Assessment of Supply Chain Agility to Foster Sustainability: Fuzzy-DSS for a Saudi Manufacturing Organization

: Supply chain agility and sustainability is an essential element for the long-term survival and success of a manufacturing organization. Agility is an organization’s ability to respond rapidly to customers’ dynamic demands and volatile market changes. In a dynamic business environment, manufacturing ﬁrms demand agility to be evaluated to support any alarming decision. Sustainability is an aspect to sustain collaboration, value creation, and survival of ﬁrms under a dynamic competitive business scenario. Agility is a capability that drives competitiveness to foster sustainability aspects. The purpose of this article is to consider and evaluate the supply chain behavior within the context of Saudi enterprises. The e ﬃ cacy and relevance of this model were explored through a case study conducted in a Saudi dairy manufacturing corporation. Owing to the complexity and a large number of calculations that are required for evaluating the agility of the supply chain, a decision support system was proposed as a tool to assess the supply chain and identifying barriers to a strategic sustainable solution for a speciﬁc organizational target. The decision support system is extensive as it contains six separate agility enablers and ninety-three agility attributes for the supply chain. The assessment was carried out using a fuzzy multi-criteria method. It combines the performance rating and importance weight of each agile supply chain-enabler-attribute. To achieve and sustain local and global success, the case organization strove to become a major local and global manufacturer to satisfy its customers, reduce its time to market, lower its total ownership costs, and boost its overall competitiveness through improving its agility across supply chain activities to foster sustainability for a manufacturing organization located in Saudi Arabia.


Introduction
Multi-criteria fuzzy-based modeling of supply chains is a powerful way to increase the understanding of the behavior of supply chains. Such modeling supports decision makers in developing a sustainable strategic solution for a specific organizational problem [1,2]. From the literature, it is obvious that the authors have established a variety of techniques for assessing the efficiency of the supply chain. However, these measures are subjectively defined by linguistic terms which can often be challenged for the shortcomings of the scale used to rate the supply chain's prowess [3,4]. Industries have recognized that resilience is important to their continued survival and productivity within their supply chain. The concerns to be addressed when integrating agility within a Table 1. Sustainable supply chain agility definitions and dimensions.

References
Sustainable Supply Chain Agility Definitions Dimensions # 1 2 3 4 5 6 [19] The ability of an organization to respond rapidly to changes in demand, both in terms of volume and variety.
√ √ √ √ [14,15] Effectively integrating the supply chain and forging close and long-term relationships with customers and suppliers.
√ √ √ √ [20] Is all about customer responsiveness and market turbulence and requires specific capabilities.
√ √ √ √ √ [17,18,21,22] An ability to have a visibility of demand, flexible and quick response, and synchronized operations.  [23][24][25] An effective flexibility and quality management to reduce waste and avoid customer dissatisfaction. It also requires product and service differentiation strategies, as well as performance measures of product quality, innovation, and innovation, all geared toward flexibility and lead time reduction.
√ √ √ √ √ √ [28][29][30][31] Initiative that is needed to provide superior value and to manage disruption risks and guarantee uninterrupted service provisioning. Agility is required for both risk mitigation and rapid response.
√ √ [12] Evolve products and services quickly and economically in response to the customers' dynamic demands.
√ √ √ √ √ √ [32] An operational strategy focused on inducing velocity and flexibility in the supply chain to satisfy customer needs.
√ √ √ √ √ [33] Dynamic alliance of member companies, the formation of which is likely needed to change frequently in response to fast-changing markets.
√ √ √ √ √ [29] The ability of a supply chain to react quickly to market changes and customer needs.
In the present knowledge-rich business environment, managerial practices are required that enable the exploration of a competitive base and sustainable strategies to be successful in a changing volatile market environment [34].
For any supply chain agility is an ability to provide customer-driven products and services and overcome unexpected challenges in logistic and distribution systems [35], taking advantage of changes as opportunities arise, and to survive and sustain the unexpected threats from a dynamic and volatile business environment [6,9]. In implementing agility in a supply chain, the issues to be examined are agility measurement, levels, and barriers [6,36]. The assessment of agility in supply chains is quite important as it is an indicator of the strategic sustainability position [37,38].
Subsequently, authors [45][46][47] integrated the questionnaire data and analytical hierarchy process to measure agility. Their goal was to rank supply chain performance enablers based on the statistical information collected from industrial experts. The integration of the analytical hierarchy process with quality function deployment, structural modeling, fuzzy analysis, and performance value analysis is also adopted to assess a supply chain [45,46,48]. Numerous authors have used fuzzy logic to assess a supply chain. For example, authors [33,37,49] used a multi-criteria fuzzy approach for agile supply chain evaluation, whereas another set of authors [50,51] used the fuzzy-topsis approach. Other authors adopted the generalized trapezoidal fuzzy approach [52,53], fuzzy data envelopment [54,55], fuzzy set theory [56,57], fuzzy intelligent agent-based approach [26], and fuzzy quality function deployment [58] to assess the agile supply chain. In addition, authors [36,53,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] integrated supply chain performance enablers (such as production, market, people, and information infrastructures) and their respective criteria to compute an agility index, whereas [64] suggested an approach in which performance enablers such as management responsibility, workforce, technology, and manufacturing strategies are adopted to compute an agility index. In addition, authors [57,67] presented a decision analysis tool for supply chain performance quantification.
Based on the literature review of multi-criteria assessment approaches for supply chain agility, the fuzzy logic approach is preferred herewith because of its ability to handle vague and uncertain situations as compared to other approaches [68]. Fuzzy logic provides an effective means of dealing with problems involving impreciseness and vagueness phenomena. In addition, some of these approaches convert problems into complex mathematical equations that are very difficult to solve by industrial experts. Multi-criteria fuzzy-DSS is a powerful way to increase the understanding of supply chain behavior. Such a DSS can support decision makers in developing a strategic solution for a specific organizational problem [69]. From the literature it is evident that authors have addressed a number of techniques to measure supply chain performance [33]. However, these measurements are described subjectively by linguistic terms that can always be criticized because of the limitations of the scales used to score the supply chain capabilities [33]. Saudi companies have realized that agility in their supply chain is essential for their sustainable survival and competitiveness.

