Elasto-Plastic Stress Analysis in a Ductile Adhesive & Aluminum Adherends

Mustafa Akdag 1, Turan Batar 1, Fuat Okumus 1, Onur Sayman 1 and Volkan Arikan 2,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seyrek, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Gediz University, Izmir 35667, Turkey; mustafa.akdag@gediz.edu.tr (M.A.); turan.batar@gediz.edu.tr (T.B.); fuat.okumus@gediz.edu.tr (F.O.); onur.sayman@gediz.edu.tr (O.S.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, İzmir 35390, Turkey * Correspondence: volkan.arikan@deu.edu.tr; Tel.: +90-232-301-92-59; Fax: +90-232-301-92-00


Introduction
One of the significant solutions for ductile adhesives in single lap and double lap joints is elasto-plastic stress analysis.When the external force is applied to the joints, the joint strength can be increase by residual stresses.
An adhesive-bonded double-lap joint has been studied by Hart-Smith [1].He carried-out an elasto-plastic solution on balanced double-lap joints.He found that the greatest shear stress components were occurring at the free ends of the adhesives.Goeij et al. [2] presented a review of research studies performed on composite joints under cyclic loading.Adhesive bonded single or double-lap joints were investigated in the papers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9].Elastic-plastic stress analysis was carried out in single-lap adhesively bonded joints by using analytic and finite element solutions [10,11].Malvade et al. [12] proposed a nonlinear simulation of mechanical behaviors of adhesively bonded joints by using the Drucker-Prager criterion for finding a close solution in experimental load displacement curves.Markolefas and Papathanassiou [13] evolve a shear-lap model for calculating the stress distributions in double lap joints under axial cyclic loading.In that study the adhesive layers satisfy the perfectly elastic plastic properties.Elastic-plastic stress analysis was derived from papers [14][15][16].
In this study, an analytical elasto-plastic solution is proposed for a double-lap joint.The solution is carried out in a ductile adhesive and a ductile aluminum adherend.The analytical solution is managed by the finite element analysis.A good agreement is received between them.In the solution, outer adherends are selected as aluminum alloy and a middle adherend is chosen as a soft ductile aluminum.As a result of this, the middle adherend yields the plastic deformation.In addition, the shear stress in the adhesive is compared for ductile and brittle adhesives.

Mathematical Solution
In this study, elasto-plastic solutions of the shear stresses in the adhesive and the normal stresses in the adherend were carried out analytically and numerically, as shown in Figure 1.In the solution, some basic assumptions have been proposed: The static equilibrium of infinite small elements produces the relations shown in Figure 2. T o `dT 0 dx ∆x ´To `τ∆x " 0 (1) The second element yields, where T o ^Ti are the longitudinal stresses per unit width in the outer and middle adherends, respectively.ε xy is written as shown in Figure 2.
The strain increment of ε xy can be written in the differential form as, where η is the thickness and G a is the shear modulus of the adhesive.dε p xy can be determined from the equivalent plastic strain formula as in Mendelson [17]: by using the Ludwick equation, for a bilinear case, or dσ " K a dε p (10) where K a is the plastic constant of the adhesive.dτ can be calculated using the von Mises criterion: The plastic strain increment is written as: and Equation ( 7) can be written as: or In this study, it is assumed that only the middle adherend undergoes plastic deformation.Equation ( 16) can be written as: where or where T i and E i are the thickness and the modulus of elasticity of the middle adherend, respectively.After integration, If the integration constant C is obtained from the initial case as, C = 0, then where σ 0 is the yield strength of the middle adherend, or σ o " T i p0q t i , which is the stress at the yield point.
Placing this in Equation ( 17), it becomes where T o and E o are the thickness and the modulus of the elasticity of the outer adherends, respectively.
Placing this in Equation ( 21), it becomes where the governing equation becomes: The solution of the above equation is: The boundary conditions are as follows: The solution of Equation ( 22) under the boundary conditions is and the shear stress in the adhesive is obtained as

