Experimental Research on Deep Silicon Removal in Spent SCR Catalysts

: In this research, hydrofluoric acid (HF) was used as a leaching agent to remove silicon impurities from titanium dioxide powder regenerated from a spent SCR catalyst. Further, the effects of HF concentration, liquid–solid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time on the leaching rate of regenerated titanium dioxide powder were investigated. The results revealed that the leaching rate of silicon in alkali-leached samples could reach 99.47% under the following conditions: 4% HF concentration, a leaching temperature of 50 ◦ C, and a liquid–solid ratio of 5:1. When compared under identical experimental conditions, the silicon leaching rate in the alkali leached sample using HF surpassed that of the spent SCR catalyst. This suggests that high-temperature alkali leaching led to the degradation of the catalyst and the glass fiber within it, rendering this process more favorable for silicon leaching.


Introduction
Coal-fired power plants produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), polluting the environment and endangering public health.Generally, thermal power plants use selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration technology to reduce air pollution [1].V 2 O 5 /TiO 2based catalysts are recognized as the most advanced and commonly applied catalysts in SCR technology [2].However, the SCR catalyst loses its activity during the denitration process due to sintering, wear, poisoning, and other factors.Typically, the service life of an SCR catalyst is usually only 2-3 years [3].Many power plants use coal with high ash and high sulfur content, accelerating catalyst deactivation and shortening the service life of the catalyst [4].Once the catalyst loses its regeneration value due to irreversible deactivation [5], it is discarded.The thermal power industry alone produces more than 200,000 cubic of catalyst waste every year [4].Spent SCR catalysts contain harmful elements such as vanadium and arsenic.If disposed of improperly, the catalyst wastes will cause soil and water pollution, severely damaging the ecological environment [6,7].
Additionally, metals found in depleted SCR catalysts, like vanadium, tungsten, and titanium, hold immense value in terms of industrial application.It is a waste-to-landfill waste catalyst [8].Thus, the resource utilization of spent SCR catalysts does not only solve the problem of waste pollution but also brings enormous economic benefits.TiO 2 is the primary component in the SCR denitration catalyst and accounts for 70-80% of the mass percentage of the spent catalyst [7].Indeed, the titanium content is notably higher compared to the titanium concentrate typically utilized in the production of titanium dioxide.TiO 2 is a transition metal oxide semiconductor material characterized by its low cost, non-toxicity, resistance to chemical erosion, and good light stability.It is widely used in carrier preparation, photocatalysis, sensors, etc. [9][10][11].Therefore, spent SCR catalyst is a vital secondary resource with high economic recovery value.The typical procedure for TiO 2 recovery from spent SCR catalysts begins by leaching vanadium and tungsten.Subsequently, the filter residue undergoes a process to eliminate silicon, aluminum, and other impurities, resulting in the acquisition of pure TiO 2 products.
The titanium separation and recovery methods include the sodium roasting method and the strong alkali or strong acid leaching method [12,13].Chen et al. [14] used sulfuric acid solution (20% mass fraction) to simultaneously leach V, W, Ti, and other metals from spent SCR catalyst and obtained titanium-tungsten carrier via hydrolysis and precipitation, which had minimal impurities and could be used to prepare new SCR catalyst.Cheng et al. [15] reported the use of oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide solution to leach the spent SCR catalyst.In the process, metals other than titanium were almost completely leached.Cheng et al. also reported that the acid-leaching process had no impact on the crystal structure of TiO 2 .In contrast, the high-temperature alkali leaching process converted a part of TiO 2 into amorphous sodium titanate.Chen Yingmin et al. [16], Ma et al. [17], and Zhang et al. [18] recovered TiO 2 from spent SCR catalysts via the process of sodium roasting-hot water leaching-sulfuric acid (or HCl) washing.Although TiO 2 leaching and recovery rate can reach values > 90%, the separated TiO 2 is in mixed crystal form (anatase and rutile).Song et al. [19] mixed Na 2 CO 3 and NaCl-KCl with spent SCR catalysts for roasting and water leaching.The roasting temperature and the amount of sodium carbonate were reduced by introducing molten salt into the roasting system.Notably, the leaching residue TiO 2 -Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 can be used as an adsorbent for heavy metal pollutants.Wu Wenfen et al. [4] used NaOH solution to leach W, followed by sulfuric acid or HCl to wash, activate, and then calcine to obtain anatase and rutile TiO 2 .Ma et al. [20] removed silicon and aluminum from the waste catalyst by microwave-assisted alkaline leaching, and then leached vanadium and tungsten through high-pressure alkaline leaching.Cao et al. [21] achieved complete leaching of vanadium and tungsten elements from a spent SCR catalyst by applying a mixed solution of hydrogen peroxide and ammonium bicarbonate.The residue was washed, dried, and ground to obtain anatase TiO 2 .The crystal phase of the obtained TiO 2 did not change in the ingress and egress process and therefore it can be employed as a catalyst carrier.In summary, the published research on SCR catalyst resource utilization indicates the possibility of separation of valuable metals-titanium, vanadium, and tungsten-from spent SCR catalysts.Consequently, relatively pure vanadium and tungsten products could be extracted [22][23][24].However, only a few studies have focused on the purification of titanium products.Further, the silicon impurity in the regenerated TiO 2 powder was still high (>5%) after acid leaching [25], alkali leaching 18], and alkali roasting-leaching [19].This reduced the purity of TiO 2 products and limited their application scope.Therefore, it is necessary to remove silicon impurities in TiO 2 to obtain high-purity products.
This research aims to improve the purity of TiO 2 products recovered from spent catalysts.HF was employed for leaching silicon from spent catalysts, focusing on investigating the removal of silicon in spent catalysts under different experimental conditions to provide a feasible route to obtain high-purity TiO 2 products cost-effectively.

