Follow-Up of Liver Stiffness with Shear Wave Elastography in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients in Sustained Virological Response Augments Clinical Risk Assessment

: This study aimed to observe the effect of the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy on liver stiffness (LS) and serum We prospectively observed 35 patients with chronic hepatitis C infection and attained a sustained virological response (SVR) after antiviral therapy. Shear wave elastography (SWE) measurement was performed at the beginning of DAA treatment and at 48 weeks after the end of treatment (EOT48w). The METAVIR score and the score for varices needing treatment (VNT) were determined based on the LS values; the ﬁbrosis-4 (FIB4) score was calculated from laboratory tests. The baseline LS (mean ± standard deviation = 2.59 ± 0.89 m/s) decreased signiﬁcantly after successful DAA therapy (1.90 ± 0.50 m/s; p < 0.001). The METAVIR score showed signiﬁcant improvement at EOT48w (F0/1 = 9, F2 = 2, F3 = 10, F4 = 14) compared to the initial status (F0/1 = 2, F2 = 1, F3 = 7, F4 = 25; p < 0.028). The FIB4 score indicated less ﬁbrosis after therapy (2.04 ± 1.12) than at baseline (3.51 ± 2.24; p < 0.018). Meanwhile, the number of patients with a high-risk of VNT was signiﬁcantly less at EOT48w (4 vs. 15 at baseline; OR = 0.17 95% conﬁdence interval (CI) = 0.05–0.59, p < 0.007). SWE indicates a signiﬁcant resolution of liver ﬁbrosis when chronic hepatitis C patients are in SVR, coinciding with a lower risk of VNT.


Introduction
Hepatitis C infection (HCV) is a major cause of liver morbidity worldwide, with approximately 71 million chronically infected patients. Due to significant progress in the medical therapy of HCV, the World Health Organization (WHO) is aiming for the elimination of HCV infection as a public health threat by 2030, achieving a 90% drop in the incidence compared with 2015 [1]. Interferon (IFN) free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become the standard treatment of HCV hepatitis since 2014 when they were first approved for clinical use by the European Medical Agency [2]. The therapeutic efficiency of DAAs is significantly higher than previous IFN-based regimens, with an eradication rate as high as 90% in non-cirrhotic patients. The DAAs also have accelerated treatment protocols, usually 12 to 24 weeks, cause fewer side effects, and are associated with better patient compliance compared with IFN [3].
Assessment of liver fibrosis is of high importance prior to therapy. The diagnosis of advanced fibrosis (METAVIR stage F3) and cirrhosis (METAVIR stage F4) can alter Processes 2021, 9,753 2 of 13 the choice of a treatment regimen, the therapeutic response rate, and the post-treatment prognosis in affected patients [2,4]. International guidelines now recommend the treatment of all HCV-infected patients and emphasize that those with significant liver fibrosis or cirrhosis must be considered for treatment without delay. Patients with F3 and F4 stage fibrosis also require continued surveillance for HCC every six months, even after successful completion of therapy. Non-invasive methods are preferred over liver biopsy for initial assessment of liver fibrosis in this setting [5,6]. Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a universally accepted non-invasive technique for the staging of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C [7,8]. It measures the liver stiffness (LS) and can be completed in accession to routine ultrasound evaluation of liver morphology. SWE was thoroughly validated by multiple studies and was found to have very good accuracy and reproducibility for the diagnosis of clinically significant fibrosis (METAVIR stage ≥ F2) and cirrhosis (F4) [9,10]. In addition, SWE does not need specific instrumentation, as this application is commonly available on most newly developed ultrasound scanners, which significantly contributed to the wide-scale acceptance of the technique.
International guidelines universally recommend non-invasive methods for the initial assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. However, we have only limited experience applying elastography for patient follow-up after completing the antiviral treatment [11]. Previous studies mostly used transient elastography (TE) to detect changes in the fibrosis stage in response to INF-based regimens [12,13]. These reports indicated a more substantial decrease in LS of patients with a sustained virological response (SVR) compared to relapsers or non-responders. The short-term improvement in the LS observed at 12 and 24 weeks after the end-of-treatment (EOT) was attributed to the decline in the inflammatory reaction after clearing the HCV infection. Meanwhile, an improved hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and the resolution of the fibrotic changes on liver biopsy were also reported during long-term follow-up of patients with SVR [14]. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, a technique similar to SWE, was used for the follow-up of DAA-treated patients in only a handful of studies, which found significant regression in the fibrosis stage in SVR [15].
There is very little information on the post-treatment follow-up of patients with SWE who have a high-risk of cirrhosis-associated complications. Currently, patients diagnosed pre-treatment with F3 or F4 stage fibrosis need life-long ultrasound surveillance for HCC; however, it is unclear how long the higher risk of HCC persists in SVR and after SWE detects a decrease in fibrosis [16]. Clinically significant HVPG and esophageal varices (EV) are severe complications in compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and are also associated with poor disease outcomes [17]. Elastography techniques are able to identify patients with varices needing treatment (VNT) by exposing highly elevated LS values in severe portal hypertension. Consequently, the Baveno VI consensus proposed the assessment of LS and platelet count in its criteria for non-invasive screening for VNTs [18]. Currently, there is limited information available on the risk of VNT after successful antiviral therapy in hepatitis C patients.
The aim of our study was to detect changes in the LS with SWE in chronic hepatitis C patients after treatment with new antiviral protocols. We also aimed to show that SWE can re-evaluate risk factors of cirrhosis-associated complications in SVR.