Case at Hand
The organization is one of the largest manufacturers and distributors in the Middle East, with unique regional coverage and a market capitalization of more than $12.5 billion. It supplies its fresh products to more than 110,000 retail outlets across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Egypt, and Jordan. In recent years, the organization has taken on a new international dimension, entering new territories, and investing in farmland in the Americas and Europe.
When product markets matured during the past two decades, large multinational firms endeavored to simultaneously provide local responsiveness and global integration in response to an uncertain business environment. Furthermore, due to increasing dynamic customer requirements, companies found it increasingly difficult to sustain, ensure, and achieve growth and success. These changes presented the case organization with significant challenges. To achieve and sustain local and global success, the case organization strove to become a major local and global manufacturer to satisfy its customers, reduce its time to market, lower its total ownership costs, and boost its overall competitiveness through improving its agility across supply chain activities. To improve the effectiveness of agile supply chain activities, the current study was carried out. The case on hand is to study and evaluate supply chain agility to foster sustainability for a manufacturing organization located in Saudi Arabia. The details of the proposed approach and its application are presented in the following sections and subsections.

Assessment Model: Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Approach
The objective of this paper is to investigate and measure different capabilities, enablers, and attributes that an organization targets in order to sustain and compete in agility in an ever-changing dynamic demand market. As a result, the objective is set to use multi-criteria fuzzy approach for a Saudi manufacturing organization for evaluating the agility of their supply chain. Subsequently, owing to the complexity and a large number of calculations that are required for evaluating the agility of the supply chain, a computer-based decision support system was proposed as a tool to assess the supply chain and identifying barriers to a strategic sustainable solution for a specific organizational target. The details of the adopted technical methodology and computer-based interactive fuzzy-DSS response and assessment tool for the specific origination as case study is presented in the following subsections. The list of variables used in the model is as follows: (a ijr , b ijr , c ijr ) Triangular fuzzy number representing performance rating of attribute j for enabler i by expert r; R ij Fuzzy performance rating of attribute j for enabler i; (a ij , b ij , c ij ) Triangular fuzzy number representing an average performance rating of attribute j for enabler i; W ij Importance weight of attribute j for enabler i by expert r; (x ijr , y ijr , z ijr ) Triangular fuzzy number representing importance weight of attribute j for enabler i by expert r; (x ij , y ij , z ij ) Triangular fuzzy number representing average importance weight of attribute j for enabler i; (x ir , y ir , z ir ) Triangular fuzzy number representing importance weight of enabler i by expert r; W i Fuzzy importance weight of enabler i; (x i , y i , z i ) Triangular fuzzy number representing average importance weight of enabler i; AI i Agility index of enabler i; (d i , e i , f i ) Triangular fuzzy number representing agility index of enabler i; (g, h, k) Triangular fuzzy number representing overall fuzzy agility index; SCAI Overall fuzzy agility index; t Label number, where t = 1 to 5; SCAL t Natural-language agility level expression of label t; (o t , q t , s t ) Triangular fuzzy number representing natural-language agility level expression of label t; D (SCAI, SCAL t ) Euclidean distance between supply chain agility index (SCAI) and supply chain agility level (SCAL) t ; f SCAI (u) Membership function of SCAI; f AL (u) Membership function of SCAL t ; FPI ij Fuzzy performance importance index of attribute j for enabler i; (A ij , B ij , C ij ) Triangular fuzzy number representing fuzzy performance importance index of attribute j for enabler i; U max(x) Fuzzy maximizing setsM; U min(x) Fuzzy minimizing sets; U R (FPI ij ) Right score of FPI ij ; U L (FPI ij ) Left score of FPI ij ; U T (FPI ij ) Total score of FPI ij .

