Polypyrrole Film Deposited-TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays for High Performance Ultraviolet Photodetectors

: TiO 2 -based ultraviolet photodetectors have drawn great attention and are intensively ex-plored. However, the construction of TiO 2 -based nanocomposites with excellent ultraviolet responses remains challenging. Herein, a TiO 2 nanorod array was successfully prepared on ﬂuorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass by a one-step hydrothermal method. Then, polypyrrole (PPy)-TiO 2 nanorod array composites were designed via subsequent in situ oxidative polymerization. The morphologies, structures, and photocurrent responses of the nanocomposites were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that polypyrrole-TiO 2 exhibited a stronger photocurrent response than pure TiO 2 due to the p-n junction formed between n-type TiO 2 nanorod arrays and p-type polypyrrole. The PPy-TiO 2 composite obtained by deposition three times had the best photoelectric properties, exhibiting good performance with a sensitivity of 41.7 and responsivity of 3.5 × 10 − 3 A/W. Finally, the mechanism of the photoelectrical response of PPy-TiO 2 composites was discussed, guiding the design of high-performance TiO 2 -based ultraviolet photodetectors. photodetectors. For comparison, the FTO-TiO 2 -FTO device was fabricated using a cleaned FTO substrate and the FTO substrate that coated the TiO 2 nanorod arrays. H.-L.S. and H.-X.W.; writing— review and editing, B.-K.L. and Y.-B.X.; visualization, H.-L.S.; supervision, Y.-H.F. and W.W.; project administration, Y.-H.F. and W.W.; funding acquisition, H.W., Y.-H.F. and W.W. All authors have manuscript.


Introduction
The basic working principle of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors is that light is irradiated on photoresponsive material, which absorbs the energy of the photon and can excite photogenic electron-hole pairs thus showing the current signal, which can be applied to the detection of the light signal. UV photodetectors have gained intensive interest in the fields of industrial manufacture, biological detection, and environment monitoring due to the coupling merits of high sensitivity, good selectivity, and low cost [1][2][3]. The performance of UV photodetectors is closely related to the structure and properties of photosensitive materials. In recent years, diverse wide bandgap semiconductors such as SiC, GaN, ZnO, NiO, and TiO 2 have been widely applied in the fabrication of UV photodetectors [4][5][6][7][8]. Among them, TiO 2 has received widespread attention because of its tunable nanostructure, non-toxicity, and chemical stability [9][10][11]. However, the low mobility and high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers in TiO 2 greatly hinder its application performance in UV photodetectors.
The photoresponse performance, sensitivity, and stability of UV photodetectors can be significantly improved by constructing a semiconductor heterojunction. Bulk TiO 2 is a typical n-type semiconductor material. The p-n heterojunction can be constructed using an in situ composite with a p-type conductive polymer to improve its photoelectric response. The Schottky heterojunction can be constructed using a recombination of metal nanoparticles to provide it with excellent photoelectric response performance. So far, tremendous efforts have been made to design high-performance TiO 2 -based UV photodetectors by constructing p-n junctions, Schottky junctions, and heterojunctions for their fast photo-excited electron-hole pair separation [12][13][14][15][16]. Yang et al. [15] fabricated all-solid-state NiO/TiO 2 heterojunctions with the NiO layer above or below TiO 2 nanoarrays, and the fabricated devices demonstrated high detection sensitivity, fast photoresponse time, and self-powered performance. Wang et al. [16] assembled a UV sensor based on vertically aligned TiO 2 nanowire arrays interconnected with ZnO nanosheets, which achieved UV light sensing performance. In addition to metal oxides, conducting polymers with good conductivity and reversible chemical states have also been used to improve the UV response of TiO 2 [17][18][19][20][21]. Che et al. [20] fabricated TiO 2 nanoarrays/PEDOT-type conducting polymers composites via electrochemical polymerization, which achieved good UV photo-detection performances. Kareem et al. [21] synthesized a nanocomposite composed of polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers and TiO 2 nanoparticles, which showed improved optical sensitivity. These results indicate that UV photodetectors with good performance can be obtained by constructing semiconductor composite materials, especially by constructing heterojunctions.
The formation of a heterojunction is closely related to the interface contact state of semiconductor composites. Therefore, high efficiency, large scale, and stable construction of nano-composites with controllable microstructure and morphology are the premise of preparing photoelectric devices with excellent performance by developing an appropriate preparation process. Good interface contact is the prerequisite for the formation of a stable heterojunction. The spin-coating method is simple and easy to operate, which can fabricate composite devices on a large scale, but the interface contact is difficult to control. Electrochemical in situ polymerization has the advantages of high efficiency, simplicity, and easy operation, but it has a narrow application range and can be applied to fewer systems. The interface contact formed by in situ chemical polymerization is close and stable, but the efficiency of this method is low. In our previous research, TiO 2 /PANI nanocomposites with controllable microstructure were successfully prepared by in situ chemical polymerization and low-speed spin coating, which showed excellent photoelectric response performance. These works provide a solid foundation for further preparation of other TiO 2 composites and the study of their photoelectric response properties.
The above findings demonstrated that the interface contact between the conducting polymer and TiO 2 would greatly influence the optical properties of their nanocomposites. Therefore, it is highly desired to develop suitable approaches to tailor interface bonding of PPy-TiO 2 -based nanocomposites for high-performance UV photodetectors. In this work, we first successfully prepared TiO 2 nanoarrays with regular microstructure through a simple hydrothermal method. Additionally, then PPy film-coated-TiO 2 nanorod arrays were successfully synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization. The thickness of PPy film can be effectively controlled by the number of deposition times. The structural characteristics and the optical properties of the as-prepared PPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites were systematically investigated.

