A Design Method for Improving the Effect of Shale Interlaced with Limestone Reservoir Reconstruction

: Sichuan Basin, located in southwestern China, is renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. Among these valuable reserves, Da’anzhai seashell limestone stands out as a significant contributor to the region’s energy industry. Da’anzhai seashell limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that contains substantial amounts of organic matter. Over millions of years, the accumulation and transformation of this organic material have resulted in the formation of vast reservoirs rich in oil and natural gas. These reservoirs are found within the layers of Da’anzhai seashell limestone. The geological conditions in Sichuan Basin have played a crucial role in the development and preservation of these resources. The basin’s unique tectonic history has created favorable conditions for the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbon. Additionally, the presence of faults and fractures within the rock formations has facilitated fluid migration and trapping, further enhancing the resource potential. The exploitation of Da’anzhai seashell limestone resources has significantly contributed to China’s energy security and economic growth. Oil extracted from these reserves not only meets domestic demand, but also supports various industries such as transportation, manufacturing, and power generation. Natural gas derived from this source plays an essential role in heating homes, fueling industrial processes, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing coal as a cleaner-burning alternative. Efforts to explore and exploit Da’anzhai seashell limestone continue through advanced technologies such as seismic imaging techniques, horizontal drilling methods, and hydraulic fracturing (fracking), among others. These technological advancements enable more efficient extraction while minimizing the environmental impact. It is worth noting that sustainable management practices should be implemented to ensure the responsible utilization of these resources without compromising the ecological balance or endangering local communities. Environmental protection measures must be prioritized throughout all stages—exploration, production, transportation—to mitigate any potential negative impacts on ecosystems or water sources. In conclusion, the Sichuan Basin boasts abundant oil and gas resources, with Da’anzhai seashell limestone playing a vital role in supporting China’s energy needs. Through responsible exploration, extraction, and utilization practices, these valuable reserves can contribute positively towards national development while ensuring environmental sustainability.


Introduction
The Sichuan Basin boasts abundant shale oil resources, with a total of 2.093 billion tons, including 1.062 billion tons of the source reservoir interbedded type.Consequently, the potential for shale oil development in the Sichuan Basin is immense.The Da'anzhai Second Subsegment's shale oil reservoir holds significant importance within the basin and primarily consists of shale and shell limestone lithology, which exhibit distinct mechanical characteristics (Figure 1).Currently, extensive research has been conducted on interbedded reservoirs containing shale oil.Shicheng Zhang [1], Hou Bing [2,3], and other researchers have conducted physical modeling experiments to preliminarily determine whether the presence of shale layers impedes vertical fracture expansion.In a similar vein, Yizhao Wang et al. [4] conducted full-diameter core true triaxial physical model experiments in conjunction with numerical simulations to elucidate the fracture propagation patterns in different rock layers under the interaction between sandstone and shale.Their findings revealed a cross-shaped expansion in sandstone while a stepped fracture developed within the shale layer due to its well-defined bedding structure.Jinzhou Zhao et al. (2015) employed the finite element and boundary element methods to investigate fracture propagation in shale reservoirs under varying stress conditions and the development of natural cracks.However, there is currently limited research on the interlayer between shale and limestone.In this study, ABAQUS commercial software (2022) was utilized in conjunction with reservoir geomechanics and engineering parameter systems to conduct a multi-parameter simulation of crack extension [5][6][7][8][9].This analysis aims to elucidate the mechanism behind crack height extension, identify the controlling factors influencing crack height extension, and optimize the construction process.
(2015) employed the finite element and boundary element methods to investigate fracture propagation in shale reservoirs under varying stress conditions and the development of natural cracks.However, there is currently limited research on the interlayer between shale and limestone.In this study, ABAQUS commercial software (2022) was utilized in conjunction with reservoir geomechanics and engineering parameter systems to conduct a multi-parameter simulation of crack extension [5][6][7][8][9].This analysis aims to elucidate the mechanism behind crack height extension, identify the controlling factors influencing crack height extension, and optimize the construction process.
The Young's modulus of the Da'anzhai Formation limestone in the Sichuan Basin ranges from 3.6 to 4.7 × 10 4 MPa, with a fracture pressure of 71-80 MPa (Table 1).The shale layer, on the other hand, has a Young's modulus of 2-2.9 × 10 4 MPa and a fracture pressure of 60-70 MPa.It is evident that the stress and modulus values for the limestone layer are significantly higher than those for the shale layer due to interlayer interface influences.Notably, experimental results from correlation large-object modeling demonstrate that fracturing fluid tends to experience substantial filtration loss, thereby impeding crack propagation and extension.In the initial phase of construction, the smooth water volume fracturing technique was employed for well stimulation.Despite an increase in the scale of the liquid used during construction, the monitoring results indicated that the longitudinal crack expansion was significantly impeded by the presence of a limestone layer.Consequently, reservoir reconstruction failed to achieve the desired outcome, and overall, the test results from these wells were unsatisfactory (Table 1).The Young's modulus of the Da'anzhai Formation limestone in the Sichuan Basin ranges from 3.6 to 4.7 × 10 4 MPa, with a fracture pressure of 71-80 MPa (Table 1).The shale layer, on the other hand, has a Young's modulus of 2-2.9 × 10 4 MPa and a fracture pressure of 60-70 MPa.It is evident that the stress and modulus values for the limestone layer are significantly higher than those for the shale layer due to interlayer interface influences.Notably, experimental results from correlation large-object modeling demonstrate that fracturing fluid tends to experience substantial filtration loss, thereby impeding crack propagation and extension.In the initial phase of construction, the smooth water volume fracturing technique was employed for well stimulation.Despite an increase in the scale of the liquid used during construction, the monitoring results indicated that the longitudinal crack expansion was significantly impeded by the presence of a limestone layer.Consequently, reservoir reconstruction failed to achieve the desired outcome, and overall, the test results from these wells were unsatisfactory (Table 1).

