Computational Investigation of the Combined Impact of Nonlinear Radiation and Magnetic Field on Three-Dimensional Rotational Nanoﬂuid Flow across a Stretchy Surface

: This comparative study inspects the MHD three-dimensional revolving ﬂow and temperature transmission of a radiative stretching surface. The ﬂow of nanoﬂuid is modeled using the Tiwari and Das model. Water is the base ﬂuid, and the nanoparticles are composed of two different types of nanoparticle, i.e., gold and silver (Au and Ag). The non-radiative heat ﬂow notion is examined in a temperature ﬁeld that results in a nonlinear energy equation. Conformist transformations are used to generate a self-similar arrangement of the leading differential system. The resulting system has an intriguing temperature ratio constraint, which shows whether the ﬂow has a little or signiﬁ-cant temperature differential. By using a powerful mathematical technique, numerical results are obtained. The solutions are inﬂuenced by both stretching and rotation. The difference in velocity constituents with the elements’ volume fraction is non-monotonic. Results for the rotating nanoﬂuid ﬂow and heat transfer properties for both types of nanoparticles are highlighted with graphs. The impact of physical concentrations, such as heat ﬂux rates and skin friction constants, are examined at the linear extending surface and clariﬁed graphically. Ag -water nanoﬂuid has a high-temperature transfer constant compared to Au -water nanoﬂuid. The velocity proﬁle was also discovered to have a parabolic distribution shape.


Introduction
Problems associated with pouring in a spinning setting occur in many fields, such as engineering and geophysics. The movement of volcanic emissions near the Earth's crust's mantle, as well as its rotation, is a prominent geophysical application. The engineering applications of pouring in a spinning setting occur in a large range of chemical industries, the processing of food, centrifugal filtration processes, the design of the multi-pore supplier in the gas-solid liquidized bed, rotating machinery, and in manufacturing processes. Wang [1]. Conducted innovative research on three-dimensional revolving viscid flow, created by a widening surface. First, the problem was addressed with a constraint that denotes the ratio of the revolution to the surface broadening rate. Then, by using a regular perturbation approach, he found a series of solutions. He concluded that the velocity of fluid decays as the parameter increases. Rajeswari and Nath [2], and Nazar et al. [3] furthered Wang's efforts concerning unstable flow problems. Their outcomes specify a seamless alteration from the initial unstable flow to the end smooth state flow. Vajravelu and Kumar [4] conducted a noteworthy exploration of the arithmetical and consistent clarifications of a nonlinear scheme caused by a three-dimensional rotational flow. Hayat et al. [5] provided the homotopic solution of succeeding-grade non-Newtonian rotating flow. They found that velocity has a direct relationship with material parameters. Zaimi et al. [6] and Hayat et al. [7] calculated the rotating flow of viscid fluid and proved that frontier layer viscosity is an accumulative function of the viscid fluid parameter. Entropy generation in steady fluid, due to a rotating disk, was investigated by Rashidi et al. [8].
The poor temperature conductivity of traditional coolants such as water, crude oil, and mineral oil limits their ability to cool heat transfer devices. As it is widely known, metals have a relatively high heat conductivity as compared to liquids. Thus, scattering nanometersized metallic particles in liquids is one of the most effective ways to improve heat transfer performance. Choi and Eastman [9] conceived the concept of nanofluid. During the last few decades, nanofluid convective heat transfer has been a popular research topic [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Turkyilmazoglu [16] studied the different types of water-based nanofluids. He used the spectral Chebyshev collocation technique to represent numerical results.