Patient Population
The present study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of our university (SE-TUKEB 163/2017), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, revised in 2000 in Edinburgh. We prospectively enrolled 35 patients who were diagnosed with chronic HCV infection and who attained SVR after treatment with DAA agents (n = 32) or interferonbased treatment (n = 3) between October 2016 and January 2020. The inclusion criteria were the follows: patients had to be older than 18 years, the HCV infection had to be proved with anti-HCV antibody positivity and HCV RNA positivity by PCR test for at least 6 months prior to the beginning of the antiviral treatment, and the patient had to consent to antiviral therapy and have attained sustained viral response after antiviral therapy. Patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, known congestive heart failure, unsuccessful shear wave elastography measurements, or mixed etiology liver disease were excluded from the study. BMI > 30 kg/m 2 , pregnancy, and breastfeeding were also exclusion criteria. The final patient cohort included 19 males and 16 females with a median age of 61 years (interquartile range: 59-65.5 years). All patients underwent a baseline ultrasound scan, which included a liver stiffness measurement with shear wave elastography (SWE) before starting the antiviral treatment. The SWE was repeated in an average of 48 weeks after the end of the antiviral treatment (EOT48w). The patients received the following antiviral combinations: sofosbuvir (SOF)/ledipasvir (n = 5), SOF/ledipasvir/ribavirin (RBV) (n = 10), ombitasvir /paritaprevir /ritonavir/dasabuvir (n = 15), glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (n = 1), SOF/simeprevir (n = 1), peginterferon alpha-2a (PegIFN)/RBV (n = 2), and PegIFN/RBV/boceprevir (n = 1). The treatment duration was 12 weeks in 21 patients, 24 weeks in 11 patients, and 48 weeks in 3 patients.

Liver Stiffness Measurements with Shear Wave Elastography
A Samsung RS80 Prestige or an RS85A ultrasound scanner (Samsung Medison, Hongcheon, Korea) equipped with the CA1-7A convex probe was used for the liver ultrasound scans. All SWE measurements were performed with the S-Shearwave TM application following the recommended protocol of the manufacturer. The median LS of at least five measurements was reported in m/s units, and it was converted to kilopascal (kPa) to determine the risk of clinically significant hypertension (>20 kPa). Only measurements with a reliable measure index (RMI) ≥ 0.4 were considered acceptable. The SWE was technically successful if we were able to collect at least five reliable LS values, and the interquartile range (IQR) of the individual measurements was <30% of the median (Figures 1 and 2). The METAVIR score of liver fibrosis was determined for each patient both before and after the antiviral treatment based on the result of the SWE. The following cutoff values were used: F0/1 < 1.46 m/s, F2 ≥ 1.46 m/s, F3 ≥ 1.63 m/s, F4 ≥ 1.95 m/s, as was described previously [10]. The amount of ascites, if present, was also reported based on the ultrasound scan.