Reagent, Material, and Instrument
Analytically pure concentrated HCl with a mass fraction of 36%, HF, and sodium hydroxide were used.
The spent SCR denitration catalyst selected was the spent honeycomb SCR catalyst procured from a company in Ningbo.The catalyst was dusted, dried, and ground before use.Based on the results of the XRF analysis, the SiO 2 , V 2 O 5, Al 2 O 3, and TiO 2 content was 4.29%, 1.27%, 1.15%, and 86.1%, respectively.The catalyst was marked with the subscript s since Si s represented the leaching rate of silicon in the spent SCR catalysts that had not been treated with alkali or acid.
The samples utilized in this experiment were derived from spent catalysts subjected to alkali leaching followed by acid washing.The experimental conditions included leaching with 2 mol/L NaOH, a temperature of 180 • C, a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, and a reaction time of 3 h, followed by filtration and drying for 3 h.The dried sample was pickled with 5% HCl at 70 • C, with the liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, and the pickling time of 3 h.It was then filtered and washed with deionized water to pH > 5.The cleaned solid sample was placed into a drying oven at 110 • C for 4 h and ground to 100~200 mesh for further use.The sample was called an alkali-leached acid-washed sample, marked with the subscript a, i.e., Si a represents the leaching rate of silicon in the leached sample.XRF analysis of the sample revealed that the SiO 2 content in the sample was 3.38%, the V 2 O 5 content was 0.309%, the Al 2 O 3 content was 0.092%, and the TiO 2 content was 92.9%.

Experimental Methods
The catalyst acid leaching silicon removal experiment was performed in a flask, in which a plastic flask was used for HF leaching (Figure 1).The catalyst sample was ground to 100~200 mesh.A certain amount of sample was weighed and added to the flask, followed by the addition of the acid solution based on the specified liquid-solid ratio, and reacted according to the set temperature and speed.A condenser tube was inserted at the top of the flask to condense the acid solution to prevent it from evaporating due to the higher temperature.After the reaction was completed, the heating was stopped, and the solution was processed by vacuum filtration and then washed with deionized water to obtain the leaching solution and wet residue.The wet residue was dried in a drying oven at 120 • C for 4 h and then ground to 100~200 mesh for later use.