Magnetic nanofluids are colloidal solutions of magnetizable nanoparticles with fluid, magnetic, and thermal characteristics. They are beneficial in a variety of applications. High-temperature plasmas, nuclear reactor cooling, MHD accelerators, power-generating systems, and liquid-metal fluids are the major industrial and geothermal uses of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. Cobalt, magnetite, hematite, and other iron-based nanoparticles can be found in them. Such types of nanoparticles can be used for MRI, hyperthermia, and magnetic cell separation. Sheikholeslami and Ganji [17] considered ferroand magnetohydrodynamic fluid. They estimated the electrical and thermal conductivity using Maxwell's model. Moraveji and Hejazian [18] considered the natural convection of magnetite-water nanofluid via a rectangular container. Aydin and Kaya [19] examined mixed convection MHD flow over an inclined plate. They found that increasing the angle of inclination is a decreasing function of skin friction and heat flux. Ellahi [20] provided the analytical solutions of MHD non-Newtonian nanofluids passing through a pipe by considering the temperature-dependent viscosity. Sheikholeslami et al. [21] presented the numerical outcomes of nanofluid flow and temperature transmission in the presence of a magnetic field. Takhar and Nath [22] conducted a statistical study of MHD spinning flow above an unsteady enlarging pane. The combined impact of slip circumstances and Joule heating on the MHD peristaltic flows of a hyperbolic curvature nanofluid in a tending planar channel was investigated by Hayat et al. [23]. Rizwana et al. [24] studied the MHD oblique immobility point flow of a nanofluid. Ahmed et al. [25] described the carbon nanotube magneto-hydrodynamics of nanofluid flow on a stretching surface. Hybrid nanofluid entropy generation and temperature-dependent viscosity were discussed by Ahmad et al. [26]. Shahid et al. [27] conducted a numerical examination of stimulation energy on MHD nanofluid flow. Bahireal et al. [28] examined a manganese-zinc ferrite water nanofluid under a nonuniform magnetic field. Recently, many researchers have determined the effects of heat transfer and magnetism on nanofluids [29][30][31]. Mahian et al. [32] contributed to this research area by reviewing recent advances in the modeling of nanofluid flow in three dimensions for single-phase and two-phase nanofluids. Waqas et al. [33] examined the MHD flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a spinning disc with nonlinear thermal radiation and found favorable agreement in their results. Yasin et al. [34] investigated the impact of several factors on the 2D MHD frontier layer movement of an electoral conducting fluid above a stretchy surface, including the heat sink and suction parameter.
Thermal radiation has a critical part of a variety of industrial uses, including glass manufacturing and heating system design, as well as cosmos technology uses such as aeronautical aerodynamic rockets. In recent years, some research on nonlinear radiative heat transport has been published [35][36][37]. Imtiaz et al. [38] considered radiation effects on the movement of carbon nanotubes amongst stretchy rotational disks. Over a nonlinear stretched sheet, Cortell [39] investigated the properties of viscous degeneration and heat Processes 2021, 9, 1453 3 of 15 radiation. In the presence of thermal radiation from a nanofluid, Hady et al. [40] examined the impact of heat transmission across a nonlinear expanding sheet. Hussain et al. [41] examined the Carreau-Yasuda temperature convention near a stagnation point. Benos et al. [42] conducted analytical research in the presence of radiation, the Lorentz force, the Navier slip boundary condition, and the heat source. Alsani et al. [43] deliberated the joint effects of the inclined applied magnetic field, the permeable enlarging surface, mass transportation, and radiative warming on micropolar flow. Hussain et al. [44] discussed the MHD for viscid nanofluid with radiative effects. Mousavi et al. [45] presented a dual solution for Casson hybrid nanofluid flow above a widening surface. Mikhailenko et al. [46,47] computationally examined the convective nanofluid circulation and heat transmission within a rotating square chamber with a local isothermal element using a wide range of Rayleigh numbers, nanoparticle concentrations, and Taylor numbers. Mustafa et al. [48] considered boundary layer flow with the existence of nonlinear radiative temperature transmission. They concluded that the heat and temperature frontier layer width increase as the thermophoretic effects and Brownian motion intensify.
