Aluminum Nitride Ceramic as an Optically Stimulable Luminescence Dosimeter Plate

Photostimulable storage phosphors have been used in a wide range of applications including radiation measurements in oneand two-dimensional spaces, called point dosimetry and radiography. In this work, we report that an aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic plate, which is practically used as a heat sink (SHAPAL®, Tokuyama Corp., Yamaguchi, Japan), shows good optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties with sufficiently large signal and capability for imaging applications, and we have characterized the AlN plate for OSL applications. Upon interaction with X-rays, the sample color turns yellowish, due to a radiation-induced photoabsorption band in the UV-blue range below ~500 nm. After irradiating the sample with X-rays, an intense OSL emission can be observed in the UV (360 nm) spectral region during stimulation by red light. Although our measurement setup is not optimized, dose detection was confirmed as low as ~3 mGy to over 20 Gy. Furthermore, we have successfully demonstrated that the SHAPAL® AlN ceramic plate has great potential to be used as an imaging plate in radiography.


Introduction
Ionizing radiations such as X-rays, gamma-rays, alpha-rays, etc., may be measured using various techniques.One of the common techniques is to use phosphors [1].The phosphor materials have functionalities to convert radiation to light so that one can indirectly measure the radiation using conventional photodetectors such as charge-coupled device (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), and photomultiplier tube (PMT) [1].Rapid light emission upon the absorption of radiation can be typically used for real-time measurements, and such phosphors are so-called scintillators [2][3][4].On the other hand, another type of radiation phosphor can accumulate and store the incident dose information in the form of trapped charges, which can be read out optically or thermally.Such phosphors are commonly referred to as so-called storage phosphors or dosimeters.The latter materials are used in practice in a wide range of areas such as medical imaging [5,6], radiation therapies [7], personnel dose monitoring [8] and so on.
The mechanisms involved in dosimeter materials are typically but intuitively understood as follows.First, a numerous number of electrons and holes are generated upon the absorption of an incident of ionizing radiation, and then some of those charges are captured by localized trapping centers, and the captured carriers remain trapped over the experimental time scale; the stored charge is stable.These trapped charges can be detrapped by an external stimulation in the form of, in general, heat or light.As a result, the freed charges then recombine at luminescent centers followed by a light emission.Since the emitted light output is proportional to the incident radiation dose, the stimulated light emission may be indirectly used as a probe of the incident radiation dose.Dosimeters which use heat to stimulate the signal are so-called thermally stimulated luminescent detectors (TLD) [9], while the ones which rely on an optical stimulation are referred to as optically stimulated luminescent detectors (OSLD) [10][11][12][13].Examples of dosimeter materials used in practice include LiF:Mg,Ti [14], Al 2 O 3 :C [15,16], and BeO [17].These materials do indeed show excellent properties for dose detection such as high sensitivity and stability of dose information during storage.In addition, it is a key requirement for dosimeter materials to consist of light chemical compositions that are equivalent to tissue in order for the radiation to interact with the dosimeter material in the same way as it does for tissue, and the dose measurement accuracy is maintained to be high.
Aluminum nitride (AlN) is of our current interest to be studied as a dosimeter material due to its useful properties.It has a wide optical band-gap (~6.2 eV) and is used in UV-emitting LEDs [18].Also, it has high thermal conductivity and it is an electrical insulator; it is practically used as a heat sink.In terms of the interactions with X-rays, AlN is considered to be equivalent to tissue as the effective atomic number of AlN (11.7) is considerably low and very similar to well-accepted Al 2 O 3 -based dosimeters.Earlier, we reported that an AlN ceramic plate (SHAPAL ® , Tokuyama Corp., Yamaguchi, Japan), which is in fact a commercial product as a heat sink, shows thermally-stimulated luminescence (TSL) properties and it has a good potential to be used as a TLD dosimeter [19].In this work, in contrast, we have newly discovered that the SHAPAL ® AlN ceramic plate also exhibits optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties.The aim of this work is to characterize the AlN plate as an OSL dosimeter material and to show its ability in practical use such as personnel dose monitoring and dose distribution measurements.Our experimental results are provided in this paper.

