurement of individual resonances for a given species.

1 )Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Diffusion coefficients of water, EtOH and TPA species according to 1 H DOSY NMR as a function of water amount in the 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H 2 O system.When absent error bars are smaller than the symbol size and correspond to standard deviation from measurement of individual resonances for a given species.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Dependence of diffusion coefficients on the viscosity in the 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H2O system (x = 152-15,000): closed circles correspond to water, ethanol, and TPA species according to 1 H DOSY NMR, and open circles to nanoparticles according to diffusion light scattering (DLS).The viscosities and DLS data are taken from Follens et al [62].

1 )Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Dependence of diffusion coefficients on the viscosity in the 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:x H 2 O system (x = 152-15,000): closed circles correspond to water, ethanol, and TPA species according to 1 H DOSY NMR, and open circles to nanoparticles according to diffusion light scattering (DLS).The viscosities and DLS data are taken from Follens et al. [62].

Figure 6 .Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Proton spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρH) curves for the different resonances of TPA, ethanol and water in samples without Si content (a) S0; and (b) SD0; and with Si content (c) S; (d) SD; and (e) SH.The solid lines represent least-square fits of the experimental data using monoexponential decay function (I = I∞exp(−t/T1ρH)).

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Staggered view of the successive NMR spectra in the 1 H→ 13 C CP experiment as a function of contact time (tct) of the precursor sol (S) with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H2O/D2O.The two intense resonances at ca.17and 57 ppm correspond to EtOH and the three weak resonances at 10, 15, and 60 ppm to TPA cation.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Staggered view of the successive NMR spectra in the 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiment as a function of contact time (t ct ) of the precursor sol (S) with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H 2 O/D 2 O.The two intense resonances at ca.17and 57 ppm correspond to EtOH and the three weak resonances at 10, 15, and 60 ppm to TPA cation.

17
Figure 7. Staggered view of the successive NMR spectra in the 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiment as a function of contact time (t ct ) of the precursor sol (S) with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H 2 O/D 2 O.The two intense resonances at ca.17and 57 ppm correspond to EtOH and the three weak resonances at 10, 15, and 60 ppm to TPA cation.
Figure 7. Staggered view of the successive NMR spectra in the 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiment as a function of contact time (t ct ) of the precursor sol (S) with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H 2 O/D 2 O.The two intense resonances at ca.17and 57 ppm correspond to EtOH and the three weak resonances at 10, 15, and 60 ppm to TPA cation.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Staggered view of the successive NMR spectra in the 1 H→ 13 C CP experiment as a function of contact time (tct) of the precursor sol (S) with the molar composition 25 TEOS:9 TPAOH:400 H2O/D2O.The two intense resonances at ca.17and 57 ppm correspond to EtOH and the three weak resonances at 10, 15, and 60 ppm to TPA cation.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Contact time dependency of the resonance intensity of ethanol and TPA in the 1 HÑ 13 C CP experiments for samples without Si content (a) S0; and (b) SD0; and with content (c) S; (d) SD; and (e) SH.The solid lines represent least-square fits of the experimental data using Equation (5) (I = (I 0C /(1 ´(T CH /T 1ρH )))¨(exp(´t/T 1ρH ) ´exp(´t/T CH ))).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Progressive aggregation steps between hydrated silicate and TPA cations taking place upon increasing concentration, aging, and heating in a typical silicalite precursor.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Progressive aggregation steps between hydrated silicate and TPA cations taking place upon increasing concentration, aging, and heating in a typical silicalite precursor.

Table 1 .
Characteristics and mixture composition of samples investigated.H NMR spectra of these sols/solutions exhibited, as expected, the six resonances of species present: water (singlet at ~4.6 ppm), ethanol (narrow triplet at ~0.8 ppm and narrow quadruplet at ~3.3 ppm), and TPA species (broad triplet at ~0.6 ppm and unresolved multiplets at ~1.3, and 2.8 ppm).T 1 and T 2 values were obtained by fitting with an exponential evolution of magnetization as a function of the relaxation delay (see FiguresS1 and S2in Supplementary Materials).All results are summarized in Table2.As a general trend, diluted samples showed longer T 1 relaxation times than other samples.Resonance measured for H 2 O in the samples without silicates cannot be fitted adequately with a single exponential function. 1

Table 2 .
Longitudinal (T 1 ) and transverse (T 2 ) relaxation times (in s) of the 1 H resonances obtained for TPA, ethanol and water in the different samples.

Table 3 .
Proton spin-lattice relaxation times (in s)1in the rotating frame (T 1ρH ) of the resonances obtained for TPA, ethanol and water in the different samples.
1Average standard deviation from calculated fits was within the range of 3%-6%.

Table 4 .
T CH cross-polarization times (in s)1of the resonances obtained for TPA and ethanol in the different samples.