Outcomes of Gallic Acid on Alternariol Induced Cyto-Morphic and Genotoxic In Vivo Changes in Parotid Gland: 4-HNE Incorporated
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Experimental Animals
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.4. Histopathological Study
2.4.1. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) Stain
2.4.2. Immunohistochemical Study
2.5. Ultrastructure Study
2.6. Alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay)
2.7. Biochemical Analysis of Tissue Antioxidant Enzymes
2.8. Morphometric Study
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histopathological Results
3.1.1. Light Microscope Results
3.1.2. Immunohistochemical Results
3.2. Electron Microscope Results
3.3. Results and Statistical Analysis of Comet Assay
3.4. Morphometric Results
3.5. Biochemical Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOH | Alternariol |
GA | gallic acid |
4-HNE | 4-hyroxynonenal |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
CAT | Catalase |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
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Group | Area Percent (Mean ± SD) | ANOVA | LSD POST Hoc Test (Compared to Control Group) |
---|---|---|---|
Control group I | 4.69 ± 0.43 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 15.52 ± 0.74 a | 0.000 | |
Gallic + AOH group IV | 5.12 ± 0.62 b | 0.086 |
Group | COMET % (Mean ± SD) | ANOVA | LSD POST Hoc Test (Compared to Control Group) |
---|---|---|---|
Control group I | 9.9 ± 2.7 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 16.6 ± 5.3 a | 0.000 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 11.7 ± 4.7 b | 0.021 | |
TAIL LENGTH (Mean ± SD) | |||
Control group I | 5.68 ± 1.9 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 3.84 ± 0.9 a | 0.011 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 5.13 ± 1.1 b | 0.045 | |
TAIL DNA % (Mean ± SD) | |||
Control group I | 9.51 ± 1.4 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 10.58 ± 1.7 a | 0.034 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 9.65 ± 1.5 b | 0.142 | |
TAIL MOMENT (Mean ± SD) | |||
Control group I | 0.48 ± 0.09 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 0.62 ± 0.13 a | 0.014 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 0.51 ± 0.11 b | 0.236 |
Group | MDA (Mean ± SD) | ANOVA | LSD POST Hoc Test (Compared to Control Group) |
---|---|---|---|
Control group I | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 19.3 ± 6.7 a | 0.000 | |
Gallic + AOH group IV | 10.7 ± 5.4 b | 0.042 | |
CAT (Mean ± SD) | |||
Control group I | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.023 | |
Alternariol group III | 0.31 ± 0.01 a | 0.012 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 0.47 ± 0.02 b | 0.134 | |
SOD (Mean ± SD) | |||
Control group I | 22.19 ± 1.12 | 0.000 | |
Alternariol group III | 9.38 ± 4.59 a | 0.000 | |
Gallic+ AOH group IV | 20.47 ± 1.19 b | 0.078 |
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Samak, M.A.; Elshatory, A.; Mohamed, E.M. Outcomes of Gallic Acid on Alternariol Induced Cyto-Morphic and Genotoxic In Vivo Changes in Parotid Gland: 4-HNE Incorporated. Biomedicines 2019, 7, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7040084
Samak MA, Elshatory A, Mohamed EM. Outcomes of Gallic Acid on Alternariol Induced Cyto-Morphic and Genotoxic In Vivo Changes in Parotid Gland: 4-HNE Incorporated. Biomedicines. 2019; 7(4):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7040084
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamak, Mai A., Ahmed Elshatory, and Eman M. Mohamed. 2019. "Outcomes of Gallic Acid on Alternariol Induced Cyto-Morphic and Genotoxic In Vivo Changes in Parotid Gland: 4-HNE Incorporated" Biomedicines 7, no. 4: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines7040084