Preparation of the TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays
TiO 2 nanorod arrays were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method [22]. Fluorinedoped tin oxide (FTO) substrate (25 mm × 25 mm, Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.) was ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min in acetone, ethanol, and deionized water thrice and was placed into a Teflon-liner stainless steel autoclave. A mixed solution of 30 mL of deionized water, 30 mL of HCl (~37 wt%), and 1 mL of titanium butoxide was then poured into the autoclave. The autoclave was sealed and transferred to an oven at 150 • C for 20 h. After the autoclave cooled down to room temperature, the FTO substrate was taken out and rinsed with deionized water five times to obtain TiO 2 nanorod arrays grown on the FTO substrate.

Preparation of the PPy-TiO 2 Nanocomposites
PPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization as follows: Firstly, 160 µL pyrrole were added to 20 mL of 1 M HCl and stirred for 1 min. Secondly, the prepared TiO 2 nanorod arrays were placed in the above solution, and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M APS solution were dropped into the solution. Subsequently, the mixed solution was placed into a refrigerator at 0 • C for 1 h to acquire PPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites. By controlling the reaction times, nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites obtained by different deposition times were prepared, where n represented the deposition times (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4).

Fabrication of the FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO Device
The schematic diagram of the fabrication of the FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO device is shown in Figure 1. A cleaned FTO substrate was taken, and its conductive surface was fixed face to face with the nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites on FTO to obtain the FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO photodetectors. For comparison, the FTO-TiO 2 -FTO device was fabricated using a cleaned FTO substrate and the FTO substrate that coated the TiO 2 nanorod arrays.

Preparation of the TiO2 Nanorod Arrays
TiO2 nanorod arrays were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method [22]. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate (25 mm × 25 mm, Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd.) was ultrasonically cleaned for 30 min in acetone, ethanol, and deionized water thrice and was placed into a Teflon-liner stainless steel autoclave. A mixed solution of 30 mL of deionized water, 30 mL of HCl (~37 wt%), and 1 mL of titanium butoxide was then poured into the autoclave. The autoclave was sealed and transferred to an oven at 150 °C for 20 h. After the autoclave cooled down to room temperature, the FTO substrate was taken out and rinsed with deionized water five times to obtain TiO2 nanorod arrays grown on the FTO substrate.

