Chebyshev–Edgeworth-Type Approximations for Statistics Based on Samples with Random Sizes

: Second-order Chebyshev–Edgeworth expansions are derived for various statistics from samples with random sample sizes, where the asymptotic laws are scale mixtures of the standard normal or chi-square distributions with scale mixing gamma or inverse exponential distributions. A formal construction of asymptotic expansions is developed. Therefore, the results can be applied to a whole family of asymptotically normal or chi-square statistics. The random mean, the normalized Student t -distribution and the Student t -statistic under non-normality with the normal limit law are considered. With the chi-square limit distribution, Hotelling’s generalized T 20 statistics and scale mixture of chi-square distributions are used. We present the ﬁrst Chebyshev–Edgeworth expansions for asymptotically chi-square statistics based on samples with random sample sizes. The statistics allow non-random, random, and mixed normalization factors. Depending on the type of normalization, we can ﬁnd three different limit distributions for each of the statistics considered. Limit laws are Student t -, standard normal, inverse Pareto, generalized gamma, Laplace and generalized Laplace as well as weighted sums of generalized gamma distributions. The paper continues the authors’ studies on the approximation of statistics for randomly sized samples.


Introduction
In classical statistical inference, the number of observations is usually known. If observations are collected in a fixed time span or we lack observations the sample size may be a realization of a random variable. The number of failed devices in the warranty period, the number of new infections each week in a flu season, the number of daily customers in a supermarket or the number of traffic accidents per year are all random numbers.
Interest in studying samples with a random number of observations has grown steadily over the past few years. In medical research, the authors of [1][2][3] examines ANOVA models with unknown sample sizes for the analysis of fixed one-way effects in order to avoid false rejection. Applications of orthogonal mixed models to situations with samples of a random number of observations of a Poisson or binomial distributed random variable are presented. Based a random number of observations [4], Al-Mutairi and Raqab [5] and Barakat et al. [6] examined the mean with known and unknown variances and the variance in the normal model, confidence intervals for quantiles and prediction intervals for the future observations for generalized order statistics. An overview on statistical inference of samples with random sample sizes and some applications are given in [4], see also the references therein.
When the non-random sample size is replaced by a random variable, the asymptotic features of statistics can change radically, as shown by Gnedenko [7]. The monograph by Gnedenko and Korolev [8] deals with below limit distributions for randomly indexed sequences and their applications.
General transfer theorems for asymptotic expansions of the distribution function of statistics based on samples with non-random sample sizes to their analogues for samples of random sizes are proven in [9,10]. In these papers, rates of convergence and first-order expansion are proved for asymptotically normal statistics. The results depend on the rates of convergence with which the distributions of the normalized random sample sizes approach the corresponding limit distribution.
The difficulty of obtaining second-order expansions for the normalized random sample sizes beyond the rates of convergences was overcome by Christoph et al. [11]. Second-order expansions were proved by the authors of [11,12] for the random mean and the median of samples with random sample sizes and the authors of [13,14] for the three geometric statistics of Gaussian vectors, the length of a vector, the distance between two vectors and the angle between two vectors associated with their correlation coefficient when the dimension of the vectors is random.
The classical Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions strongly influenced the development of asymptotic statistics. The fruitful interactions between Chebyshev Edgeworth expansions and Bootstrap methods are demonstrated in [15]. Detailed reviews of applications of Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions in statistics were given by, e.g., Bickel [16] and Kolassa [17]. If the arithmetic mean of independent random variables is considered as the statistic, only the expected value and the dispersion are taken into account in the central limit theorem or in the Berry-Esseen inequalities. The two important characteristics of random variables, skewness and kurtosis, have great influence on second order expansions, provided that the corresponding moments exist. The Cornish-Fisher inversion of the Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansion allows the approximation of the quantiles of the test statistics used, for example, in many hypothesis tests. In [11], Theorems 3 and 6, and [12], Corollaries 6.2 and 6.3, Cornish-Fisher expansions for the random mean and median from samples with random sample sizes are obtained. In the same way, Cornish-Fisher expansions for the quantiles of the statistics considered in present paper can be derived from the corresponding Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions.
In the present paper, we continue our research on approximations if the sample sizes are random. To the best of our knowledge, Chebyshev-Edgeworth-type expansions with asymptotically chi-square statistics have not yet been proven in the literature when the sample sizes are random.
The article is structured as follows. Section 2 describes statistical models with random numbers of observations, the assumptions about statistics and random sample sizes and transfer propositions from samples with non-random to random sample sizes. Section 3 presents statistics with non-random sample sizes with Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions based on standard normal or chi-square distributions. Corresponding expansions of the negative binomial or discrete Pareto distributions as random sample sizes are considered in Section 4. Section 5 describes the influence of non-random, random or mixed normalization factors on the limit distributions of the examined statistics that are based on samples with random sample sizes. Besides the common Student's t, normal and Laplace distributions, inverse Pareto, generalized gamma and generalized Laplace as well as weighted sums of generalized gamma distributions also occur as limit laws. The main results for statistic families with different normalization factors and examples are given in Section 6. To prove statements about a family of statistics, formal constructions for the expansions are worked out in Section 7, which are used in Section 8 to prove the theorems. Conclusions are drawn in Section 9. We leave four auxiliary lemmas to Appendix A.