To the best of our knowledge, no one has ever described the rotating flow of a nanofluid generated by a broadening surface. Therefore, this comparative study addresses this gap in the current research. Interesting aspects of nonlinear radiative heat transmission for Ag-and Au-water-based nanofluid are also discussed. This research enables the reader to investigate the issue of both large and small temperature variations between the enlarging surface and the fluid. The leading nonlinear differential coordination is dealt with by using the powerful bvp4c technique. The Tiwari and Das [49] model is employed to discuss the problem. The effects of different constraints on velocity and temperature are emphasized. The impact of the surface radiative parameter Rd, the magnetic parameter M, and the rotation parameter λ on temperature, velocity, and skin friction coefficients are calculated, visually confirmed, and discussed for Ag0 and Au-water-based nanofluids.

Materials and Methods
Consider the rotating flow of Ag-water and Au-water ferrofluid that is generated by a radiative surface parallel to the xy plane. The surface is stretched uniformly in the x direction at constant rate a. The temperature beyond the thermal boundary layer is T ∞ , whereas T w denotes the temperature on the surface of the sheet. Geometry of the problem is shown in Figure 1. The Tiwari and Das model [49] equations symbolizing the preservation of mass, energy, and momentum are expressed as: Processes 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 15 With the following boundary conditions: where is the component, is the component, and is the component of angular velocity Ω; is the fluid's dynamic viscosity; is the density of the nanofluid; is the thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid; is the nanofluid's temperature; is the wall temperature; is the ambient fluid temperature; ( ) is the volumetric heat capacity of the nanofluid; ( ) is the volumetric heat capability of the base fluid; ( ) is the volumetric heat capacity of the solid nanoparticles; and is a consistent magnetic field applied normally to the sheet. = − * * is the Rosseland radiative temperature fluidity, where * is the Stefan-Boltzmann coefficient and * is the mean immersion coefficient. As shown below, all these are connected to the particle volume fraction of the nanoparticles [50].
Furthermore, Maxwell [51] describes the electrical conductivity of nanofluid as: The volume fraction of the nanoparticles is denoted by in Equations (6)-(10), and subscripts and refer to solid and fluid, respectively. Table 1 shows the thermophysical characteristics of the base fluid and solid nanoparticles. With the following boundary conditions: where u is the x component, v is the y component, and w is z the component of angular velocity Ω; µ n f is the fluid's dynamic viscosity; ρ n f is the density of the nanofluid; α n f is the thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid; T is the nanofluid's temperature; T w is the wall temperature; T ∞ is the ambient fluid temperature; ρC p n f is the volumetric heat capacity of the nanofluid; ρC p f is the volumetric heat capability of the base fluid; ρC p s is the volumetric heat capacity of the solid nanoparticles; and B 0 is a consistent magnetic field applied normally to the sheet.
is the Rosseland radiative temperature fluidity, where σ * is the Stefan-Boltzmann coefficient and k * is the mean immersion coefficient. As shown below, all these are connected to the particle volume fraction ϕ of the nanoparticles [50].
Furthermore, Maxwell [51] describes the electrical conductivity of nanofluid σ n f as: The volume fraction of the nanoparticles is denoted by ϕ in Equations (6)-(10), and subscripts s and f refer to solid and fluid, respectively. Table 1 shows the thermophysical characteristics of the base fluid and solid nanoparticles. In the following equations, we seek a similarity solution [6] for Equations (1)- (4), The steadiness Equation (1) is identically satisfied in the preceding equations, whereas Equations (1)-(5) become: with conditions as follows: represents the Prandtl number of base fluid, Rd = 16σ * T ∞ 3 3k * k f is the radiation constraint, M = σB o 2 ρ f Ω is the magnetic field constraint, λ = Ω a is the proportion of rotation to the enlarging surface rate, and θ w is the temperature ratio parameter [52].