Preparation of the PPy-TiO2 Nanocomposites
PPy-TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization as follows: Firstly, 160 μL pyrrole were added to 20 mL of 1 M HCl and stirred for 1 min. Secondly, the prepared TiO2 nanorod arrays were placed in the above solution, and 1.5 mL of 0.1 M APS solution were dropped into the solution. Subsequently, the mixed solution was placed into a refrigerator at 0 °C for 1 h to acquire PPy-TiO2 nanocomposites. By controlling the reaction times, nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites obtained by different deposition times were prepared, where n represented the deposition times (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4).

Fabrication of the FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO Device
The schematic diagram of the fabrication of the FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO device is shown in Figure 1. A cleaned FTO substrate was taken, and its conductive surface was fixed face to face with the nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites on FTO to obtain the FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO photodetectors. For comparison, the FTO-TiO2-FTO device was fabricated using a cleaned FTO substrate and the FTO substrate that coated the TiO2 nanorod arrays.

Characterization
The morphologies of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL, JSM-7001F, Rigaku Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM, FEI Talos F200X, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

Characterization
The morphologies of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL, JSM-7001F, Rigaku Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM, FEI Talos F200X, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). For the TEM measurement, the PPy-TiO 2 composite was first scraped off the FTO substrate, then dispersed in anhydrous ethanol, and the supernatant was dropped onto a copper mesh after 1 h of sonication and air-dried for use. The structural characteristics of the samples were examined by Raman spectroscopy (LabRAM HR800, HORIBA Jobin Yvon, Japan). The crystalline structures of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance, Germany). The surface properties of the samples were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), where the charge correction was based on a binding energy of 284.8 eV for C1s. UV-Vis absorption spectra of the samples were recorded using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV 2450, Shimadzu, Japan). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra were used to investigate the optical properties of the samples (FluoroMax-4, HORIBA Jobin Yvon, Japan). The photoelectric performances of the fabricated devices were measured by a CHI660D electrochemical workstation (Chenhua, Shanghai), where electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed at the open-circuit voltage of the device; the test frequency ranged from 0.01 to 100,000 Hz, and the amplitude was set to 5 mV. The UV light source was provided by a portable UV lamp (~8W, ENF-280C, Spectronics, USA). The overall sensing area of the fabricated UV photodetector was about 1.5 cm 2 . The UV light irradiated the device at an incident angle of 30 • .