Experimental Procedure
AlN ceramic plates studied in this work were manufactured by Tokuyama Corp., Yamaguchi, Japan, and these are, in fact, commercially available as SHAPAL ® for heat sink applications.The samples were then characterized at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) towards OSL dosimeter applications.The typical sample size used in the investigations was 15 ˆ10 ˆ0.65 mm 3 .The optical transmittance spectrum was measured using a spectrophotometer (SolidSpec-3700, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).The OSL emission spectra were measured using the Hamamatsu Quantaurus-Tau (C11367, Shizuoka, Japan).A spectrofluometer (FP-8600, JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) was used to study the OSL stimulation spectra and the afterglow of OSL emission.During the measurements, a 340 nm band-pass filter was inserted at the detector side, and stimulation light was delivered through a 400 nm short-cut filter in order to avoid an interference of a second-order diffraction light.The samples were irradiated using an X-ray generator (Model XRBOP&N200X4550, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY, USA), which is equipped with a W anode target with the Be window.All the irradiations were carried out with the tube voltage of 40 kVp with the filament current of 5.2 mA.To demonstrate the AlN ceramic plate for use as an X-ray imaging plate, an original measurement setup was constructed in our laboratory.A large size AlN plate 59 ˆ38 mm 2 was irradiated by X-rays through electronic integrated circuits.After the irradiation, the AlN plate was exposed to stimulation light at a wavelength of ~630 ˘50 nm from a Xenon lamp (LAX-C100, Asahi Spectra, Tokyo, Japan), then the 2D OSL distribution was measured by a Peltier-cooled CCD camera (BK-54DUV, Bitran Corp., Saitama, Japan) equipped with an objective lens (PF10545MF-UV, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).