The skin friction coefficients C f x and C f y , and Nusselt number Nu x are of physical relevance, and are defined as follows: The wall shear stress is supplied by τ wx = τ zx | z=0 and τ wy = τ zy z=0 , and q w is the wall temperature flux given by: where The rotational flow and temperature transmission of Ag-water and Au-water ferrofluid, generated by a linear enlarging surface, were investigated in this research using the Tiwari and Das model [49]. The numerical results of Equations (12)- (14), under the conditions of Equation (15), were calculated in MATLAB using the bvp4c method. The volume portion was assumed to be in the range of 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.2 in all findings (as above from 0.2 is not feasible due to aggregation), and the Prandtl number used for water was Processes 2021, 9, 1453 6 of 15 Pr = 6.2. We associated pure base fluid using Wang's [1] and Nazar et al.'s [3] studies and found an extremely high agreement with them (Table 2).

Results and Discussion
A numerical calculation for steady three-dimensional flow was executed to analyze the outcomes of the current problem. The numerical values of the local Nusselt number Nu x (Re x ) −1/2 for some values of the parameters are computed in Tables 3 and 4. The magnitude of Nu x (Re x ) −1/2 decays severely with the volume fraction ϕ when a large wall-to-ambient temperature ratio is considered. When the magnetic parameter M value rises, the Lorentz force acts perpendicularly on the surface, resulting in the decay in the Nusselt number in the absence of radiation, and it grows when radiation exists. Similar behavior can be noted from the tables for rotation parameters. As rotation rises, the Nusselt number decreases for the absence and increases for the existence of radiation. Moreover, Nu x (Re x ) −1/2 has an inverse and nonlinear relation with the radiation parameter Rd. This outcome is true for both linear and nonlinear cases and holds in linear and nonlinear situations. The impact of the magnetic field constraint M on the dimensionless x component and y component of velocity is shown in Figures 2 and 3. The function g(η) has a parabolic profile with a negative value, indicating flow in the negative y direction. The flow loses speed in both the x and y directions as M increases. In both types of nanofluid, the existence of magnetic field M limits fluid mobility, resulting in a smaller boundary layer and increased magnetic field intensity. The impact of the magnetic field constraint on the dimensionless component and component of velocity is shown in Figures 2 and 3. The function ( ) has a parabolic profile with a negative value, indicating flow in the negative direction. The flow loses speed in both the x and y directions as increases. In both types of nanofluid, the existence of magnetic field limits fluid mobility, resulting in a smaller boundary layer and increased magnetic field intensity.  The influence of ratio on the and components of velocity is shown in Figures  4 and 5. When compared to the rotation rate, a larger value of implies lesser stretching rates (along the x axis). As a result, when increases, the component of velocity ′( )  The impact of the magnetic field constraint on the dimensionless component and component of velocity is shown in Figures 2 and 3. The function ( ) has a parabolic profile with a negative value, indicating flow in the negative direction. The flow loses speed in both the x and y directions as increases. In both types of nanofluid, the existence of magnetic field limits fluid mobility, resulting in a smaller boundary layer and increased magnetic field intensity.  The influence of ratio on the and components of velocity is shown in Figures  4 and 5. When compared to the rotation rate, a larger value of implies lesser stretching rates (along the x axis). As a result, when increases, the component of velocity ′( ) The influence of ratio λ on the x and y components of velocity is shown in Figures 4 and 5. When compared to the rotation rate, a larger value of λ implies lesser   increases because a transverse magnetic field has a propensity to produce a Lorentz force, which opposes transference. For both types of nanofluid, this results in a decrease in flow speed and an increase in surface shear stress. Figure 8 depicts the effect of volume fraction on the temperature. Due to the consideration of a large , the high viscous force creates a thicker thermal barrier, as predicted. This can also be noted as the wall temperature gradient increases.   increases because a transverse magnetic field has a propensity to produce a Lorentz force, which opposes transference. For both types of nanofluid, this results in a decrease in flow speed and an increase in surface shear stress. Figure 8 depicts the effect of volume fraction on the temperature. Due to the consideration of a large , the high viscous force creates a thicker thermal barrier, as predicted. This can also be noted as the wall temperature gradient increases. 1/2 C f x and Re x 1/2 C f y are negative. The magnitudes of Re x 1/2 C f x and Re x 1/2 C f y diminish as M increases because a transverse magnetic field has a propensity to produce a Lorentz force, which opposes transference. For both types of nanofluid, this results in a decrease in flow speed and an increase in surface shear stress. Figure 8 depicts the effect of volume fraction ϕ on the temperature. Due to the consideration of a large ϕ, the high viscous force creates a thicker thermal barrier, as predicted. This can also be noted as the wall temperature gradient increases.     The effect of the magnetic field M on temperature θ is shown in Figure 9. The temperature rises due to the resistance linked with the Lorentz force caused by the applied magnetic field. As a result, as M increases, the temperature increases and the thermal boundary layer thickens. On a thermal boundary layer, the behavior of ratio λ is qualitatively comparable to that of M ( Figure 10). When it changes, however, the consequences are more noticeable.