Collection of Laboratory Tests and Clinical Data
Serum creatinine (CRE), sodium (Na), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBILL), albumin (ALB) levels, platelet count (PLT), and international normalization ratio (INR) were collected from electronic medical records of the patients at baseline and at the time of the post-treatment SWE. HCV RNA in the serum was detected with an AmpliPrep/COBAS, TaqMan version 2 assay (Roche, Pleasanton, CA, USA). SVR was defined as undetectable HCV RNA at both 24 and 48 weeks after treatment. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scores and the Fibrosis-4 score for liver scarring (FIB4) were calculated from laboratory parameters with the MDCalc online tool (www.mdcalc.com, accessed on 12th March 2021). Following the recommendations of the Baveno VI guidelines, the patients were also divided into low-risk and high-risk (PLT < 150 G/L, LS > 20 kPa) groups of esophageal VNT [17] (Figure 3).

Collection of Laboratory Tests and Clinical Data
Serum creatinine (CRE), sodium (Na), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBILL), albumin (ALB) levels, platelet count (PLT), and international normalization ratio (INR) were collected from electronic medical records of the patients at baseline and at the time of the TaqMan version 2 assay (Roche, Pleasanton, CA, USA). SVR was defined as undetectable HCV RNA at both 24 and 48 weeks after treatment. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scores and the Fibrosis-4 score for liver scarring (FIB4) were calculated from laboratory parameters with the MDCalc online tool (www.mdcalc.com, Accessed: 12 th March 2021). Following the recommendations of the Baveno VI guidelines, the patients were also divided into low-risk and high-risk (PLT < 150 G/L, LS > 20 kPa) groups of esophageal VNT [17] (Figure 3).    Table 1). The number of cirrhotic cases (F4) was also significantly lower (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.09-0.72, p < 0.016) at EOT48w. The average decrease in LS was greater (p < 0.028) in cirrhotic cases (F4, Δ-LS = −0.87 ± 0.79 m/s) than in non-cirrhotic cases (F0/1, ΔLS = −0.26 ± 0.37). The LS improved in 31 out of 35 patients in SVR, and it slightly increased in only four cases, including two cirrhotic and two F2 grade fibrosis patients ( Figure 5).  . The flowchart shows the design of our prospective study. We prospectively enrolled 35 patients who were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and who attained sustained virological response after treatment with DAA agents or interferon-based treatment. The METAVIR score of liver fibrosis was determined for each patient both before and after the antiviral treatment based on the result of the shear wave elastography measurement. The FIB4 score, the number of patients with varices needing treatment, the Child-Turcotte-Pugh class, and the MELD-score were calculated from laboratory tests as it was described previously [17,[19][20][21]. HCV: hepatitis C virus; DAA: direct-acting antiviral therapy; EOT48w: 48 weeks after successful antiviral treatment; VNT: varices needing treatment; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; FIB4-score: fibrosis-4 score; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; AFP: alpha-fetoprotein; US: ultrasound.

Statistical Analysis
The paired Student's t-test was used to compare pre-and post-treatment LS values and laboratory parameters. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the distributions of categorical variables such as cirrhosis stage and VNT risk before and after treatment. The odds ratios (OR) are reported together with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). In the case of continuous variables, we report the mean and the standard deviation (SD); in the case of categorical variables, the frequency and the percentage are reported. We set the limit of statistical significance at p < 0.05. The statistical analysis was completed with the R x64 v3.4.1 software package (www.r-project.org accessed on 12th March 2021).

