Effects of Parental Migration on Life Satisfaction and Academic Achievement of Left-Behind Children in Rural China—A Case Study in Hubei Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Distribution
3.2. Life Satisfaction between LBC and NLBC
3.3. Academic Achievement between LBC and NLBC
3.4. The Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Academic Achievement
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number (n) and Frequency (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Overall | LBC | NLBC | χ2 | p | |||
n = 2023 | 100% | n = 1031 | 51% | n = 992 | 49% | 0.752 | 0.386 | |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | n = 1000 | 100% | n = 509 | 50.9% | n = 491 | 49.1% | 0.580 | 0.446 |
Female | n = 991 | 100% | n = 502 | 50.7% | n = 489 | 49.3% | 0.227 | 0.634 |
Grade | ||||||||
Grade 4 | n = 257 | 100% | n = 124 | 48.2% | n = 133 | 51.8% | 0.315 | 0.575 |
Grade 5 | n = 252 | 100% | n = 139 | 55.2% | n = 113 | 44.8% | 2.683 | 0.101 |
Grade 6 | n = 329 | 100% | n = 160 | 48.6% | n = 169 | 51.4% | 0.246 | 0.620 |
Grade 7 | n = 386 | 100% | n = 207 | 56.3% | n = 161 | 43.8% | 8.124 | 0.004 |
Grade 8 | n = 403 | 100% | n = 199 | 50.3% | n = 197 | 49.7% | 0.089 | 0.766 |
Grade 9 | n = 396 | 100% | n = 182 | 46.8% | n = 207 | 53.2% | 0.836 | 0.175 |
Educational level | ||||||||
Elementary school (grades 4–6) | n = 838 | 100% | n = 423 | 50.5% | n = 415 | 49.5% | 0.076 | 0.782 |
Middle school (grades 7–9) | n = 1185 | 100% | n = 588 | 51.0% | n = 565 | 49.0% | 1.030 | 0.310 |
Variable | LBC (M, SD) (n = 1031) | NLBC (M, SD) (n = 992) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 20.98, 6.273 | 21.66, 5.877 | 2.498 | 0.013 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 20.99, 6.313 | 21.56, 5.975 | 1.460 | 0.145 |
Female | 21.05, 6.264 | 21.79, 5.772 | 1.910 | 0.056 |
Grade | ||||
Grade 4 | 22.14, 5.623 | 22.75, 5.245 | 0.907 | 0.365 |
Grade 5 | 22.74, 7.324 | 22.50, 6.235 | -0.272 | 0.786 |
Grade 6 | 20.64, 6.467 | 21.64, 6.504 | 1.400 | 0.162 |
Grade 7 | 20.59, 5.993 | 21.51, 5.332 | 2.277 | 0.023 |
Grade 8 | 20.43, 5.450 | 21.71, 5.246 | 2.385 | 0.018 |
Grade 9 | 20.07, 5.990 | 20.67, 6.317 | 0.968 | 0.334 |
Educational level | ||||
Elementary school (grades 4–6) | 21.77, 6.584 | 22.23, 6.058 | 1.059 | 0.290 |
Middle school (grades 7–9) | 20.43, 5.992 | 21.24, 5.712 | 2.380 | 0.017 |
Variable | LBC (M, SD) (n = 1031) | NLBC (M, SD) (n = 992) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 206.39, 60.925 | 212.79, 59.612 | 2.392 | 0.017 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 207.71, 60.385 | 212.49, 58.254 | 1.276 | 0.202 |
Female | 205.00, 60.954 | 213.61, 61.073 | 2.224 | 0.026 |
Grade | ||||
Grade 4 | 197.86, 58.272 | 203.32, 57.335 | 0.756 | 0.450 |
Grade 5 | 196.94, 58.030 | 206.21, 62.662 | 1.217 | 0.225 |
Grade 6 | 198.88, 64.010 | 204.72, 63.429 | 0.830 | 0.407 |
Grade 7 | 211.96, 62.405 | 219.30, 57.932 | 1.178 | 0.240 |
Grade 8 | 208.09, 60.141 | 216.39, 56.108 | 1.438 | 0.151 |
Grade 9 | 217.13, 59.288 | 220.23, 59.463 | 0.518 | 0.605 |
Educational level | ||||
Elementary school (grades 4–6) | 197.94, 60.592 | 204.68, 60.294 | 1.604 | 0.109 |
Middle school (grades 7–9) | 212.22, 60.724 | 218.63, 57.803 | 1.863 | 0.063 |
Variable | Life Satisfaction (M, SD) | Academic Achievement (M, SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Separation age | Aged < 3 | 20.30, 6.644 | 205.76, 60.985 |
(n = 351) | |||
3 < Aged < 6 | 21.10, 6.141 | 197.02, 59.898 | |
(n = 464) | |||
Aged > 6 | 21.80, 5.948 | 211.19, 61.221 | |
(n = 204) | |||
One-way ANOVA | 3.900 * | 3.891 * | |
F value |
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Song, S.; Chen, C.; Zhang, A. Effects of Parental Migration on Life Satisfaction and Academic Achievement of Left-Behind Children in Rural China—A Case Study in Hubei Province. Children 2018, 5, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070087
Song S, Chen C, Zhang A. Effects of Parental Migration on Life Satisfaction and Academic Achievement of Left-Behind Children in Rural China—A Case Study in Hubei Province. Children. 2018; 5(7):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070087
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Shujuan, Chunfeng Chen, and Aiguo Zhang. 2018. "Effects of Parental Migration on Life Satisfaction and Academic Achievement of Left-Behind Children in Rural China—A Case Study in Hubei Province" Children 5, no. 7: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070087