Numerical Simulation of Crack Height Expansion
Using the ABAQUS software (2022), a study was conducted to investigate the extension of fracture height in formations consisting of vertical limestone and shale [6][7][8].The aim was to explore the factors that control this extension.Different combinations of shale and limestone were modeled, considering model dimensions of 20 m length, 10 m width, and 8 m height, as indicated in Table 2. Physical models were established for pure shale (Figure 2), shale mixed with limestone (Figure 3) [10][11][12][13], and the interaction between shale and limestone (Figure 4).Longxing 1, a representative well within the operational zone, was chosen for the construction of a geological model (refer to Figure 4).The model parameters were incorporated based on the interpretation data from well logging and ground stress information obtained specifically from Longxing 1 (Tables 3-5).Limestone and shale interbedded 210.9 2.702 0.271    The model is divided into structured hex grids, i.e., structured regular hexahedral grids.The schematic diagram of the grid model is as follows (Figure 5): [14].The model is divided into structured hex grids, i.e., structured regular hexahedral grids.The schematic diagram of the grid model is as follows (Figure 5): [14].The model is divided into structured hex grids, i.e., structured regular hexahedral grids.The schematic diagram of the grid model is as follows (Figure 5): [14].To ensure a more accurate representation of the scene, it is recommended to scale up the original model dimensions to 100 m in length, 60 m in width, and 30 m in height.This adjustment will effectively align with the actual geological conditions.Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the controlling factors that impact seam height while keeping consistent geological properties and construction parameters intact [15,16].By referencing the geological characteristics observed in the Ren'an 1 well and considering how limestone layers influence shale reservoir fractures' extension, a three-dimensional model illustrating the shale-limestone interaction within a horizontal well has been established (refer to Figure 6).To ensure a more accurate representation of the scene, it is recommended to scale up the original model dimensions to 100 m in length, 60 m in width, and 30 m in height.This adjustment will effectively align with the actual geological conditions.Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the controlling factors that impact seam height while keeping consistent geological properties and construction parameters intact [15,16].By referencing the geological characteristics observed in the Ren'an 1 well and considering how limestone layers influence shale reservoir fractures' extension, a three-dimensional model illustrating the shale-limestone interaction within a horizontal well has been established (refer to Figure 6).The cementation strength of the shale interlayer interface is closely correlated with the composition and concentration of cements (such as quartz, calcite, and pyrite) and is typically quantitatively assessed through interfacial shear strength [17].A higher cemen-

Geological Factor 2.1.1. Shear Strength of Interlayer Interface
The cementation strength of the shale interlayer interface is closely correlated with the composition and concentration of cements (such as quartz, calcite, and pyrite) and is typically quantitatively assessed through interfacial shear strength [17].A higher cementation strength corresponds to a greater interfacial shear strength.Simulation results indicate that hydraulic fractures exhibit enhanced interlayer integrity, characterized by discontinuous fracture lengths at the interlayer while displaying limited extension within the new layer (as depicted in Figure 7).The simulation results demonstrate a clear impact of interfacial shear strength on the longitudinal propagation of hydraulic fractures.However, further simulations incorporating additional variable parameters are necessary in order to accurately quantify the extent of this influence [18].After a prolonged period of expansion, the interlayer's influence diminished and the fracture gradually regained its longitudinal symmetry.To further elucidate the propagation and extension morphology of hydraulic fractures under varying shear strengths, different shear strengths were employed while keeping other parameters consistent with the model.The simulation results demonstrated that variations in interlayer cementation strength significantly impacted hydraulic fracture propagation.When the interlayer shear strength was high, it facilitated enhanced penetration of hydraulic fractures into the interlayer and subsequent entry into the adjacent reservoir, thereby enabling the further expansion of the reservoir.The longitudinal propagation of hydraulic fractures remained largely unaffected, as observed in numerous large-scale model experiments conducted by scholars.This phenomenon can be attributed to the significant filtration loss experienced by fracturing fluid at low interface strength levels, resulting in substantial net pressure loss that hinders adequate support for extended hydraulic fracture growth.