Characterization Methods
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of each element in the solution.This experiment selected optima 9000 ICP-OES from PE company (Pocasset, MA, USA) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the elements, like V, W, Si, Al, Na, Ca, and As, in the solution.
A surface analyzer (ASAP2460, Micromeritics Instrument, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to record N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms to determine the specific surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the sample.
The crystal structure of the sample was analyzed using the XRD diffractometer The leaching rate of each element in the catalyst was calculated using Equation (1).
where C i is the concentration of each element in the leaching solution, g/L; m i is the mass of each element in the leaching residue, g; V is the total volume of the leaching solution, L.

Characterization Methods
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of each element in the solution.This experiment selected optima 9000 ICP-OES from PE company (Pocasset, MA, USA) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the elements, like V, W, Si, Al, Na, Ca, and As, in the solution.
A surface analyzer (ASAP2460, Micromeritics Instrument, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to record N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms to determine the specific surface area, average pore size, and total pore volume of the sample.
The crystal structure of the sample was analyzed using the XRD diffractometer (X'Pert Pro, Panalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands).The experimental instrument was an X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, D/max-2200, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Cu Kα light source (λ = 0.15405 nm, 40 mV, 200 mA).The scanning range was 10-90 • , the scanning speed was 10 • min −1 , and the scanning step was equivalent to 0.02 • .
The morphology and particle size of samples were analyzed using the Japanese Hitachi SU-8010 scanning electron microscope (SEM).The samples were evenly dispersed on the conductive adhesive and sprayed with gold before testing.
The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) ZSX105e from Hitachi (Japan) was used to test the chemical element composition and content of the sample.

Effect of Leaching Agent Concentration
The concentration of leaching agent (hydrofluoric acid; HF) on the leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum from spent SCR catalyst before and after alkali leaching is compared under the following reaction conditions: temperature-50 • C, time-120 min, and liquid-solid ratio-3:1 (See Figure 2).As shown in the figure, the leaching rate of each component in the spent catalyst increases with the increase in HF concentration.For alkali-leached samples, the silicon leaching rate is 25.63% when the HF concentration is 1%.The leaching rate increases rapidly with the increasing HF concentration; when the HF concentration increases to 4%, the leaching rate of silicon reaches 95.74%.The increase in HF concentration has little effect on the silicon leaching rate.The silicon leaching rate reached 99.13% with a 12% HF concentration, nearly achieving complete leaching.In alkali-leached samples, the HF has little effect on the leaching efficiency of vanadium and aluminum.When the concentration of HF was 12%, the leaching rates of vanadium and aluminum were recorded as 33.16% and 19.12%, respectively.This was attributed to the low content of aluminum and vanadium in the alkaline leaching sample.For the spent SCR catalysts without alkali leaching, HF was found to have a minor leaching effect on these three elements.When the HF concentration was 1%, the leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum were 21.87%, 9.68%, and 21.67%, respectively.
Further, the leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum were 92.2%, 54.93%, and 76.05%, respectively, when the HF concentration was increased to 8%.The continuous increase in HF concentration had minimal effect on the leaching rate of the catalyst.It was found that HF has a more significant impact on silicon leaching in alkali-leached samples, implying that the damage to the catalyst structure during the alkali-leaching process is more conducive to silicon leaching.
increase in HF concentration had minimal effect on the leaching rate of found that HF has a more significant impact on silicon leaching in alka implying that the damage to the catalyst structure during the alkalimore conducive to silicon leaching.