Multi-Criteria Fuzzy Methodology
The proposed stepwise methodology to evaluate supply chain agility includes an agility capabilities, enablers, and attributes identification scheme, information, and data flow, and determination of barriers and agility level (see Figure 1), each of which is illustrated stepwise below.
Step 1: Identification of agility capabilities, enablers, and attributes. The assessors in the organization must examine challenges in the business supply chain environment and identify performance evaluation criteria. Thus, the case organization's 4 capabilities, 6 enablers, and 93 attributes are identified and listed in Table 2.
Step 2: Demarcation of assessment scale and fuzzy numbers. After identifying agility capabilities, enablers, and attributes (Step 1), the agility assessment scale is demarcated using fuzzy logic through linguistic assessment and translation, as shown in Table 3 [70]. Step 5: Determination of the supply chain agility index. Using agility fuzzy indices of enablers (Step 4 and Table 3), the supply chain agility index (SCAI) is identified using Equation (5): Step 6: Matching the SCAI with the linguistic terms to identify the agility level. Once the agility index is obtained (see Equation (5)) to identify the supply chain agility level, the agility index can be matched with the appropriate linguistic terms. Several different methods were proposed to match membership functions with linguistic terms, including Euclidean distance [61] successive approximation [73] and piecewise decomposition [73,74]. The Euclidean distance D between the SCAI and SCAL can be calculated using Equation (6) [51,75], where t = 1 to 5 are five agility level linguistic terms (or members), and (ot, qt, st) is the corresponding fuzzy number for the given t.
The Euclidean distances (for t = 1 to 5) are tabulated in the following matrix. Step 3: Determination of fuzzy weights and fuzzy performance ratings. The fuzzy performance ratings R ij and weights W ij for each attribute j for a given enabler i are calculated using Equations (1) and (2) [50,71], respectively.
Similarly, the weight W i for each enabler i is calculated using Equation (3).
Step 4: Determination of overall agility fuzzy index at the enabler level. The overall fuzzy agility index consolidates the fuzzy ratings and weights of all enablers and attributes that effect the supply chain agility. The fuzzy agility index represents the overall organizational agility that is used to determine the organization's agility level. The membership function of the fuzzy agility index is calculated using the fuzzy weighted average operation [59]. Equation (4) is used to calculate the overall fuzzy agility index (AI i ) for each enabler i [50,72].
Step 5: Determination of the supply chain agility index. Using agility fuzzy indices of enablers (Step 4 and Table 3), the supply chain agility index (SCAI) is identified using Equation (5): Step 6: Matching the SCAI with the linguistic terms to identify the agility level. Once the agility index is obtained (see Equation (5)) to identify the supply chain agility level, the agility index can be matched with the appropriate linguistic terms. Several different methods were proposed to match membership functions with linguistic terms, including Euclidean distance [61] successive approximation [73] and piecewise decomposition [73,74]. The Euclidean distance D between the SCAI and SCAL can be calculated using Equation (6) [51,75], where t = 1 to 5 are five agility level linguistic terms (or members), and (o t , q t , s t ) is the corresponding fuzzy number for the given t.
The Euclidean distances (for t = 1 to 5) are tabulated in the following matrix.
Step 7: Identify barriers to improve the supply chain agility. After defining the supply chain agility level of the case organization, a fuzzy performance index (FPI) is calculated to identify the barriers to improve the agility level. The FPI is an index that combines the performance rating and importance weight of each agile supply chain-enabler-attribute and influences the sustainability level. The contribution degree for a factor of agile supply decreases with decreasing FPI. Therefore, the FPI score of a factor is used to define the main barriers of the agile supply chain. Equation (7) can be used to obtain the FPI [66,70,71]:   Evaluating supply chain operations [28,77] 3 Employees ability in participation in strategy formulation and planning [6,77] 8 Continually updating and revising strategies [28,77] 4 Employees ability in working proactively to identify opportunities [6,77] 9 Minimizing resistance to change [28,77] 5 Managing supply chain resources [6,77] # Abbreviations: C: capabilities, i: enabler number, j: attribute number, E i : enablers, A ij : attributes of agile supply chain. In Equation (7), FPI ij ≈ (A ij , B ij , C ij ) is the fuzzy performance importance index, R ij ≈ (a ij , b ij , c ij ) is the fuzzy ratings, and W ij ≈ (x ij , y ij , z ij ) is the fuzzy weights for each attribute j for a given enabler i. Because fuzzy numbers do not always result in a fully ordered set of real numbers, FPIs should be ranked. Several methods have been devised to rank fuzzy numbers [75]. Here, the left-and-right fuzzy-ranking method was used to rank fuzzy numbers [76][77][78][79][80]. This method considers the absolute location of each fuzzy number and preserves the ranking order. The only disadvantage of the left-and-right fuzzy-ranking method is that as different fuzzy maximizing and minimizing sets are used, the ranking score will be different [64]. In this presented assessment framework, the maximizing and minimizing fuzzy sets are defined as Due to an FPI with a triangular-fuzzy number, the right and left FPI scores can be calculated using Equations (10) and (11), respectively [56], as follows (Equations (10) and (12)).
where sup x U FPI ij (x)ˆU max(x) is the ordinate of the intersecting point of U max and the right leg of U FPI ij , and similarly, sup x U FPI ij (x)ˆU min(x) is the ordinate of the intersecting point of U min and the left leg of U FPI ij . Finally, the total FPI score can be obtained by combining the left and right scores. The FPI is calculated using Equation (12).
It is evident that complex mathematical equations are very difficult to solve by industrial experts. It is apparent that decision makers at the case organization need a user-friendly fuzzy DSS process accessible from the workplace to evaluate supply chain agility [34,81]. Microsoft and its accompanying VBA programming language offered the tools needed to create a functional, user-friendly DSS [69]. Due to the widespread availability of the Microsoft package, most manufacturing organizations could use this fuzzy DSS without having to purchase additional specialized software. Thus, a fuzzy DSS process to evaluate supply chain agility for a Saudi manufacturing organization is herewith proposed and adopted, which includes two steps, each of which are illustrated in the following subsection.