Vertical Stress Difference
The vertical stress difference is often referred to as the difference between the vertical geostress and the minimum horizontal geostress [19].Different stress difference values were set to carry out the numerical simulation.The simulation results demonstrated that the high vertical stress difference was conducive to the hydraulic fracture penetrating the weak interlayer interface and entering the adjacent reservoir, so as to realize the effective longitudinal expansion of hydraulic fracture and achieve a better reconstruction effect.When the horizontal minimum principal stress was constant, the greater the vertical stress, the stronger the shear resistance of the interface, so the effect of the interface strength was reduced.Of course, when the vertical stress difference was large, it had little effect on the overall expansion morphology of the hydraulic fractures.

Interlayer Stress Difference
The difference in stress between the interlayers is referred to as the disparity between the minimum horizontal ground stress of the spacer and the reservoir [20][21][22].We employed this stress discrepancy among different layers for the purpose of conducting numerical simulations.The simulation outcomes demonstrated that a lower level of stress variation between layers enhanced propagation capability, increased the fracture height, and improved the vertical propagation effectiveness of hydraulic fractures.The greater the difference in interlayer stress and the higher the net pressure required for longitudinal expansion of hydraulic fractures were, the more challenging it became for hydraulic frac-

Vertical Stress Difference
The vertical stress difference is often referred to as the difference between the vertical geostress and the minimum horizontal geostress [19].Different stress difference values were set to carry out the numerical simulation.The simulation results demonstrated that the high vertical stress difference was conducive to the hydraulic fracture penetrating the weak interlayer interface and entering the adjacent reservoir, so as to realize the effective longitudinal expansion of hydraulic fracture and achieve a better reconstruction effect.When the horizontal minimum principal stress was constant, the greater the vertical stress, the stronger the shear resistance of the interface, so the effect of the interface strength was reduced.Of course, when the vertical stress difference was large, it had little effect on the overall expansion morphology of the hydraulic fractures.

Interlayer Stress Difference
The difference in stress between the interlayers is referred to as the disparity between the minimum horizontal ground stress of the spacer and the reservoir [20][21][22].We employed this stress discrepancy among different layers for the purpose of conducting numerical simulations.The simulation outcomes demonstrated that a lower level of stress variation between layers enhanced propagation capability, increased the fracture height, and improved the vertical propagation effectiveness of hydraulic fractures.The greater the difference in interlayer stress and the higher the net pressure required for longitudinal expansion of hydraulic fractures were, the more challenging it became for hydraulic fractures to penetrate the interface between layers into either the interlayer or the adjacent reservoir.When there was a significant disparity in interlayer stress, despite gradually increasing the net hydraulic fracture pressure, the hydraulic fractures tended to expand laterally, and their longitudinal expansion remained limited.

Tensile Strength Difference
The disparity between the tensile strength of the isolation layer and the reservoir is referred to as the difference in tensile strength [23].Figure 8d presents various examples of calculations wherein the isolation layer's tensile strengths are set at 2 MPa, 4 MPa, 6 MPa, and 8 MPa, respectively.Consequently, this results in corresponding interlayer tensile strength differences of −2 MPa, 0 MPa, 2 MPa, and 4 MPa.The simulation's findings indicate a close alignment between hydraulic fracture penetration and interlayer stress variation caused by differences in tensile strength.During the process of hydraulic fracture propagation, it is essential for the fracture to surpass both the minimum horizontal in situ stress and the rock's tensile strength.A smaller variation in tensile strength between layers provides an advantage in achieving successful penetration of the hydraulic fracture.Specifically, when initiating from a layer with high strength, it becomes more feasible to penetrate interfaces between layers and expand into layers with lower strength.Based on this comprehension, optimization can be achieved by considering both well penetration and perforation layers.