Results & Discussion
In this investigation an analytical solution was carried out in a double-lap joint with a ductile adhesive.The adherends were chosen as different aluminum plates.The middle adherend (T i ) was subjected to plastic deformation; however, the outer adherends (T o ) were elastic.In Figure 3, the displacement of the Y axis, which is denoted as u Y , is equal to zero in the middle of the adherend.In addition, the displacement of the X axis, which is denoted as u X , is equal to zero in the outer adherend.These displacement values were chosen for satisfying the boundary conditions.The mechanical properties of DP460 are given in Table 1.In general, the ductile adhesive increases the failure strength of the joints.In this solution, n is taken to be 1 to get a bilinear solution.The mechanical properties of the adherends are given in Table 2 for the elastic and plastic aluminum plates, respectively.Work hardening exponent "n" was determined from the Ludwick-Hollomon equation ´σ " σ 0 `Kε n p ¯by using stress-strain diagrams obtained from a series of experimental tensile tests.The outer adherend material is an aluminum alloy.The yield point of the adherend is very high in comparison with the middle adherend.
The solution was performed for L = 25 mm, η = 0.14 mm, t o = 1.8 mm, t i = 3.6 mm, and also for t o = 1.6 mm, t i = 3.2 mm.
The analytical and numerical solutions were performed for P = 216 N/mm.The width of the adherends and adhesive were selected as 20 mm.A finite element solution was performed by ANSYS 12 software.The solid four-node plane 182 element was used in the solution.In this solution 5500 (for t 0 = 1.6) and 6275 (for t 0 = 1.8) elements were used in the mesh of the model.In the ANSYS 12 modeling, the half figure was selected due to the symmetry of the double-lap joints.The ANSYS software solution is shown in Figure 4.The distribution of the stress component σ i at the lower surface of the middle adherend for t o " 1.6 mm is shown in Figure 5.As seen in this figure , σ i " T i t i decreases at points distant from the right free end.It is seen that both analytical and finite element solutions yield close results.The distribution of the stress component σ i at the lower surface of the middle adherend for t o " 1.8 mm is shown in Figure 7.As seen in this figure, σ i " T i t i decreases at points distant from the right free end.It is seen that through the lower surface, both analytical and finite element methods yield close results.The intensity of σ i was found to be about 112 MPa at the right free end whereas it vanishes at the left free end.The distribution of the σ o " T o t o at the upper adherend for t o " 1.8 mm is shown in Figure 8.It is seen that the largest value occurs at the left free end.The distribution of the shear stress for t i " 3.2 mm through the adhesive is shown in Figure 9.As seen in this figure, close results obtained for the finite element and analytical methods.It has the largest values at the free ends.The distribution of the shear stress for t i " 3.6 mm through the adhesive is shown in Figure 10.It is seen that the shear stress component is the largest at the free ends.Both methods yield similar diagrams.As seen in all of the figures, the analytical solution for the one-dimensional case and the FEM solution for the two-dimensional cases produced close results.In addition, the brittle adhesive Loctite was employed in the joint.The brittle and ductile adhesives were compared.The mechanical properties of the brittle adhesive are close to those of the ductile adhesive given in Table 3.The distribution of the shear stress for t o " 1.6 mm and for t i " 3.2 mm through the adhesive is shown in Figure 11.As seen in this figure, the shear stress increases at the free ends for the brittle adhesive.High stress can cause early damage in the joint, under loading.The distribution of the shear stress for t o " 1.8 mm and for t i " 3.6 mm through the adhesive is shown in Figure 12.The shear stress increases at the free ends for both brittle and ductile adhesives, as expected, but, as seen in the figure, the joint bonded with brittle adhesive has a sharp increase in the shear stress.In this investigation, it is observed that a ductile adhesive is more convenient than a brittle adhesive in the design of adhesive joints.

Conclusions
In this study, an elasto-plastic solution was proposed for the ductile adhesive and for the ductile aluminum middle adherend.Solutions are presented for t o = 1.6 or 1.8 mm, and t i = 3.2 and 3.6 mm.Stress components decreased, especially in large plastic deformations.The highest stress components were obtained at the free ends of the adherends.Comparing the brittle and ductile adhesives, this study showed that the shear stress dramatically increased towards the free ends, but for the brittle adhesive this increment was very sharp.This study also showed that using a ductile adhesive can reduce early failure damage in many applications.
Since the analytical solution was performed for the one-dimensional case, a FEM solution was carried out for the two-dimensional case, which is why a small difference appears between them.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Schematic view of the double-lap joint.
(a) Shear stress does not vary through the thickness; (b) Longitudinal stresses in the adherend do not vary through the thickness; (c) The normal stresses along the adhesive are neglected.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The free body diagram of double-lap joint.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Schematic view of the half of double lap joint.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Stress distribution in the X direction in ANSYS; (b) stress distribution in the Y direction in ANSYS; (c) shear stress distribution on the XY plane in ANSYS.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The distribution of σ i along the middle adherend for t o = 1.6 mm and t i = 3.2 mm.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The distribution of σ o along the upper adherend for t o = 1.6 mm and t i = 3.2 mm.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The distribution of σ i along the middle adherend for t o = 1.8 mm and t i = 3.6 mm.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The distribution of σ o along the upper adherend for t 0 = 1.8 mm and t i = 3.6 mm.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The distribution of shear stress along the adhesive for t 0 = 1.6 mm and t i = 3.2 mm.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The distribution of shear stress along the adhesive for t 0 = 1.8 mm and t i = 3.6 mm.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.The distribution of shear stress along the ductile and brittle adhesive for t 0 = 1.6 mm and t i = 3.2 mm.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.The distribution of shear stress along the ductile and brittle adhesive for t 0 = 1.8 mm and t i = 3.6 mm.

Table 1 .
Mechanical properties of the ductile adhesive.

Table 2 .
Mechanical properties of the adherend.

Table 3 .
Mechanical properties of the brittle adhesive.