LS Decreases after Successful Antiviral Therapy
The liver stiffness was significantly lower (p < 0.001) at 48 weeks after EOT (1.90 ± 0.50 m/s) compared to the matched values before treatment (2.59 ± 0.89 m/s). The METAVIR score was calculated at each time point based on the SWE measurements, and it also showed significant improvement (p < 0.028) after treatment (F0/1 = 9, F2 = 2, F3 = 10, F4 = 14)  Table 1). The number of cirrhotic cases (F4) was also significantly lower (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.09-0.72, p < 0.016) at EOT48w. The average decrease in LS was greater (p < 0.028) in cirrhotic cases (F4, ∆-LS = −0.87 ± 0.79 m/s) than in non-cirrhotic cases (F0/1, ∆LS = −0.26 ± 0.37). The LS improved in 31 out of 35 patients in SVR, and it slightly increased in only four cases, including two cirrhotic and two F2 grade fibrosis patients ( Figure 5).  1 48 weeks after the completion of antiviral treatment with sustained virological response. 2 For comparing means between pre-and post-treatment groups, the paired Student's t-test was used; for frequencies, the Fisher's exact test was used. 3 The METAVIR score was calculated from liver stiffness by using the previously described cutoff values. LS: liver stiffness; NA: not applicable.

Laboratory Tests Improve in Parallel with LS
The ALT level significantly improved after treatment, and it returned to the normal range with two exceptions in all patients at EOT48w. In comparison, only 10 patients had normal ALT at the baseline (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.005-0.12, p < 0.001). The GGT level was elevated in 26 patients before treatment but only in seven patients at the time of posttreatment follow-up (OR = 0.087, 95% CI = 0.03-0.27, p < 0.001). The ALB returned to the normal range in all six cirrhotic patients who had low baseline levels. AST, TBILL, and CRE levels at EOT48w were also closer to the normal range than the pre-treatment levels. The rest of the serum markers, including PLT, INR, and Na, all showed an improvement, but they did not reach statistical significance (Table 2). We calculated the FIB4 score as an alternative non-invasive laboratory marker of liver fibrosis. Similar to the SWE, the FIB4 score also indicated significantly (p < 0.018) lower post-treatment fibrosis (2.04 ± 1.12) compared to the pre-treatment status (3.51 ± 2.24).

Laboratory Tests Improve in Parallel with LS
The ALT level significantly improved after treatment, and it returned to the normal range with two exceptions in all patients at EOT48w. In comparison, only 10 patients had normal ALT at the baseline (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.005-0.12, p < 0.001). The GGT level was elevated in 26 patients before treatment but only in seven patients at the time of post-treatment follow-up (OR = 0.087, 95% CI = 0.03-0.27, p < 0.001). The ALB returned to the normal range in all six cirrhotic patients who had low baseline levels. AST, TBILL, and CRE levels at EOT48w were also closer to the normal range than the pre-treatment levels. The rest of the serum markers, including PLT, INR, and Na, all showed an improvement, but they did not reach statistical significance (Table 2). We calculated the FIB4 score as an alternative non-invasive laboratory marker of liver fibrosis. Similar to the SWE, the FIB4 score also indicated significantly (p < 0.018) lower post-treatment fibrosis (2.04 ± 1.12) compared to the pre-treatment status (3.51 ± 2.24).

The Risk of Esophageal VNT Decreases in SVR
We also calculated the CTP and the MELD scores for each patient to assess clinical improvement following antiviral therapy (Table 3). Five CTP class B cirrhotic patients were identified in the original patient cohort, and four of these converted to class A after treatment. A small to moderate amount of ascites was observed in two patients at the baseline and in one patient at EOT48w on the ultrasound scan. The MELD score did not change significantly; out of two patients with high mortality risk (MELD > 20) before treatment, only one had lower risk (MELD ≤ 20) at EOT48w (Table 3).  2 For comparing means between pre-and post-treatment groups, the paired Student's t-test was used; for frequencies, the Fisher's exact test was used. 3 The FIB4 score, the number of patients with VNT, the CTP class, and the MELD score were calculated as described previously [17,[19][20][21]. CTP: Child-Turcott-Pugh classification, Fib-4: fibrosis-4 score, MELD: Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, VNT: varices needing treatment.
The risk of VNT was calculated from the PLT and the LS values according to the Baveno VI guidelines. High-risk of esophageal VNT was detected in 15 cirrhotic patients at baseline and in four patients at the follow-up (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05-0.59, p < 0.007).