Factor Weight
Currently, the key factors impacting the extension of hydraulic fractures are interfacial shear strength, interlayer stress difference, vertical stress difference, etc.However, there is still limited clarity regarding their specific influence on the joint height of hydraulic fractures.Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively analyze the degree of influence each factor has on the joint height through extensive numerical simulations (Figure 9) and by employing the control variable method.The findings will provide valuable guidance for reservoir evaluation and the subsequent formulation of process parameters.As depicted in Figure 10, the variation in interfacial shear strength between shale and limestone exerts the most pronounced influence on the extension of hydraulic fracture height.Subsequently, the magnitude of interlayer stress difference follows suit, while the impact of vertical stress difference is comparatively weaker on hydraulic fracture height.Consequently, future models for evaluating hydraulic fracture height extension should prioritize considering interfacial shear strength.In cases where the shear strength is feeble, achieving a significant extension of hydraulic fractures becomes more challenging, thus necessitating the adoption of enhanced and aggressive process parameters to accomplish full longitudinal reconstruction objectives in reservoirs with low shear strength.Conversely, for reservoirs exhibiting robust shear strength, it is advisable to employ judicious parameters to prevent excessive expansion of the hydraulic fracture height.The difference in tensile strength

Construction Displacement
Small-scale simulation: Displacement has a great influence on the vertical exte of fractures.As shown in Figure 11, the height of the fractures increased with the inc in displacement.Due to the significant displacement, the middle thin-shell limeston always able to be pressed open, but the upper and lower far thin shell limestone wer to avoid being pressed open through displacement control.At the same time, the

Construction Displacement
Small-scale simulation: Displacement has a great influence on the vertical extension of fractures.As shown in Figure 11, the height of the fractures increased with the increase in displacement.Due to the significant displacement, the middle thin-shell limestone was always able to be pressed open, but the upper and lower far thin shell limestone were able to avoid being pressed open through displacement control.At the same time, the seam height extension in the initial injection stage was more sensitive to the flow rate.The influence of viscosity on the geometric parameters of the crack is shown in Figure 12.With the increase in the viscosity of the fracturing fluid, the fracture height was larger, and the fracture height extension at different fracture lengths was more uniform.A small-scale numerical simulation demonstrated the significant impact of construction displacement and liquid viscosity on the height expansion of hydraulic fractures.The influence of construction displacement surpassed that of liquid viscosity in the early stage, while the effect of liquid viscosity became more pronounced during the middle and late stages.To further apply these findings to mining operations, a large-scale numerical simulation was conducted [24,25].
Processes 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18 height extension in the initial injection stage was more sensitive to the flow rate.The influence of viscosity on the geometric parameters of the crack is shown in Figure 12.With the increase in the viscosity of the fracturing fluid, the fracture height was larger, and the fracture height extension at different fracture lengths was more uniform.A small-scale numerical simulation demonstrated the significant impact of construction displacement and liquid viscosity on the height expansion of hydraulic fractures.The influence of construction displacement surpassed that of liquid viscosity in the early stage, while the effect of liquid viscosity became more pronounced during the middle and late stages.To further apply these findings to mining operations, a large-scale numerical simulation was conducted [24,25].Large-scale simulation: The impact of displacement on the extension of seam height is illustrated in Figure 13.The increase in displacement led to a corresponding rise in seam height, attributed to the larger magnitude of displacement.As the displacement progres- height extension in the initial injection stage was more sensitive to the flow rate.The influence of viscosity on the geometric parameters of the crack is shown in Figure 12.With the increase in the viscosity of the fracturing fluid, the fracture height was larger, and the fracture height extension at different fracture lengths was more uniform.A small-scale numerical simulation demonstrated the significant impact of construction displacement and liquid viscosity on the height expansion of hydraulic fractures.The influence of construction displacement surpassed that of liquid viscosity in the early stage, while the effect of liquid viscosity became more pronounced during the middle and late stages.To further apply these findings to mining operations, a large-scale numerical simulation was conducted [24,25].
10 m 3 /min 12 m 3 /min Large-scale simulation: The impact of displacement on the extension of seam height is illustrated in Figure 13.The increase in displacement led to a corresponding rise in seam height, attributed to the larger magnitude of displacement.As the displacement progressively escalated, cracks consistently propagated along the vulnerable interfaces between Large-scale simulation: The impact of displacement on the extension of seam height is illustrated in Figure 13.The increase in displacement led to a corresponding rise in seam height, attributed to the larger magnitude of displacement.As the displacement progressively escalated, cracks consistently propagated along the vulnerable interfaces between layers, resulting in an elevation of crack height [26][27][28].Specifically, when the displacement escalated from 8 m 3 /min to 16 m 3 /min, there was a breakthrough at the layer interface, and subsequently, a 25% augmentation in crack height occurred.