Fuzzy-DSS "Response" Interface
First, the decision maker sends the "Response" file to supply chain agility experts. Multiple assessors, key experts, and top management in the organization examine challenges in the business supply chain environment and identify performance evaluation rating and importance. The step-by-step flow of the "Response" interface in the form of computer screenshots is presented in Figure 2.

Fuzzy-DSS "Assessment" Interface
When a decision maker starts the "Assessment" interface, they receive a password to log in. The user chooses to "Transfer Data" from the "Response" interface to the "Assessment" interface. Once the data have been transferred to the assessment interface, calculations using the various equations required to assess the supply chain agility, which are described in Section 4, are performed to estimate fuzzy numbers that are further used to approximate the linguistic terms to assess the agility level. The step-by-step flow of the "Assessment" interface in the form of computer screenshots is presented in Figure 3.

Fuzzy-DSS "Assessment" Interface
When a decision maker starts the "Assessment" interface, they receive a password to log in. The user chooses to "Transfer Data" from the "Response" interface to the "Assessment" interface. Once the data have been transferred to the assessment interface, calculations using the various equations required to assess the supply chain agility, which are described in Section 4, are performed to estimate fuzzy numbers that are further used to approximate the linguistic terms to assess the agility level. The step-by-step flow of the "Assessment" interface in the form of computer screenshots is presented in Figure 3. Thus, by applying fuzzy-DSS to the case organization, the proposed model highlights the agility level, enablers, and corresponding barriers. The proposed multi-criteria approach assists a manager in the decision making. Moreover, the approach helps to investigate enablers and barriers that pose obstacles to have an agile sustainable and competitive environment in an ever-changing dynamic demand market in context of a Saudi manufacturing organization.