Discussion
Because the stage of liver fibrosis is a key predictor of complications and mortality in patients with chronic HCV infection, we aimed to measure liver fibrosis with SWE before and after SVR in patients treated mainly with DAAs. According to public databases, there is an increasing number of chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced liver fibrosis who became virus-free as a result of modern antiviral therapy [22]. If reversal of fibrosis could be demonstrated with non-invasive techniques, such as SWE, it could result in the reclassification of previously high-risk patients to a lower risk category of liver diseaserelated complications; eventually, the reassessment with SWE would alter the management and the long-term outcome of these patients.
D'Ambrosio and colleagues published an article in 2012 summarizing the long-term follow-up of 38 chronic hepatitis C patients after reaching SVR [23]. Their prospective study included cirrhotic patients who received successful peg-IFN and ribavirin therapy, attained SVR, and they were followed for at least four years afterward. Semiquantitative histological staging of fibrosis according to the METAVIR system as well as a morphometric determination of collagen content, assessment of necroinflammatory activity, and ductular proliferation were performed on paired pre-and post-treatment liver biopsies. All of the 38 enrolled patients had F4 stage fibrosis pre-treatment according to the METAVIR staging system. As the result of the treatment, the fibrosis in 61% of the patients was categorized as at least one stage lower at an average follow-up of 61 months from SVR. In the samples of post-treatment F4 patients, the fibrotic area was also significantly reduced based on the collagen content compared to the pre-treatment samples. Our result corroborates the above findings as we also observed down-staging of cirrhosis (F4) in 46% and advanced fibrosis (F3) in an additional 30% of the cases at 48 weeks after EOT based on the SWE. Additionally, we measured lower LS with two exceptions in all patients, including even those who did not change into a lower METAVIR stage. It is important to emphasize that biopsy specimens demonstrated an 89% reduction in collagen content, which could explain the lower LS values in SVR, as LS observed with SWE were clearly shown to be in direct correlation with the amount of fibrosis measured on biopsy [24]. Meanwhile, our follow-up time was much shorter, 12 months vs. 61 months in SVR; thus, the dissolution of the necroinflammatory infiltrates might have contributed to the relatively rapid improvement in LS. Examination of serum AST levels found that 37 patients initially had elevated levels, while 36 patients had AST levels in the normal range at the end of treatment [23]. We also observed a similar trend in our patient population where AST levels returned to the normal range with two exceptions and ALT with one exception in all patients. Similar findings were reported by Tachi et al., who followed 176 INF and DAA-treated patients in SVR with ARFI in a prospective study [25]. The authors also compared the elastography results with another patient cohort of 140 patients who had paired pre-and post-treatment liver biopsies. There was a significant reduction in LS at 24 weeks after EOT compared to the baseline LS in all stages. The highest drop in LS was detected in the F3 stage. The grade of inflammatory activity on the pre-treatment biopsy was also a significant independent predictor of post-treatment LS reduction in a multivariate linear regression analysis. Based on their observations, the authors concluded that, in addition to slow improvement in liver fibrosis, resolution of the inflammation also contributes to short-term improvement in LS after EOT.
Facciorusso et al. examined the long-term effects of antiviral therapy on liver fibrosis in 153 patients using TE [26]. Of their patients, 70 received interferon-based treatment, and 83 received DAA therapy. Initially, 34.6% of their patients were diagnosed with cirrhosis. In total, 112 of their patients attained SVR, and 41 were found to be non-responders. Using 12.5 kPa as the cutoff value, 32.1% of patients were classified as METAVIR stage F4 before therapy, while 87.5% were classified as F3. The number of patients with F4-stage disease decreased significantly at the end of treatment to only 20.5%. The authors observed that the mean LS of patients achieving SVR decreased from 12.3 kPa to 6.6 kPa by the end of the 5 year follow-up. The largest decrease was observed in the early follow-up period, which was 2.5 kPa at EOT and 3.7 kPa at six months after EOT. After the first year, the rate of LS decline slowed down. The number of cirrhotic patients was halved at six months, and it was less than 5% at four years after EOT. Thus, it was demonstrated that LS significantly decreases after SVR is attained, and the rate of decline is the highest during the first year after EOT. Our results are consistent with the above-described observations. However, in our study, we used SWE, our patients were treated mostly with DAAs, and all of them were in SVR at the follow-up at 48 weeks EOT. These differences in the study design may explain why we saw a higher drop in LS, from 2.59 m/s (20.5 kPa) to 1.90 m/s (11.7 kPa), in our patient cohort at one year from EOT.