The Viscosity of Fracturing Fluid
The influence of viscosity on crack height elongation is illustrated in Figure 14.It can be observed that with an increase in viscosity, there was a corresponding increase in crack height; however, the magnitude of this increase was relatively small.Specifically, when the viscosity reached 20 mPa•s, the seam height experienced a 6% change.Moreover, as the viscosity surpassed 50 mPa•s, the ability to penetrate through layer interfaces was significantly enhanced, consequently leading to a substantial elevation in seam height.

The Viscosity of Fracturing Fluid
The influence of viscosity on crack height elongation is illustrated in Figure 14.It can be observed that with an increase in viscosity, there was a corresponding increase in crack height; however, the magnitude of this increase was relatively small.Specifically, when the viscosity reached 20 mPa•s, the seam height experienced a 6% change.Moreover, as the viscosity surpassed 50 mPa•s, the ability to penetrate through layer interfaces was significantly enhanced, consequently leading to a substantial elevation in seam height.
The simulation results demonstrate that the fracture height extension of the limestone and shale layers is significantly influenced by reservoir stress.To achieve effective perforation fracturing, it is recommended to employ high-displacement (>14 m 3 /min) and high-viscosity liquid (>100 mPa•s).On-site construction can involve the pre-application of high-viscosity liquid and the utilization of high-displacement techniques to ensure adequate reservoir transformation.The simulation results demonstrate that the fracture height extension of the limestone and shale layers is significantly influenced by reservoir stress.To achieve effective perforation fracturing, it is recommended to employ high-displacement (>14 m 3 /min) and high-viscosity liquid (>100 mPa•s).On-site construction can involve the pre-application of high-viscosity liquid and the utilization of high-displacement techniques to ensure adequate reservoir transformation.

Simulation of Temporarily Blocked Clusters
Using the identical stress uniform hole layout, a construction displacement of 16.0 m 3 /min, and an injection volume of 1400 m 3 , we aimed to simulate the crack morphology under three scenarios: no temporary blocking, temporary blocking with three clusters, and temporary blocking with four clusters in a single section.It is evident that in the absence of temporary blocking, cracks predominantly extended on both sides, while their extension in the middle was significantly suppressed.When the number of temporarily blocked clusters reached three, the crack length in each cluster became relatively uniform.Furthermore, as the number of temporarily blocked clusters increased to four, there was a further enhancement in the uniformity of the crack extension within each cluster (Figure 15).

Simulation of Temporarily Blocked Clusters
Using the identical stress uniform hole layout, a construction displacement of 16.0 m 3 /min, and an injection volume of 1400 m 3 , we aimed to simulate the crack morphology under three scenarios: no temporary blocking, temporary blocking with three clusters, and temporary blocking with four clusters in a single section.It is evident that in the absence of temporary blocking, cracks predominantly extended on both sides, while their extension in the middle was significantly suppressed.When the number of temporarily blocked clusters reached three, the crack length in each cluster became relatively uniform.Furthermore, as the number of temporarily blocked clusters increased to four, there was a further enhancement in the uniformity of the crack extension within each cluster (Figure 15).
Using an identical stress layout with uniform holes, a construction displacement of 16.0 m 3 /min, and an injection volume of 1800 m 3 , we simulated the crack morphology under three scenarios: no temporary blocking, temporary blocking with four clusters, and temporary blocking with six clusters in a single section.It is evident that when not temporarily blocked, the stress shadows suppressed the extension of four crack clusters almost entirely.However, when there were four temporarily blocked clusters, all except for the fifth cluster exhibited improved crack extension lengths.When the number of clusters that were temporarily blocked reached six, there was a consistent level of crack extension observed in each cluster (Figure 16) [29,30].Using an identical stress layout with uniform holes, a construction displacement o 16.0 m 3 /min, and an injection volume of 1800 m 3 , we simulated the crack morphology un der three scenarios: no temporary blocking, temporary blocking with four clusters, an temporary blocking with six clusters in a single section.It is evident that when not tem porarily blocked, the stress shadows suppressed the extension of four crack clusters a most entirely.However, when there were four temporarily blocked clusters, all except fo the fifth cluster exhibited improved crack extension lengths.When the number of cluste that were temporarily blocked reached six, there was a consistent level of crack extensio observed in each cluster (Figure 16) [29,30].