Results and Discussion
The AlN plate used in this research is illustrated in Figure 1 (left).These ceramics can be fabricated homogeneously over a relatively large area as can be confirmed in the photograph.The latter feature is of fundamental interest, especially for two-dimensional radiation imaging.The size of the AlN plate in the photograph is 59 ˆ38 mm 2 with a thickness of 0.65 mm.As a commercial product (as a heat sink), it is currently available as large as ~120 ˆ120 mm 2 but it is certainly possible to fabricate AlN in a larger area.The color of the AlN plate is light grey as provided.However, once it is irradiated by X-rays, it turns into a yellowish color.The color change is, in fact, due to the appearance of photoabsorption bands which are strongly induced by the X-ray irradiation, and appear in the UV-blue range (shorter than ~500 nm).The X-ray-induced absorbance spectra are illustrated in Figure 1 (right).A significant absorption is observed in the range of 250-550 nm.The induced absorbance increases as a function of the irradiated dose.We think that it is due to the common effect of radiation-induced color centers created by the irradiation; however, detailed studies are required in order to determine the origin of these induced color centers.
it is irradiated by X-rays, it turns into a yellowish color.The color change is, in fact, due to the appearance of photoabsorption bands which are strongly induced by the X-ray irradiation, and appear in the UV-blue range (shorter than ~500 nm).The X-ray-induced absorbance spectra are illustrated in Figure 1 (right).A significant absorption is observed in the range of 250-550 nm.The induced absorbance increases as a function of the irradiated dose.We think that it is due to the common effect of radiation-induced color centers created by the irradiation; however, detailed studies are required in order to determine the origin of these induced color centers.After X-ray irradiation, an OSL emission is observed in the UV range when stimulated by red light.The emission spectrum is illustrated in Figure 2. The irradiation dose was 20 Gy.The emission signal has a broad spectral feature peaking around 360 nm, while the sample is stimulated by 630 nm.Further, there seems to be a very small emission band with the peak around 505 nm, but the latter emission is found to be negligibly small compared to the UV emission.It is instructive to mention here that, interestingly, the OSL was also observed after a UV (254 nm) irradiation.A similar emission was previously observed at ~340 nm in radioluminescence [19] and in cathodoluminescence [20][21][22]; however, as far as we are aware, the origin of this emission has not yet been fully identified.Figure 2 also illustrates the stimulation spectrum measured while monitoring the 360 nm emission.The observed stimulation spectrum suggests that the OSL can be stimulated by light in a wide spectral range from approximately 550 nm to over 800 nm.The stimulated spectrum curve has some noticeable features.Particularly around 800 nm, the OSL stimulation is the most efficient among the spectral region tested.This indicates that the AlN has a large number of trapping center groups with different trapping depths.In the previous work, considerably shallow trapping centers were presented by TSL [19]; however, the OSL stimulation spectrum suggests a presence of deeper-butstimulable charge trapping centers, especially those around 600 nm (~2.0 eV).
Figure 3 shows a typical OSL decay curve of AlN ceramic, that is the transient OSL signal intensity during stimulation as a function of time.The stimulation light used here is 610 nm, and the measured OSL emission signal is at 340 nm.The decay curve can be decomposed into a sum of two exponential decay functions.The derived time constants are 20 and 155 s.Since the decay curve can be decomposed well by only two exponential decay functions, this fact suggests that there are two groups of charge trapping centers mainly responsible for the OSL process involved here.Furthermore, the OSL curve in the shorter time range of 0-100 s, shown in the inset, clearly illustrates a transient increase of OSL signal between 0-3 s, which is followed by an exponential decay.This transition behavior suggests the presence of shallow trapping centers [11].In fact, our observation agrees with a thermoluminescence study reported earlier [19] that there exists a glow peak located at After X-ray irradiation, an OSL emission is observed in the UV range when stimulated by red light.The emission spectrum is illustrated in Figure 2. The irradiation dose was 20 Gy.The emission signal has a broad spectral feature peaking around 360 nm, while the sample is stimulated by 630 nm.Further, there seems to be a very small emission band with the peak around 505 nm, but the latter emission is found to be negligibly small compared to the UV emission.It is instructive to mention here that, interestingly, the OSL was also observed after a UV (254 nm) irradiation.A similar emission was previously observed at ~340 nm in radioluminescence [19] and in cathodoluminescence [20][21][22]; however, as far as we are aware, the origin of this emission has not yet been fully identified.Figure 2 also illustrates the stimulation spectrum measured while monitoring the 360 nm emission.The observed stimulation spectrum suggests that the OSL can be stimulated by light in a wide spectral range from approximately 550 nm to over 800 nm.The stimulated spectrum curve has some noticeable features.Particularly around 800 nm, the OSL stimulation is the most efficient among the spectral region tested.This indicates that the AlN has a large number of trapping center groups with different trapping depths.In the previous work, considerably shallow trapping centers were presented by TSL [19]; however, the OSL stimulation spectrum suggests a presence of deeper-but-stimulable charge trapping centers, especially those around 600 nm (~2.0 eV).
Figure 3 shows a typical OSL decay curve of AlN ceramic, that is the transient OSL signal intensity during stimulation as a function of time.The stimulation light used here is 610 nm, and the measured OSL emission signal is at 340 nm.The decay curve can be decomposed into a sum of two exponential decay functions.The derived time constants are 20 and 155 s.Since the decay curve can be decomposed well by only two exponential decay functions, this fact suggests that there are two groups of charge trapping centers mainly responsible for the OSL process involved here.Furthermore, the OSL curve in the shorter time range of 0-100 s, shown in the inset, clearly illustrates a transient increase of OSL signal between 0-3 s, which is followed by an exponential decay.This transition behavior suggests the presence of shallow trapping centers [11].In fact, our observation agrees with a thermoluminescence study reported earlier [19] that there exists a glow peak located at a considerably low temperature, ~80 ˝C.Detailed analyses are beyond the scope of this paper; however, we plan on further investigations in order to understand the mechanism involved.The OSL signal intensity increases with the X-ray dose irradiated.Figure 4 (left) illustrates the dose-response curve obtained when tested with X-rays.We have experimentally confirmed a linear response over four orders of magnitude without any saturation of the OSL signal.It is worth mentioning here that the dose response could not be tested for doses above 20 Gy due to the upper limit capability of our X-ray source.For lower doses, below 3 mGy, we could not successfully measure the OSL signal.It is instructive to mention here that the latter fact does not necessarily mean that the AlN ceramic plate does not have sufficient sensitivity below 3 mGy, but it can be due to the sensitivity of our experimental readout setup.The measurement capability of small doses is especially important for personnel dosimetry or medical imaging applications, while a dosimeter capable of large doses may find some applications such as radiation therapy [23][24][25][26].The OSL signal intensity increases with the X-ray dose irradiated.Figure 4 (left) illustrates the dose-response curve obtained when tested with X-rays.We have experimentally confirmed a linear response over four orders of magnitude without any saturation of the OSL signal.It is worth mentioning here that the dose response could not be tested for doses above 20 Gy due to the upper limit capability of our X-ray source.For lower doses, below 3 mGy, we could not successfully measure the OSL signal.It is instructive to mention here that the latter fact does not necessarily mean that the AlN ceramic plate does not have sufficient sensitivity below 3 mGy, but it can be due to the sensitivity of our experimental readout setup.The measurement capability of small doses is especially important for personnel dosimetry or medical imaging applications, while a dosimeter capable of large doses may find some applications such as radiation therapy [23][24][25][26].The OSL signal intensity increases with the X-ray dose irradiated.Figure 4 (left) illustrates the dose-response curve obtained when tested with X-rays.We have experimentally confirmed a linear response over four orders of magnitude without any saturation of the OSL signal.It is worth mentioning here that the dose response could not be tested for doses above 20 Gy due to the upper limit capability of our X-ray source.For lower doses, below 3 mGy, we could not successfully measure the OSL signal.It is instructive to mention here that the latter fact does not necessarily mean that the AlN ceramic plate does not have sufficient sensitivity below 3 mGy, but it can be due to the sensitivity of our experimental readout setup.The measurement capability of small doses is especially important for personnel dosimetry or medical imaging applications, while a dosimeter capable of large doses may find some applications such as radiation therapy [23][24][25][26].Figure 4 (right) demonstrates an X-ray image taken on some electronic components using the SHAPAL ® AlN ceramic plate.In the image, some electrodes and wiring hidden in the epoxy encapsulations are clearly observed.Although the setup is not fully optimized for high resolution imaging, our demonstration has shown that the legs of the bipolar transistor (the second part from the right-hand side in the image), which has the width of 0.5 mm, are well resolved, and it indicates the spatial resolution is at least equivalent or better than 0.5 mm.In addition, the uniformity of the image was tested with an image of a uniformly irradiated sample.The standard deviation was calculated to be 23.90 counts.This low value is mainly because of insufficient sensitivity of the CCD camera in the present measurement.A technique such as a flying-spot reader [5] should improve the signal-to-noise ratio since a photomultiplier tube has much better sensitivity to UV light.Overall, we think that the AlN ceramic plate has good potential to be used as an imaging plate for X-ray imaging applications.