Structural and Optical Properties of the PPy-TiO 2 Nanocomposites
The cross-sectional morphologies of all the nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites prepared by different deposition times were first observed by SEM, as shown in Figure 2. Both samples showed similar morphologies, where PPy film was deposited on the surface of TiO 2 nanorods, and the thickness of the PPy layer can be effectively controlled from 20 nm~200 nm. With the increasing deposition times, the thickness of PPy film that coated the surface of TiO 2 nanorod arrays gradually increased, and the TiO 2 nanorod arrays remained neatly arranged. It can be seen that uniform PPy film was deposited on the TiO 2 nanorods in 3PPy-TiO 2 owing to the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between the hydroxyl groups on the TiO 2 surface and PPy, but with further deposition, aggregated PPy particles appeared in 4PPy-TiO 2 due to the completely covered binding sites on the TiO 2 surface, which indicated that the optimized deposition times were three times. The above results suggested that the morphologies of the PPy-TiO 2 composites can be precisely regulated by the number of PPy depositions. TEM measurement was further conducted to study the interfacial recombination between the PPy and TiO 2 . The TEM images in Figure 3a Raman spectroscopy was conducted to examine the structural properties of pure TiO 2 and nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites. As illustrated in Figure 4a, pure TiO 2 showed three peaks at 228, 435, and 598 cm −1 assigned to the characteristic signals of rutile TiO 2 [23,24]. After PPy deposition, these three peaks were slightly blue-shifted, indicating the existence of chemical bonding between PPy and TiO 2 nanorods. The chemical bonding may result from the hydrogen bonding between the amino group of PPy and the surface hydroxyl group of TiO 2 , and the light scattering ability of TiO 2 was changed. Several new peaks attributed to PPy also appeared in the range of 800~1800 cm −1 . Namely, characteristic peaks at 930, 1050, 1080, and 1252 cm −1 were the result of C-H deformation vibration in PPy [25,26], the double peak at 1374 and 1332 cm −1 was the ring stretching vibration peak of pyrrole [27,28], and the single peak at 1595 cm −1 was indexed to the C=C stretching vibration of pyrrole ring [29,30]. Furthermore, the characteristic peak intensity of TiO 2 in the nPPy-TiO 2 composites gradually weakened with the increased deposition times, indicating  [8], indicating the deposition of PPy did not change the crystal structure of TiO 2 . These results are consistent with the analysis of TEM. Noteworthily, the relative intensity of the diffraction peak of the (002) crystal plane in the PPy/TiO 2 composite was weakened compared to pure TiO 2 , indicating that PPy was preferentially deposited on the (002) crystal plane of TiO 2 . XPS measurements were further conducted to detect the interface interaction between PPy and TiO 2 . Figure 4c show the XPS surveys of TiO 2 and 3PPy-TiO 2 , where a typical N1s signal assigned to PPy and a weakened Ti2p signal appeared, and the Sn3d signal inherited from the FTO substrate disappeared after PPy deposition, suggesting the successful combination of TiO 2 and PPy. It was noteworthy that the Ti2p1/2 and Ti2p3/2 of 3PPy-TiO 2 up-shifted by 0.2 eV concerning their positions in pure TiO 2 in Figure 4d, indicating the electron transfer from PPy to TiO 2 owing to the strengthen interface interaction [31,32], which was beneficial for the improvement of the photoelectric response of 3PPy-TiO 2 .  The optical properties of pure TiO 2 and nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites were then characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectra and a photoluminescence spectrum. As shown in Figure 5a, pure TiO 2 displayed an absorption edge around 420 nm, implying a band gap of 3.0 eV of rutile TiO 2 [33]. The absorption edges of nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites were around 410 nm, which suggested that PPy changed the band gap of the prepared TiO 2 . Both nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites exhibited stronger absorption than pure TiO 2 under UV light in the wavelength ranging from 220 to 400 nm, indicating PPy deposition could extend the optical response range of TiO 2 nanorod arrays. However, excessive deposition in 4PPy-TiO 2 caused a thick PPy film that blocked UV absorption, leading to decreased absorption compared to 3PPy-TiO 2 . Figure 5b plot the PL features of the pure TiO 2 and nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites, where the peak at 412 nm should stem from the band edge recombination process of TiO 2 [34], the peak at 450 nm might be attributed to inter-band recombination [35], and the signal at 467 nm should correspond to oxygen vacancies [36]. Meanwhile, both nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites showed lower PL intensity than pure TiO 2 , resulting from the strong visible light absorption and the fast electron-hole separations in nPPy-TiO 2 nanocomposites. Raman spectroscopy was conducted to examine the structural properties of pure TiO2 and nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites. As illustrated in Figure 4a, pure TiO2 showed three peaks at 228, 435, and 598 cm −1 assigned to the characteristic signals of rutile TiO2 [23,24]. After PPy deposition, these three peaks were slightly blue-shifted, indicating the existence of chemical bonding between PPy and TiO2 nanorods. The chemical bonding may result from the hydrogen bonding between the amino group of PPy and the surface hydroxyl group of TiO2, and the light scattering ability of TiO2 was changed. Several new peaks attributed to PPy also appeared in the range of 800~1800 cm −1 . Namely, characteristic peaks at 930, 1050, 1080, and 1252 cm −1 were the result of C-H deformation vibration in PPy [25,26], the double peak at 1374 and 1332 cm −1 was the ring stretching vibration peak of pyrrole [27,28], and the single peak at 1595 cm −1 was indexed to the C=C stretching vibration of pyrrole ring [29,30]. Furthermore, the characteristic peak intensity of TiO2 in the nPPy-TiO2 composites gradually weakened with the increased deposition times, indicating that rutile TiO2 had been completely covered by the newly generated PPy film. All XRD patterns in Figure 4b   XPS surveys of TiO2 and 3PPy-TiO2, where a typical N1s signal assigned to PPy and a weakened Ti2p signal appeared, and the Sn3d signal inherited from the FTO substrate disappeared after PPy deposition, suggesting the successful combination of TiO2 and PPy. It was noteworthy that the Ti2p1/2 and Ti2p3/2 of 3PPy-TiO2 up-shifted by 0.2 eV concerning their positions in pure TiO2 in Figure 4d, indicating the electron transfer from PPy to TiO2 owing to the strengthen interface interaction [31,32], which was beneficial for the improvement of the photoelectric response of 3PPy-TiO2. The optical properties of pure TiO2 and nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites were then characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectra and a photoluminescence spectrum. As shown in Figure 5a, pure TiO2 displayed an absorption edge around 420 nm, implying a band gap of 3.0 eV of rutile TiO2 [33]. The absorption edges of nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites were around 410 nm, which suggested that PPy changed the band gap of the prepared TiO2. Both nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited stronger absorption than pure TiO2 under UV light in the wavelength ranging from 220 to 400 nm, indicating PPy deposition could extend the optical response range of TiO2 nanorod arrays. However, excessive deposition in 4PPy-TiO2 caused a thick PPy film that blocked UV absorption, leading to decreased absorption compared to 3PPy-TiO2. Figure 5b plot the PL features of the pure TiO2 and nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites, where the peak at 412 nm should stem from the band edge recombination process of TiO2 [34], the peak at 450 nm might be attributed to inter-band recombination [35], and the signal at 467 nm should correspond to oxygen vacancies [36]. Meanwhile, both nPPy-TiO2 nanocomposites showed lower PL intensity than pure TiO2,