Stress Difference Simulation
Using a construction displacement rate of 16.0 m 3 /min and an injection volume o 1800 m 3 , the simulation was conducted to analyze the crack propagation morphology un der stress differences of 0 MPa, 2 MPa, and 4 MPa in a single segment consisting of seve clusters (Figure 17).It is evident that, at a stress difference of 0 MPa, there existed a signi icant variation in the lengths of each cluster's cracks.However, as the stress differenc increased from 2 MPa to 4 MPa, the disparity in crack length among the individual cluste diminished.The analysis suggested that employing a stress mode characterized by low to-medium stress, with sequential increments on both sides, could partially mitigate th impact of stress shadows between cracks while enhancing the uniformity of crack exten sion within each cluster.Consequently, for subsequent designs, it is recommended that combination strategy involving non-uniform distribution of fractures be adopted, alon with temporary plugging between fractures to achieve effective transformation of the re ervoir sections [31,32].Using an identical stress layout with uniform holes, a construction displacement 16.0 m 3 /min, and an injection volume of 1800 m 3 , we simulated the crack morphology u der three scenarios: no temporary blocking, temporary blocking with four clusters, a temporary blocking with six clusters in a single section.It is evident that when not te porarily blocked, the stress shadows suppressed the extension of four crack clusters most entirely.However, when there were four temporarily blocked clusters, all except the fifth cluster exhibited improved crack extension lengths.When the number of clust that were temporarily blocked reached six, there was a consistent level of crack extensi observed in each cluster (Figure 16) [29,30].

Stress Difference Simulation
Using a construction displacement rate of 16.0 m 3 /min and an injection volume 1800 m 3 , the simulation was conducted to analyze the crack propagation morphology u der stress differences of 0 MPa, 2 MPa, and 4 MPa in a single segment consisting of sev clusters (Figure 17).It is evident that, at a stress difference of 0 MPa, there existed a sign icant variation in the lengths of each cluster's cracks.However, as the stress differen increased from 2 MPa to 4 MPa, the disparity in crack length among the individual clust diminished.The analysis suggested that employing a stress mode characterized by lo to-medium stress, with sequential increments on both sides, could partially mitigate t impact of stress shadows between cracks while enhancing the uniformity of crack exte sion within each cluster.Consequently, for subsequent designs, it is recommended tha combination strategy involving non-uniform distribution of fractures be adopted, alo with temporary plugging between fractures to achieve effective transformation of the r ervoir sections [31,32].

Stress Difference Simulation
Using a construction displacement rate of 16.0 m 3 /min and an injection volume of 1800 m 3 , the simulation was conducted to analyze the crack propagation morphology under stress differences of 0 MPa, 2 MPa, and 4 MPa in a single segment consisting of seven clusters (Figure 17).It is evident that, at a stress difference of 0 MPa, there existed a significant variation in the lengths of each cluster's cracks.However, as the stress difference increased from 2 MPa to 4 MPa, the disparity in crack length among the individual clusters diminished.The analysis suggested that employing a stress mode characterized by low-to-medium stress, with sequential increments on both sides, could partially mitigate the impact of stress shadows between cracks while enhancing the uniformity of crack extension within each cluster.Consequently, for subsequent designs, it is recommended that a combination strategy involving non-uniform distribution of fractures be adopted, along with temporary plugging between fractures to achieve effective transformation of the reservoir sections [31,32].

Results
Based on our understanding of the longitudinal expansion of fractures, we conduct a field operation in which we selected the Qiulin 22 well, a representative well within t work area, for testing purposes.