The effect of the magnetic field M on temperature is shown in Figure 9. The temperature rises due to the resistance linked with the Lorentz force caused by the applied magnetic field. As a result, as increases, the temperature increases and the thermal boundary layer thickens. On a thermal boundary layer, the behavior of ratio is qualitatively comparable to that of M ( Figure 10). When it changes, however, the consequences are more noticeable.   Figure 11 depicts the temperature profile for different values of the temperature ratio parameter . When increases, unlike the linear radiation scenario, the profile changes from a regular form to an S-shaped thicker profile. The thermal diffusivity ( ) is a function of temperature and controls the enlarging of the thermal boundary layer. Because the sheet is warmer than the fluid, is higher adjacent to the sheet than at the fluid layer. As a result, increasing the wall-to-ambient temperature ratio parameter tends to lower the temperature gradient at the surface, resulting in the inflection point. When is sufficient enough, the concavity of temperature functionality changes in [0, 1). In the case of linear radiation heat transmission, however, the concavity has been retained. As becomes greater, the temperature gradient between the wall and the environment increases, resulting in a thicker thermal frontier layer. These findings are consistent with those in the literature. The effect of the magnetic field M on temperature is shown in Figure 9. The temperature rises due to the resistance linked with the Lorentz force caused by the applied magnetic field. As a result, as increases, the temperature increases and the thermal boundary layer thickens. On a thermal boundary layer, the behavior of ratio is qualitatively comparable to that of M ( Figure 10). When it changes, however, the consequences are more noticeable.   Figure 11 depicts the temperature profile for different values of the temperature ratio parameter . When increases, unlike the linear radiation scenario, the profile changes from a regular form to an S-shaped thicker profile. The thermal diffusivity ( ) is a function of temperature and controls the enlarging of the thermal boundary layer. Because the sheet is warmer than the fluid, is higher adjacent to the sheet than at the fluid layer. As a result, increasing the wall-to-ambient temperature ratio parameter tends to lower the temperature gradient at the surface, resulting in the inflection point. When is sufficient enough, the concavity of temperature functionality changes in [0, 1). In the case of linear radiation heat transmission, however, the concavity has been retained. As becomes greater, the temperature gradient between the wall and the environment increases, resulting in a thicker thermal frontier layer. These findings are consistent with those in the literature.  Figure 11 depicts the temperature profile for different values of the temperature ratio parameter θ w . When θ w increases, unlike the linear radiation scenario, the profile changes from a regular form to an S-shaped thicker profile. The thermal diffusivity (α e f f ) is a function of temperature and controls the enlarging of the thermal boundary layer. Because the sheet is warmer than the fluid, α e f f is higher adjacent to the sheet than at the fluid layer. As a result, increasing the wall-to-ambient temperature ratio parameter θ w tends to lower the temperature gradient at the surface, resulting in the inflection point. When θ w is sufficient enough, the concavity of temperature functionality changes in [0, 1). In the case of linear radiation heat transmission, however, the concavity has been retained. As θ w becomes greater, the temperature gradient between the wall and the environment increases, resulting in a thicker thermal frontier layer. These findings are consistent with those in the literature. The effects of the radiation parameter are shown in Figures 12 and 13 for both linear and nonlinear radiative heat flows. When the radiation parameter increases in the linear radiation scenario, the temperature wall slope approaches a constant finite value. In the event of nonlinear radiation, this effect is not retained. When a larger radiation parameter is considered, the temperature seems to be higher. Furthermore, compared to linear radiation, temperature increases gradually with nonlinear radiation. We may deduce from Figure 12 that the outcomes of linear and nonlinear radiation are equal only when small and is near the unit. As the radiation parameter steadily raises, the variation between linear and nonlinear radiation grows.  