UV Photo-Detection Properties of the FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO Devices
FTO-TiO2-FTO and FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO devices were fabricated to investigate the UV photo-detection properties. Figure 6 show the I-t curves detected with different UV light illuminations, where FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO devices presented enhanced photocurrent responses while the FTO-TiO2-FTO device showed almost no photocurrent, suggesting that the deposition of PPy film promoted the UV photo-detection property of TiO2. The photocurrent would immediately increase when FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO devices were irradiated with UV light. In particular, the FTO-3PPy-TiO2-FTO device exhibited the strongest photocurrent due to the proper thickness of PPy film. The FTO-3PPy-TiO2-FTO device had a maximum photocurrent of 6.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 2.5 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation, which was superior to the maximum photocurrent of 2.7 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 1.4 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-4PPy-TiO2-FTO device, the maximum photocurrent of 1.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 0.8 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-1PPy-TiO2-FTO device, and the maximum photocurrent of 2.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 0.2 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-2PPy-TiO2-

UV Photo-Detection Properties of the FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO Devices
FTO-TiO 2 -FTO and FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO devices were fabricated to investigate the UV photo-detection properties. Figure 6 show the I-t curves detected with different UV light illuminations, where FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO devices presented enhanced photocurrent responses while the FTO-TiO 2 -FTO device showed almost no photocurrent, suggesting that the deposition of PPy film promoted the UV photo-detection property of TiO 2 . The photocurrent would immediately increase when FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO devices were irradiated with UV light. In particular, the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device exhibited the strongest photocurrent due to the proper thickness of PPy film. The FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device had a maximum photocurrent of 6.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 2.5 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation, which was superior to the maximum photocurrent of 2.7 × 10 −7 A Chemosensors 2022, 10, 277 8 of 12 at 254 nm irradiation and 1.4 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-4PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device, the maximum photocurrent of 1.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 0.8 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-1PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device, and the maximum photocurrent of 2.0 × 10 −7 A at 254 nm irradiation and 0.2 × 10 −6 A at 365 nm irradiation of the FTO-2PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device. The I-V curves measured at dark and different UV light illuminations of the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device in Figure S2 showed a rectifier phenomenon induced by a p-n heterojunction. Furthermore, the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device had the highest current under 365 nm wavelength UV light. In fact, under UV light, photoelectrons might be efficiently inserted in the TiO 2 conduction band and subsequently into PPy, which accelerated the separation of photogenerated charges and led to the high photocurrent of the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device. By comparing Figure 6a,b, it was found that the photocurrent when UV light was irradiated at 365 nm was higher than that at 254 nm, indicating that the assembled device should hold great promise as a UV-detector at 365 nm. Accordingly, the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device exhibited good performance with sensitivity of 41.7, responsivity of 3.5 × 10 −3 A/W, and detectivity of 2.1 × 10 12 Jones, which outperforms the TiO 2 -based devices in previous literature as shown in Table S1.   Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was further carried out to study the interfacial charge transfer dynamics of the fabricated FTO-nPPy-TiO 2 -FTO devices. As can be seen from the Nyquist plots in Figure 7, well-defined semi-circles that reflected the charge transfer resistance were observed. The diameters of the semi-circles were sorted as follows: 1PPy-TiO 2 > 2PPy-TiO 2 > 4PPy-TiO 2 > 3PPy-TiO 2 , which was consistent with the order of photocurrent magnitude. Notably, the FTO-3PPy-TiO 2 -FTO device had the smallest semi-circle among the four devices, denoting the lowest interfacial charge transfer resistance between PPy and TiO 2 [37]. This might stem from the strong interaction between PPy film and TiO 2 nanorod arrays, which greatly enhanced the optoelectronic properties of 3PPy-TiO 2 . In addition, the results of this study show that there was a certain correlation between the interface conductivity and the thickness of the PPy layer in the PPy-TiO 2 semiconductor composite; too small or too large thickness was not conducive to the improvement of its conductivity. Furthermore, the sample of 3PPy-TiO 2 had the best electrical conductivity, which was also one of the important reasons for its best photoelectric response performance.