Attia et al., who used TE and ARFI elastography to follow up with 275 chronic hepatitis C patients after successful DAA treatment, also detected a significant decrease (from 2.04 m/s to 1.75 m/s) in LS at 24 weeks after EOT with both techniques [15]. Both the incidence and the rate of the decline in LS were higher in cirrhotic patients attaining SVR than in patients with lower-grade fibrosis. Meanwhile, the LS of patients with advancedstage decompensated liver disease at baseline was more likely to progress, even during SVR. In all the patients whose LS progressed during the follow-up, the baseline TE measurement was above 17 kPa, which is associated with clinically significant portal hypertension according to the Baveno VI guidelines. According to the authors, these findings suggest that, in patients with decompensated disease and portal hypertension, the fibrosis reaches a stage where the clearance of HCV cannot reverse the progression. In comparison, our patient cohort included 15 patients with clinically significant hypertension and VNT; however, we found progression in LS in only two of these patients (13%), which indicates improving fibrosis in the majority of the decompensated patients after clearance of HCV. Therefore, our findings suggest that even patients with advanced-stage fibrosis need efficient antiviral treatment, as it could lower the risk of severe complications.
Clinical studies also demonstrated that SVR is associated with a lower risk of variceal bleeding [27,28]. The Baveno VI Consensus Workshop guideline recommends stratification of patients with a cutoff at LS > 20 kP and PLT < 150,000 µ/L to identify the group with a high risk of clinically significant varices. However, the utility of the Baveno VI criteria is not yet evaluated in SVR. We found a reduced risk of esophageal VNT according to the Baveno VI guidelines in 73% of the high-risk patients who achieved SVR. Our study is among the first to demonstrate that SWE is able to determine the lower risk of variceal bleeding post-SVR, which may simplify the clinical management of these patients. According to the American Gastroenterological Association Institute, it is recommended that HCV-RNA levels be measured 12 to 48 weeks after EOT, and testing 24 weeks after EOT is recommended only in select cases [16]. According to the directive, routine RNA testing after confirmation of viral freedom by PCR is only recommended for patients with a high risk of re-infection, as other patients have a low probability of late relapse, thus, if their complaint or symptoms do not make it necessary, further RNA detection-based screening is not required. Endoscopic varicose screening is also recommended for all patients with cirrhosis, the outcome of which (rather than the attainment of SVR) necessitates further testing and follow-up [16]. An important objective of the continued follow-ups in SVR is screening for HCC, which is not required in people with stage 0-2 fibrosis. However, in patients who had at least stage 3 fibrosis initially, HCC screening should be continued, even after viral clearance, using a combination of imaging and AFP measurement twice a year. The screening should be continued for the rest of the life of the affected patients, because the incidence of HCC may remain higher in patients with advanced fibrosis, even a long time after viral clearance is achieved [25,29]. This is especially true for those patients who consume alcohol frequently. Our results indicate that a complementary SWE can improve the prognostic value of regular ultrasound screening by identifying patients with resolving fibrosis, who, therefore, may have a lower risk of HCC and may require less frequent follow-ups, although multi-center longitudinal studies are still required to determine long-term changes in LS post-SVR as well as their effect on the incidence of HCC.

Conclusions
In summary, SVR in chronic hepatitis C is associated with significantly more favorable outcomes and a lower risk of serious complications. Nevertheless, the chance of developing HCC or variceal bleeding still remains higher than in the general population. Therefore, close monitoring with imaging and clinical studies is recommended, especially for patients with advanced-stage pre-treatment fibrosis. Our study demonstrates a significant reduction in LS and consequently in the non-invasive staging of fibrosis a year after SVR is attained. These results may indicate that adding SWE to the follow-up imaging protocol can improve patient management by amending the initial assessment of the fibrosis stage and the identification of patients whose risk of liver disease-related complications is significantly lowered as the result of SVR. Thus, SWE can contribute to the development of more efficient follow-up protocols which are better tailored to the individual needs of chronic hepatitis C patients with liver fibrosis.