The effects of the radiation parameter Rd are shown in Figures 12 and 13 for both linear and nonlinear radiative heat flows. When the radiation parameter Rd increases in the linear radiation scenario, the temperature wall slope approaches a constant finite value. In the event of nonlinear radiation, this effect is not retained. When a larger radiation parameter Rd is considered, the temperature θ seems to be higher. Furthermore, compared to linear radiation, temperature θ increases gradually with nonlinear radiation. We may deduce from Figure 12 that the outcomes of linear and nonlinear radiation are equal only when Rd small and θ w is near the unit. As the radiation parameter steadily raises, the variation between linear and nonlinear radiation grows. The effects of the radiation parameter are shown in Figures 12 and 13 for both linear and nonlinear radiative heat flows. When the radiation parameter increases in the linear radiation scenario, the temperature wall slope approaches a constant finite value. In the event of nonlinear radiation, this effect is not retained. When a larger radiation parameter is considered, the temperature seems to be higher. Furthermore, compared to linear radiation, temperature increases gradually with nonlinear radiation. We may deduce from Figure 12 that the outcomes of linear and nonlinear radiation are equal only when small and is near the unit. As the radiation parameter steadily raises, the variation between linear and nonlinear radiation grows.

Conclusions
In this study, we investigated the magnetic and radiative effects on three-dimensional rotating nanofluid flow. The Tiwari and Das [49] model was used to investigate the rotational flow and temperature transmission of -water and -water ferrofluids across a deformable surface. A numerical technique was used in MATLAB to solve the proposed nonlinear boundary value problem. The following are some of the most important findings of this study: 1. The local Nusselt number increases as magnetic field increases; 2. The y component of velocity is negative for both types of nanofluids, and the velocity distribution is parabolic; 3. The parameter has fundamentally different impacts on the and components of velocity; 4. The velocity distributions and both decay when a large magnetic field is applied;

Conclusions
In this study, we investigated the magnetic and radiative effects on three-dimensional rotating nanofluid flow. The Tiwari and Das [49] model was used to investigate the rotational flow and temperature transmission of -water and -water ferrofluids across a deformable surface. A numerical technique was used in MATLAB to solve the proposed nonlinear boundary value problem. The following are some of the most important findings of this study: 1. The local Nusselt number increases as magnetic field increases; 2. The y component of velocity is negative for both types of nanofluids, and the velocity distribution is parabolic; 3. The parameter has fundamentally different impacts on the and components of velocity; 4. The velocity distributions and both decay when a large magnetic field is applied;

Conclusions
In this study, we investigated the magnetic and radiative effects on three-dimensional rotating nanofluid flow. The Tiwari and Das [49] model was used to investigate the rotational flow and temperature transmission of Ag-water and Au-water ferrofluids across a deformable surface. A numerical technique was used in MATLAB to solve the proposed nonlinear boundary value problem. The following are some of the most important findings of this study: 1.
The local Nusselt number increases as magnetic field M increases; 2.
The y component of velocity is negative for both types of nanofluids, and the velocity distribution is parabolic; 3.
The parameter λ has fundamentally different impacts on the x and y components of velocity; 4.
The velocity distributions f and g both decay when a large magnetic field M is applied; 5.
The magnetic field and the volume fraction have inverse relationships with the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt numbers, respectively; 6.
The parameter λ enhances the local Nusselt number as it increases; 7.
Ag-water nanofluid has a high-temperature transfer constant compared to Au-water nanofluid.