Based on the above results and discussion, the formation mechanism of photoelectric response and the built-in electric field of the p-n junction of PPy-TiO 2 are shown in Figure 8. The dominated holes were easily lost in the p-type semiconductor of PPy, so the Fermi level (E F ) was close to the valence band (E V ). Similarly, in the n-type semiconductor of TiO 2 , electrons were dominant, and they were easily lost, so the Fermi level was close to the conduction band (E C ). PPy was in close contact with the TiO 2 interface, and a p-n junction was formed at the interface to form a built-in electric field, as shown in Figure 8c. The built-in electric field at equilibrium caused the energy band to bend so that the Fermi levels of the two types of semiconductors were at the same level, and there was no net current flow in the semiconductors. Figure 8a,b show the schematic diagram of the photoelectric response. When UV light was irradiated on PPy-TiO 2 , photogenerated electron-hole pairs were excited in TiO 2 , electrons were excited from the valence band of TiO 2 to the conduction band, and the presence of a built-in electric field effectively separated photogenerated electron-hole pairs to form a net current so that inspection signals could be collected. It can be seen from the mechanism diagram that the photocurrent was closely related to the light response nature of the photosensitive material itself and the strength of the built-in electric field. Improving the photoresponse performance of the UV detector can be achieved by improving the photoresponse properties of the photosensitive material itself, such as surface doping modification. In addition, the performance of the UV photodetector can be improved by enhancing the strength of the built-in electric field at the interface of the composite. The results show that there was a certain relationship between the intensity of the electric field and the thickness of the semiconductor layer. That is, the thickness of the semiconductor layer had an optimal value. When the thickness of PPy is too small, the built-in electric field formed is weak, and when the thickness of PPy is too large, the conductivity may be weakened. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was further carried out to study the interfacial charge transfer dynamics of the fabricated FTO-nPPy-TiO2-FTO devices. As can be seen from the Nyquist plots in Figure 7, well-defined semi-circles that reflected the charge transfer resistance were observed. The diameters of the semi-circles were sorted as follows: 1PPy-TiO2 > 2PPy-TiO2 > 4PPy-TiO2 > 3PPy-TiO2, which was consistent with the order of photocurrent magnitude. Notably, the FTO-3PPy-TiO2-FTO device had the smallest semi-circle among the four devices, denoting the lowest interfacial charge transfer resistance between PPy and TiO2 [37]. This might stem from the strong interaction between PPy film and TiO2 nanorod arrays, which greatly enhanced the optoelectronic properties of 3PPy-TiO2. In addition, the results of this study show that there was a certain correlation between the interface conductivity and the thickness of the PPy layer in the PPy-TiO2 semiconductor composite; too small or too large thickness was not conducive to the improvement of its conductivity. Furthermore, the sample of 3PPy-TiO2 had the best electrical conductivity, which was also one of the important reasons for its best photoelectric response performance. Based on the above results and discussion, the formation mechanism of photoelectric response and the built-in electric field of the p-n junction of PPy-TiO2 are shown in Figure  8. The dominated holes were easily lost in the p-type semiconductor of PPy, so the Fermi level (EF) was close to the valence band (EV). Similarly, in the n-type semiconductor of TiO2, electrons were dominant, and they were easily lost, so the Fermi level was close to the conduction band (EC). PPy was in close contact with the TiO2 interface, and a p-n junction was formed at the interface to form a built-in electric field, as shown in Figure 8c. The built-in electric field at equilibrium caused the energy band to bend so that the Fermi levels of the two types of semiconductors were at the same level, and there was no net current flow in the semiconductors. Figure 8a,b show the schematic diagram of the photoelectric response. When UV light was irradiated on PPy-TiO2, photogenerated electron-hole pairs were excited in TiO2, electrons were excited from the valence band of TiO2 to the conduction band, and the presence of a built-in electric field effectively separated photogenerated electron-hole pairs to form a net current so that inspection signals could be collected. It can be seen from the mechanism diagram that the photocurrent was closely related to the light response nature of the photosensitive material itself and the strength of the built-in electric field. Improving the photoresponse performance of the UV detector can be achieved by improving the photoresponse properties of the photosensitive material itself, such as surface doping modification. In addition, the performance of the UV photodetector can be improved by enhancing the strength of the built-in electric field at the interface of the composite. The results show that there was a certain relationship between the intensity of the electric field and the thickness of the semiconductor layer. That is, the thickness of the semiconductor layer had an optimal value. When the thickness of PPy is too small, the built-in electric field formed is weak, and when the thickness of PPy is too large, the conductivity may be weakened.