Conclusions
In this research, we have discovered that an AlN ceramic plate (SHAPAL ® , Tokuyama Co, Yamaguchi, Japan) shows OSL, and we have investigated the OSL properties.The AlN ceramic plate is, in fact, designed and manufactured for heat sink applications; however, it has good potential to be used as an OSL storage phosphor for one-and two-dimensional dosimetry applications.By X-ray irradiation, the AlN ceramic plate turns in from a grey to yellowish color due to an X-ray-induced absorbance band appearing in the UV-blue range.With optical stimulation, an OSL emission can be observed in the UV region around 360 nm with a broad spectral feature.The OSL signal can be stimulated by light over a wide range of the spectrum from 400 to over 700 nm, which is a distinct advantage.The OSL decay curve is a double-exponential, yielding two time constants (20 and 155 s).However, a transient increase behavior is observed in the OSL immediately after the stimulation is given until ~3 s, followed by the exponential decay.This observation suggests the presence of shallow trapping centers in addition to the main dosimetric traps.The OSL dose response in the AlN ceramic plate has been demonstrated over 3 mGy-10 Gy.A two-dimensional dosimetry has also been successfully demonstrated with an imaging capability.4 (right) demonstrates an X-ray image taken on some electronic components using the SHAPAL ® AlN ceramic plate.In the image, some electrodes and wiring hidden in the epoxy encapsulations are clearly observed.Although the setup is not fully optimized for high resolution imaging, our demonstration has shown that the legs of the bipolar transistor (the second part from the right-hand side in the image), which has the width of 0.5 mm, are well resolved, and it indicates the spatial resolution is at least equivalent or better than 0.5 mm.In addition, the uniformity of the image was tested with an image of a uniformly irradiated sample.The standard deviation was calculated to be 23.90 counts.This low value is mainly because of insufficient sensitivity of the CCD camera in the present measurement.A technique such as a flying-spot reader [5] should improve the signal-to-noise ratio since a photomultiplier tube has much better sensitivity to UV light.Overall, we think that the AlN ceramic plate has good potential to be used as an imaging plate for X-ray imaging applications.