Influence of the Liquid-Solid Ratio
Figure 3 shows the effect of the liquid-solid ratio on the leaching nadium, and aluminum from different samples studied under a react 50 °C, a reaction time of 120 min, and an HF concentration of 2%, an rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum increase significantly with uid-solid ratio since a high liquid-solid ratio is more conducive to th of the leaching agent and sample.Consequently, this mixing amplifies reactions and diminishes the diffusion resistance of soluble metals thereby facilitating the leaching of metals.
For alkali-leached samples, when the concentration of HF is 2%, a ratio is 10:1, and the silicon leaching rate reaches 99.46%.Additionally uid-solid ratio at this concentration has little effect on the leaching rat aluminum; the leaching rate being <10%.When the HF concentration is solid ratio is 3:1, the leaching rate of silicon reaches 95.74%, indicating t solid ratio increases the concentration gradient in the solution under centration of HF.Consequently, the mass transfer rate during leachin is more conducive to metal leaching.
The leaching efficiency of these three elements also increases with liquid-solid ratio for spent SCR catalysts without acid and alkali treatm HF concentration is 4% and the liquid-solid ratio is 5:1, the leaching ra dium, and aluminum are 88.77%, 44.08%, and 75.08%, respectively.Fur liquid-solid ratio has little effect on the leaching of the catalyst.In cont the liquid-solid ratio increases the leaching agent dosage, which is n subsequent processing of the leaching solution.Therefore, the liquid not be higher than 5:1 in actual application.

Influence of the Liquid-Solid Ratio
Figure 3 shows the effect of the liquid-solid ratio on the leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum from different samples studied under a reaction temperature of 50 • C, a reaction time of 120 min, and an HF concentration of 2%, and 4%.The leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum increase significantly with increasing the liquidsolid ratio since a high liquid-solid ratio is more conducive to the complete mixing of the leaching agent and sample.Consequently, this mixing amplifies the contact area for reactions and diminishes the diffusion resistance of soluble metals into the solution, thereby facilitating the leaching of metals.
For alkali-leached samples, when the concentration of HF is 2%, and the liquid-solid ratio is 10:1, and the silicon leaching rate reaches 99.46%.Additionally, increasing the liquid-solid ratio at this concentration has little effect on the leaching rate of vanadium and aluminum; the leaching rate being <10%.When the HF concentration is 4% and the liquid-solid ratio is 3:1, the leaching rate of silicon reaches 95.74%, indicating that a higher liquid-solid ratio increases the concentration gradient in the solution under the same total concentration of HF.Consequently, the mass transfer rate during leaching improves, which is more conducive to metal leaching.
The leaching efficiency of these three elements also increases with the increase in the liquid-solid ratio for spent SCR catalysts without acid and alkali treatment.But when the HF concentration is 4% and the liquid-solid ratio is 5:1, the leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum are 88.77%, 44.08%, and 75.08%, respectively.Further increase in the liquid-solid ratio has little effect on the leaching of the catalyst.In contrast, the increase in the liquid-solid ratio increases the leaching agent dosage, which is not conducive to the subsequent processing of the leaching solution.Therefore, the liquid-solid ratio should not be higher than 5:1 in actual application.

Effect of Leaching Temperature
The leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum under different leaching temperatures are studied under the conditions of a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, reaction time of 120 min, and HF concentration of 2% and 4% (See Figure 4).The results indicated that higher leaching temperatures inhibited silicon leaching.When the HF concentration was 2% and the leaching temperature was 30 • C, the leaching rates of silicon in the alkali leached sample and spent catalyst were 67.18% and 41.69%, respectively.When the temperature increased to 90 • C, the leaching rates reduced to 52.5% and 37.73%, respectively.

Effect of Leaching Temperature
The leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum under different leaching temperatures are studied under the conditions of a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, reaction time of 120 min, and HF concentration of 2% and 4% (See Figure 4).The results indicated that higher leaching temperatures inhibited silicon leaching.When the HF concentration was 2% and the leaching temperature was 30 °C, the leaching rates of silicon in the alkali leached sample and spent catalyst were 67.18% and 41.69%, respectively.When the temperature increased to 90 °C, the leaching rates reduced to 52.5% and 37.73%, respectively.However, when the concentration of HF increased to 4%, increasing temperature promoted silicon leaching in the alkali-leached sample.The leaching rate of silicon at 30 • C and 60 • C was 93.22% and 99.46%.Thus, at 60 • C, there was almost complete leaching.Further increase in temperature had little effect on the silicon leaching.Elevating the leaching temperature can moderately enhance the leaching of vanadium and aluminum.However, the increased reaction temperature leads to increased energy consumption for heating.Consequently, the optimal leaching temperature was established as 60 • C, considering both energy input and return efficiency.However, when the concentration of HF increased to 4%, increasing temperature promoted silicon leaching in the alkali-leached sample.The leaching rate of silicon at 30 °C and 60 °C was 93.22% and 99.46%.Thus, at 60 °C, there was almost complete leaching.Further increase in temperature had little effect on the silicon leaching.Elevating the leaching temperature can moderately enhance the leaching of vanadium and aluminum.However, the increased reaction temperature leads to increased energy consumption for heating.Consequently, the optimal leaching temperature was established as 60 °C, considering both energy input and return efficiency.