Results
Based on our understanding of the longitudinal expansion of fractures, we conducted a field operation in which we selected the Qiulin 22 well, a representative well within the work area, for testing purposes.
The Qiulin 22 well is a development well located in the Daanzhai shale oil reservoir, characterized by a lithology comprising interbedded layers of shale and limestone.However, this particular well encounters challenges in terms of fully exploiting the reservoir's lengthwise potential due to the presence of limestone and lithologic interfaces.These factors significantly impede the effective extension of hydraulic fractures, thereby hindering successful reservoir reconstruction (Figure 18).
Based on our understanding of the longitudinal expansion of fractures, we conducted a field operation in which we selected the Qiulin 22 well, a representative well within the work area, for testing purposes.
The Qiulin 22 well is a development well located in the Daanzhai shale oil reservoir, characterized by a lithology comprising interbedded layers of shale and limestone.However, this particular well encounters challenges in terms of fully exploiting the reservoir's lengthwise potential due to the presence of limestone and lithologic interfaces.These factors significantly impede the effective extension of hydraulic fractures, thereby hindering successful reservoir reconstruction (Figure 18).
The well was modified by utilizing pre-grouting fluid (120 mPa•s), slick water, and a high displacement rate (16 m 3 /min).The microseismic monitoring results demonstrated successful fracture penetration into the layer, the reservoir position of this well being 3056.0-3087.0, with a vertical depth of 2875~2888 m.Microseismic monitoring indicated that the hydraulic fracture had a top seam height of 2869 m and a bottom seam height of 2892 m, confirming the complete reformation of the reservoir and validating the effectiveness of the process.This successful operation on the Qiulin 22 well serves as evidence for the efficacy of this study (Figure 19).The well was modified by utilizing pre-grouting fluid (120 mPa•s), slick water, and a high displacement rate (16 m 3 /min).The microseismic monitoring results demonstrated successful fracture penetration into the layer, the reservoir position of this well being 3056.0-3087.0, with a vertical depth of 2875~2888 m.Microseismic monitoring indicated that the hydraulic fracture had a top seam height of 2869 m and a bottom seam height of 2892 m, confirming the complete reformation of the reservoir and validating the effectiveness of the process.This successful operation on the Qiulin 22 well serves as evidence for the efficacy of this study (Figure 19).The technique of temporary joint plugging was utilized in the Long'an 1 well.The Long'an 1 well is a horizontal well in Da'anzhai Formation.The reservoir in this well contains interacting shale and limestone.The stress difference between sections is significant; the stress heterogeneity is extremely strong; and the uniform expansion of hydraulic fractures is difficult, so it is difficult to achieve full reservoir reconstruction, and the recon- The technique of temporary joint plugging was utilized in the Long'an 1 well.The Long'an 1 well is a horizontal well in Da'anzhai Formation.The reservoir in this well contains interacting shale and limestone.The stress difference between sections is significant; the stress heterogeneity is extremely strong; and the uniform expansion of hydraulic fractures is difficult, so it is difficult to achieve full reservoir reconstruction, and the reconstruction effect is limited.In this well, 50 perforations were made in the seventh section and 20 balls were temporarily plugged based on research findings.Prior to the temporary plugging, event points responded on both sides of the well, with a non-perpendicular azimuth angle of fracture extension on the east side.However, after temporary plugging, the event points showed outward extension tendencies perpendicular to the well on both sides, indicating the significant effectiveness of this approach.Figure 15 illustrates this effect, with blue and red dots representing pre-and post-plugging event points, respectively.Therefore, it is imperative to employ temporary plugging technology for such reservoirs in order to enhance the uniform expansion degrees of hydraulic fractures and to achieve optimal reservoir reconstruction outcomes (Figure 20).The technique of temporary joint plugging was utilized in the Long'an 1 well.The Long'an 1 well is a horizontal well in Da'anzhai Formation.The reservoir in this well contains interacting shale and limestone.The stress difference between sections is significant; the stress heterogeneity is extremely strong; and the uniform expansion of hydraulic fractures is difficult, so it is difficult to achieve full reservoir reconstruction, and the reconstruction effect is limited.In this well, 50 perforations were made in the seventh section and 20 balls were temporarily plugged based on research findings.Prior to the temporary plugging, event points responded on both sides of the well, with a non-perpendicular azimuth angle of fracture extension on the east side.However, after temporary plugging, the event points showed outward extension tendencies perpendicular to the well on both sides, indicating the significant effectiveness of this approach.Figure 15 illustrates this effect, with blue and red dots representing pre-and post-plugging event points, respectively.Therefore, it is imperative to employ temporary plugging technology for such reservoirs in order to enhance the uniform expansion degrees of hydraulic fractures and to achieve optimal reservoir reconstruction outcomes (Figure 20).

Discussion
(1) By employing finite element numerical simulation, this investigation has unveiled the primary factors influencing the longitudinal propagation of interactive lithology, specifically interlayer interface strength and interlayer stress disparity.These findings possess significant implications for comprehending hydraulic fracture propagation in intricate lithological formations.(2) Currently, the exploration and development of continental shale oil is experiencing a significant surge, but it will encounter numerous challenges in terms of reconstructing intricate lithologic reservoir layers.Therefore, this study holds substantial practical significance.
(3) The propagation of longitudinal fractures in shale oil reservoirs containing interbedded shale and limestone formations is highly intricate.The author strongly advocates for further comprehensive research, combined with large-scale model experiments, to delve more deeply into this complex phenomenon.(4) This study aims to optimize the parameters for temporary plugging through numerical simulation.However, it is important to note that the temporary plugging process requires a more systematic investigation.Further research on the temporary plugging machine and evaluation of its effectiveness are necessary.