Validation of Fuzzy-DSS
We created the validation plan as well as identified users in the organization and defined to them the process requirements. Furthermore, we asked to follow the flow of information as well as Thus, by applying fuzzy-DSS to the case organization, the proposed model highlights the agility level, enablers, and corresponding barriers. The proposed multi-criteria approach assists a manager in the decision making. Moreover, the approach helps to investigate enablers and barriers that pose obstacles to have an agile sustainable and competitive environment in an ever-changing dynamic demand market in context of a Saudi manufacturing organization.

Validation of Fuzzy-DSS
We created the validation plan as well as identified users in the organization and defined to them the process requirements. Furthermore, we asked to follow the flow of information as well as to generate the final report highlighting barriers to be considered in improving the supply chain sustainable agility. The reports were discussed with top management and we took their valuable suggestions into account. Top management placed more emphasis on strategic issues, especially rapid decision making and effective utilization of time. They also focused on cost, process management, highlighted market, and customer economics. Finally, they also mentioned the impact of various management practices on supply chain agility to foster sustainability. Thus, validation of fuzzy-DSS is done to check whether the software tool is up to the desired mark.

Discussion and Results
Supply chain agility has become an important avenue for any organization to survive and compete in a changing and dynamic global market. Within the organization, one should understand and estimate where the agility of their supply chain stands. In this paper, a fuzzy logic assessment approach supported with a visual basic decision support system was presented. For the purpose of validating the conceptual model an assessment approach was applied to do the assessment of the supply chain for a manufacturing organization located in Saudi Arabia. The results of the fuzzy assessment in the case organization provides evidence that the DSS model has a smooth application, indicating its practical validity and compatibility. It was estimated that the case manufacturing organization supply chain is "VA: very agile" with a fuzzy agility index of 0.538, 0.678, and 0.815, although this value is below the "EA: extremely agile" rating (0.700, 0.850, 1.000). There were 21 barriers out of the total 93 attributes within the supply chain that impacted the agility level. These barriers (see Table 4) were identified by a computation of ranking scores of agile supply chain attributes to be considered in improving the supply chain performance. Within selected barriers, the case organization should focus on strategies to achieve an easy maintainability and serviceability and an integration of core competencies with process excellence, on a priority basis, and the least preference should be given to demand supply planning and supply chain partners' feedback. Because of the time constraint, the supply chain assessment was conducted in a manufacturing organization. However, the results of this research can reasonably represent the situation prevailing in companies implementing world class strategies.

Conclusions and Future Research
This paper is to consider and evaluate the supply chain behavior within the context of Saudi enterprises. The paper explored a Saudi dairy manufacturing corporation through a conducted case study. A multidisciplinary analysis of prior agility studies has been performed to clarify supply chain agility, considering the complex and multifaceted aspect of supply chain management. The emphasis was on sustainable supply chain agility multiple dimensions, such as organizational, strategic, commitment, informative, customer sensitivity, and human competence.
This paper focuses on Saudi manufacturing organizations seeking ways to improve their supply chain agility. Based on the literature review of multi-criteria assessment approaches, supply chain agility to foster sustainability for a manufacturing organization was preferred.
This paper identified six agility enablers and ninety-three agility attributes for the supply chain. The adopted approach takes into consideration opinions of experts and practitioners to understand relationships among different enablers and attributes, since it is not practically feasible to simultaneously focus on all enablers and attributes. Furthermore, it is evident that complex mathematical equations are very difficult to solve by industrial experts. Hence, we proposed a user-friendly and accessible-from-the-workplace fuzzy DSS process to evaluate supply chain agility for Saudi manufacturing organization.
This study paves the way for future research to conduct a number of local case studies for various organizations across the manufacturing and service sectors in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, more research is required to analyze the mediating factors affecting relationships between critical barriers. Such research would further aid manufacturing organizations to take control of the factors enabling or hindering the desired agility and sustainability. The proposed fuzzy DSS logic approach can be further enhanced by utilizing Internet of things (IoT) and machine learning to strengthen communications between the decision makers and various components of supply chains to expand the data sources. This study demonstrates the way for future research to validate the relationships between critical barriers of sustainable manufacturing in the context of developing countries.