Conclusions
In this research, we have discovered that an AlN ceramic plate (SHAPAL ® , Tokuyama Co, Yamaguchi, Japan) shows OSL, and we have investigated the OSL properties.The AlN ceramic plate is, in fact, designed and manufactured for heat sink applications; however, it has good potential to be used as an OSL storage phosphor for one-and two-dimensional dosimetry applications.By X-ray irradiation, the AlN ceramic plate turns in from a grey to yellowish color due to an X-ray-induced absorbance band appearing in the UV-blue range.With optical stimulation, an OSL emission can be observed in the UV region around 360 nm with a broad spectral feature.The OSL signal can be stimulated by light over a wide range of the spectrum from 400 to over 700 nm, which is a distinct advantage.The OSL decay curve is a double-exponential, yielding two time constants (20 and 155 s).However, a transient increase behavior is observed in the OSL immediately after the stimulation is given until ~3 s, followed by the exponential decay.This observation suggests the presence of shallow trapping centers in addition to the main dosimetric traps.The OSL dose response in the AlN ceramic plate has been demonstrated over 3 mGy-10 Gy.A two-dimensional dosimetry has also been successfully demonstrated with an imaging capability.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(left) AlN ceramic plate (SHAPAL ® ) manufactured by Tokuyama Corp. (right) X-rayinduced absorbance as a function of X-ray dose irradiated.The inset is the integrated absorbance signal vs. the corresponding dose.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(left) AlN ceramic plate (SHAPAL ® ) manufactured by Tokuyama Corp. (right) X-ray-induced absorbance as a function of X-ray dose irradiated.The inset is the integrated absorbance signal vs. the corresponding dose.

Figure 2 .
Figure2.OSL emission and stimulation spectra of AlN ceramic.These spectra were measured after the sample was irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays.The emission spectra were obtained by stimulation at 630 nm whereas the stimulation spectra were obtained by monitoring the emission at 360 nm.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. OSL decay curve.The OSL emission monitored is at 340 nm during a stimulation at 610 nm with a constant light intensity.The OSL curve can be approximated mainly by a sum of two exponential decay functions.The inset shows the OSL curve in a shorter time range 0-25 s after the stimulation started.

Figure 2 .
Figure2.OSL emission and stimulation spectra of AlN ceramic.These spectra were measured after the sample was irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays.The emission spectra were obtained by stimulation at 630 nm whereas the stimulation spectra were obtained by monitoring the emission at 360 nm.

Figure 2 .
Figure2.OSL emission and stimulation spectra of AlN ceramic.These spectra were measured after the sample was irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays.The emission spectra were obtained by stimulation at 630 nm whereas the stimulation spectra were obtained by monitoring the emission at 360 nm.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. OSL decay curve.The OSL emission monitored is at 340 nm during a stimulation at 610 nm with a constant light intensity.The OSL curve can be approximated mainly by a sum of two exponential decay functions.The inset shows the OSL curve in a shorter time range 0-25 s after the stimulation started.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. OSL decay curve.The OSL emission monitored is at 340 nm during a stimulation at 610 nm with a constant light intensity.The OSL curve can be approximated mainly by a sum of two exponential decay functions.The inset shows the OSL curve in a shorter time range 0-25 s after the stimulation started.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Experimental demonstrations of SHAPAL ® AlN ceramic plate for use as an OSL dosimeter.(left) Dose response curve of OSL in an AlN ceramic plate.The stimulation light wavelength is 610 nm while the emission light is 340 nm; (right) X-ray image of some electronic components taken by OSL of AlN ceramic plate.The stimulation light used here is 630 nm ˘50 nm.The electronic components are (from left to right): logic gate, field effect transistor, bipolar transistor, and operational amplifier.

Figure
Figure4(right) demonstrates an X-ray image taken on some electronic components using the SHAPAL ® AlN ceramic plate.In the image, some electrodes and wiring hidden in the epoxy encapsulations are clearly observed.Although the setup is not fully optimized for high resolution imaging, our demonstration has shown that the legs of the bipolar transistor (the second part from the right-hand side in the image), which has the width of 0.5 mm, are well resolved, and it indicates the spatial resolution is at least equivalent or better than 0.5 mm.In addition, the uniformity of the image was tested with an image of a uniformly irradiated sample.The standard deviation was calculated to be 23.90 counts.This low value is mainly because of insufficient sensitivity of the CCD camera in the present measurement.A technique such as a flying-spot reader[5] should improve the signal-to-noise ratio since a photomultiplier tube has much better sensitivity to UV light.Overall, we think that the AlN ceramic plate has good potential to be used as an imaging plate for X-ray imaging applications.