Conclusions
(1) The reservoir consisted of shale and limestone, with the Young's modulus and stress of the limestone layer being notably higher than those of the shale layer.In the initial stage, a slack-water volume fracturing process was employed, resulting in significant inhibition of the fracture height.(2) Finite element numerical simulation revealed that the longitudinal propagation of hydraulic fractures is influenced by interlayer interface strength, interlayer stress differential, fracturing displacement, and viscosity.(3) The results of the numerical simulation demonstrated the indispensability of employing a combination of substantial displacement and pre-viscous liquid in order to accomplish longitudinal penetration.(4) Horizontal wells exhibit significant heterogeneity, posing challenges in terms of achieving uniform hydraulic fracture propagation.Through the implementation of a temporary plugging process, approximately 40% of the perforations were effectively obstructed, facilitating the even expansion of multiple fracture clusters.(5) The application results demonstrated the successful implementation of the perforating fracturing process in the Qiulin 22 well.The monitoring results confirmed the effectiveness of this recommended procedure, thereby validating its reliability.Funding: This research received no external funding.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a pure shale model.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a shale mixed with limestone model.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a pure shale model.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a pure shale model.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a shale mixed with limestone model.Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a shale mixed with limestone model.

Figure 3 . 18 Figure 4 .
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a shale mixed with limestone model.Figure 3. Schematic diagram of a shale mixed with limestone model.Processes 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a shale-limestone interaction model.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of a shale-limestone interaction model.

Processes 2023 , 18 Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Simulation of hydraulic crack propagation at a strong level of shear strength.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Simulation of hydraulic crack propagation at a strong level of shear strength.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The results of the numerical simulation.(a) Interlayer interface strength; (b) vertica difference; (c) stress difference between layers; (d) the difference in tensile strength.2.1.5.Factor Weight Currently, the key factors impacting the extension of hydraulic fractures are in cial shear strength, interlayer stress difference, vertical stress difference, etc.How

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.The results of the numerical simulation.(a) Interlayer interface strength; (b) vertical stress difference; (c) stress difference between layers; (d) the difference in tensile strength.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Analysis of orthogonal test results.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Analysis of orthogonal test results.

Figure 11 .Figure 12 .
Figure 11.Different displacement joint height extension simulation at the initial injection stage,.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Different displacement joint height extension simulation at the initial injection stage.

Figure 11 .Figure 12 .
Figure 11.Different displacement joint height extension simulation at the initial injection stage,.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Simulation of seam height extension of liquids of different viscosities.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Simulation of crack morphology with different numbers of clusters temporarily blocke (10 clusters within the segment).(a) Not temporarily blocked; (b) temporarily blocking 3 cluster (c) temporarily blocking 4 clusters.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Simulation of crack morphology with different numbers of clusters temporarily blocked (7 clusters within the segment).(a) Not temporarily blocked; (b) temporarily blocking 3 clusters; (c) temporarily blocking 4 clusters.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Simulation of crack morphology with different numbers of clusters temporarily block (7 clusters within the segment).(a) Not temporarily blocked; (b) temporarily blocking 3 clusters; temporarily blocking 4 clusters.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Simulation of crack morphology with different numbers of clusters temporarily block (10 clusters within the segment).(a) Not temporarily blocked; (b) temporarily blocking 3 cluste (c) temporarily blocking 4 clusters.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Simulation of crack morphology with different numbers of clusters temporarily blocked (10 clusters within the segment).(a) Not temporarily blocked; (b) temporarily blocking 3 clusters; (c) temporarily blocking 4 clusters.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Pumping procedure for the construction of well QL22.Figure 18. Pumping procedure for the construction of well QL22.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Pumping procedure for the construction of well QL22.Figure 18. Pumping procedure for the construction of well QL22.

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Application effect of temporary plugging technology in the Longan 1 well.(The red event point indicates after the temporary block, and the blue event point indicates before the temporary block).

Figure 20 .
Figure 20.Application effect of temporary plugging technology in the Longan 1 well.(The red event point indicates after the temporary block, and the blue event point indicates before the temporary block).

Author
Contributions: Z.L. is responsible for the overall idea and design of the article; W.C. and F.L.: supported the on-site application of technology; S.L.: supported relevant technical research; Y.W.: conducted geological mechanics experiments and analysis; R.H.: set model parameters and optimized parameters.All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Table 1 .
Stress characteristics of Da'anzhai shale oil reservoir.

Table 2 .
Rock mechanical characteristics of Daanzhai shale oil reservoir.

Table 3 .
Mechanical parameters of the rock in well Longxing 1.

Table 4 .
Logging interpretation data of well Longxing 1.

Table 5 .
Reference table for values of strata and construction parameters.

Table 4 .
Logging interpretation data of well Longxing 1.

Table 5 .
Reference table for values of strata and construction parameters.

Table 4 .
Logging interpretation data of well Longxing 1.

Table 5 .
Reference table for values of strata and construction parameters.