Conclusions
In summary, the TiO2 nanorod arrays were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. Additionally, a PPy film deposited-TiO2 nanorod arrays was constructed by simple in situ oxidative polymerization, and the nanocomposites served as materials for UV photodetectors. The thickness of the PPy layer in PPy-TiO2 composite material can

Conclusions
In summary, the TiO 2 nanorod arrays were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. Additionally, a PPy film deposited-TiO 2 nanorod arrays was constructed by simple in situ oxidative polymerization, and the nanocomposites served as materials for UV photodetectors. The thickness of the PPy layer in PPy-TiO 2 composite material can be effectively regulated by the deposition times. Additionally, the thickness of the PPy layer can be effectively controlled around 20 nm~200 nm. Furthermore, there was a strong interaction between the TiO 2 nanorod arrays film and the PPy layer. Additionally, a p-n junction formed between PPy and TiO 2 , which inhibited the recombination of photogenerated carriers in TiO 2 , leading to better UV photo-detection performance of PPy-TiO 2 than pure TiO 2 nanorod arrays. The photodetectors fabricated with 3PPy-TiO 2 showed the best performance with a sensitivity of 41.7 and responsivity of 3.5 × 10 −3 A/W, which was mainly due to their excellent electrical conductivity. This work provides a facile method to prepare TiO 2 -based nanocomposites for UV photodetectors and is expected to be extended to other fields, including electrochemical storage and microwave-absorbing.