Effect of Leaching Time
The leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum under different leaching times were studied under a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, an HF concentration of 4%, and a leaching temperature of 50 °C (See Figure 5).The leachings of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum in the catalyst were rapid, with the leaching efficiency reaching equilibrium in 5 min.As the leaching time extends, the leaching efficiency experiences a gradual increase.Exploring the thermodynamic relationship of liquid-solid leaching reactions unveiled that the magnitude of chemical potential serves as a criterion to determine the direction and restriction of substance movement among components.When a substance exists in two phases, it shifts from the phase with higher chemical potential to the phase with lower chemical potential.Once the chemical potentials in the two phases become equal, the transfer halts, and the system attains equilibrium.During the leaching reaction, the chemical potential difference of substance in the liquid and solid phases decreases.At the point where the chemical potential reaches zero, the leaching reaction achieves equilibrium.During this phase, extending the alkali leaching time does not enhance the leaching rate.In industrial settings, optimizing productivity necessitates balancing high leaching efficiency with shorter leaching durations.The research outcomes recommend a 60 min leaching time as a better compromise meeting both requirements.

Effect of Leaching Time
The leaching rates of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum under different leaching times were studied under a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, an HF concentration of 4%, and a leaching temperature of 50 • C (See Figure 5).The leachings of silicon, vanadium, and aluminum in the catalyst were rapid, with the leaching efficiency reaching equilibrium in 5 min.As the leaching time extends, the leaching efficiency experiences a gradual increase.Exploring the thermodynamic relationship of liquid-solid leaching reactions unveiled that the magnitude of chemical potential serves as a criterion to determine the direction and restriction of substance movement among components.When a substance exists in two phases, it shifts from the phase with higher chemical potential to the phase with lower chemical potential.Once the chemical potentials in the two phases become equal, the transfer halts, and the system attains equilibrium.During the leaching reaction, the chemical potential difference of substance in the liquid and solid phases decreases.At the point where the chemical potential reaches zero, the leaching reaction achieves equilibrium.During this phase, extending the alkali leaching time does not enhance the leaching rate.In industrial settings, optimizing productivity necessitates balancing high leaching efficiency with shorter leaching durations.The research outcomes recommend a 60 min leaching time as a better compromise meeting both requirements.XRD was used to analyze the changes in the crystal phase structure of the spent catalyst, alkali leaching sample, spent catalyst-HF acid leaching sample, and alkali leaching sample-HF acid leaching sample.The X-ray diffractogram displayed in Figure 6 revealed that only the characteristic diffraction peaks of anatase TiO 2 appeared in the XRD spectrum of the spent SCR denitration catalyst.No other diffraction peaks of other metal oxides were observed, indicating that other metal oxides were distributed on the TiO 2 surface in an amorphous or highly dispersed state.In the alkali leaching sample, three small diffraction peaks at 13.9 • , 24.2 • , and 34.6 • were observed in the XRD spectrum, in addition to the anatase TiO 2 crystal phase.Comparing the three peaks with the powder diffraction file (PDF) in the standard database revealed that these peaks corresponded to the characteristic diffraction peaks of hydrated sodium aluminosilicate 1.
(PDF 00-031-1271).The presence of Si and Al in the SCR catalyst was attributed to the fact that a part of the titanium silicon powder (TiO 2 -SiO 2 ) and a small amount of glass fiber was used in the catalyst generation process-which was primarily present in the form of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3, and aluminosilicate and the reactions during the alkali leaching process were relatively complex.The XRD results revealed that apart from the soluble Na 2 SiO 3 and Na 2 AlO 2 , a new sodium aluminosilicate structure was also formed during alkaline leaching, the reaction formulas are shown in (2)~(5).When HF was utilized for acid leaching, the sodium aluminosilicate structure disappeared, and only the characteristic diffraction peaks of anatase TiO 2 were observed in the XRD spectrum, indicating that HF reacts with sodium aluminosilicate to leach silicon.

Specific Surface Area Analysis
Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the effects of HF concentration on the surface structural properties of alkali-leaching samples and spent catalysts, respectively.The findings demonstrated that, in the alkali leaching sample, employing HF for leaching initially led to a decrease in the specific surface area, followed by an increase as the HF concentration rose.

Specific Surface Area Analysis
Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the effects of HF concentration on the surface structural properties of alkali-leaching samples and spent catalysts, respectively.The findings demonstrated that, in the alkali leaching sample, employing HF for leaching initially led to a decrease in the specific surface area, followed by an increase as the HF concentration rose.When the HF concentration increased from 0 to 2%, the specific surface area dropped from 81.98 m 2 /g to 74.01 m 2 /g, and the average pore size increased from 12.7 nm to 13.1 nm.As the HF concentration increased, the specific surface area of the alkali leaching sample increased again, while the average pore size decreased.When the HF concentration reached 12%, the specific surface area increased to 78.97 m 2 /g, whereas the average pore size was 12.2 nm.In contrast to the alkali leaching sample lacking HF treatment, both the specific surface area and average pore size were reduced.This alteration might be attributed to the addition of hydrofluoric acid, causing structural disruption in the aluminosilicate.Consequently, some pores collapsed, and others were obstructed, leading to a decline in the catalyst's specific surface area and an increase in the average pore size.When the HF concentration is further increased, the leaching rates of silicon and aluminum increase and some small pores recover, which, in turn, increases the specific surface area.However, the average pore size decreases.For the spent SCR catalyst, the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decrease upon leaching with 1% HF.This decrease might also be caused by the collapse of some pores.With increasing HF concentration, the specific surface area and pore volume of the catalyst increase.When the HF concentration is 12%, the specific surface area and pore volume increase to 65.34 m 2 /g and 0.358 cm 3 /g, respectively, thereby implying that during the leaching process, the destruction of aluminosilicate structure and vanadium leaching may restore some of the original pores, while generating additional pores, which increases the catalyst's specific surface area and pore volume.

Morphology Analysis
Figure 7 shows the effect of HF concentration on catalyst morphology.The SEM image showed that for the alkali leaching sample, when the HF concentration was 1%, there were minor agglomerations on the surface of the sample, which may be attributed to the blocking of pores due to the destruction of the aluminosilicate structure.As the concentration of HF continued to increase, the particle size of the alkali leaching sample became significantly smaller, and finer primary particles appeared, which were probably part of the catalyst structure destroyed by HF, resulting in fine particles and smaller pores and reducing the average pore size, which was consistent with the results of the specific surface area.For the spent SCR catalysts that had not been treated with acid and alkali, post-HF leaching, the dense structure of the catalyst surface became fluffy, and the particle size reduced with an increase in HF concentration, which was consistent with the surface structural data presented in Table 2.This change can primarily be attributed to the leaching of aluminosilicate.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effect of HF concentration on Si, V, and Al leaching efficiency.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effect of HF concentration on Si, V, and Al leaching efficiency.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of leaching time on the leaching efficiency.3.2.Influence of Acid Leaching on the Structure and Morphology of Catalysts 3.2.1.XRD Test Analysis XRD was used to analyze the changes in the crystal phase structure of the spent catalyst, alkali leaching sample, spent catalyst-HF acid leaching sample, and alkali leaching

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.Effect of leaching time on the leaching efficiency.

3. 2 .
Influence of Acid Leaching on the Structure and Morphology of Catalysts 3.2.1.XRD Test Analysis

Table 1 .
Effect of HF concentration on the surface structural characteristics of the alkali leaching sample.

Table 2 .
Effect of HF concentration on surface structural characteristics of spent catalyst.

Table 3 .
Analysis of components of acid-leached sample.