Statistical Models with a Random Number of Observations
Let X 1 , X 2 , . . . ∈ R = (−∞ ∞) and N 1 , N 2 , . . . ∈ N + = {1, 2, . . .} be random variables defined on a common probability space (Ω, A, P). The random variables X 1 , . . . , X m denote the observations and form the random sample with a non-random sample size m ∈ N + . Let T m := T m (X 1 , . . . , X m ) with m ∈ N + be some statistic obtained from the sample {X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X m }. Consider now the sample X 1 , . . . , X N n . The random variable N n ∈ N + denotes the random size of the underlying sample, that is the random number of observations, depending on a parameter n ∈ N + . We suppose for each n ∈ N + that N n ∈ N + is independent of random variables X 1 , X 2 , . . . and N n → ∞ in probability as n → ∞.
Let T N n be a statistic obtained from a random sample X 1 , X 2 , . . . , X N n defined as for all ω ∈ Ω and every n ∈ N + .

Assumptions on Statistics T m and Random Sample Sizes N n
In further consideration, we restrict ourselves to only those terms in the expansions that are used below.
We assume that the following condition for the statistic T m with ET m = 0 from a sample with non-random sample size m ∈ N + is fulfilled: There are differentiable functions for all x = 0 distribution function F(x) and bounded functions f 1 (x), f 2 (x) and real numbers γ ∈ {0, ±1/2, ±1}, a > 1 and 0 < C 1 < ∞ so that for all integers m ≥ 1 (1) Remark 1. In contrast to Bening et al. [10], the differentiability of F(x), f 1 (x) and f 2 (x) is only required for x = 0. In the present article, in addition to the normal distribution, the chi-square distribution with p degrees of freedom is used as F(x), which is not differentiable in x = 0 if p = 1 or p = 2.
The distribution functions of the normalized random variables N n ∈ N + satisfy the following condition: Assumption 2. A distribution function H(y) with H(0+) = 0, a function of bounded variation h 2 (y), a sequence 0 < g n ↑ ∞ and real numbers b > 0 and C 2 > 0 exist so that for all integers n ≥ 1

Transfer Proposition from Samples with Non-Random to Random Sample Sizes
Assumptions 1 and 2 allow the construction of expansions for distributions of normalized random-size statistics T N n based on approximate results for fixed-size normalized statistics T m in (1) and for the random size N n in (2). Proposition 1. Suppose γ ∈ {0, ±1/2, ±1} and the statistic T m and the sample size N n satisfy Assumptions 1 and 2. Then, for all n ∈ N + , the following inequality applies: where (1) and (2). The constants C 1 , C 3 , C 4 do not depend on n.
General transfer theorems with more terms are proved in [9,10] for γ ≥ 0.

Remark 2.
The approximation function G n (x, 1/g n ) is not a polynomial in g −1/2 n and n −1/2 . The domain [1/g n , ∞) of integration in (4) depends on g n . Some of the integrals in (4) could tend to infinity with 1/g n → 0 as n → ∞.
The following statement clarifies the problem.

Proposition 2.
In addition to the conditions of Proposition 1, let the following conditions be satisfied on the functions H(.) and h 2 (.), depending on the rate of convergence b > 0 in (2): i : Then, for the function G n (x, 1/g n ) defined in (4), one has and I 4 (x, n) = ∞ 1/gn f 2 (x y γ ) n g n y dh 2 (y) for b > 1. (11) Remark 3. The lower limit of integration in I 1 (x, n) to I 4 (x, n) in (10) and (11) depends on g n . If the sample size N n = N n (r) is negative binomial distributed with, e.g., 0 < r < 1/2 or 1 < r < 2 and g n = r(n − 1) + 1 (see (28) below), then both I 1 (x, n) and I 4 (x, n) have order n −r and not n 1/2 or n −2 , as it seems at first glance.

Proof of Propositions 1 and 2:
Evidence of Proposition 1 follows along the similar arguments of the more general Transfer Theorem 3.1 in [10] for γ ≥ 0. The proof was adapted by Christoph and Ulyanov [13] to negative γ < 0, too. Therefore, the Proposition 1 applies to γ ∈ {0, ±1/2, ±1}. The present Propositions 1 and 2 differ from Theorems 1 and 2 in [13] only by the additional term f 1 (xy γ ) (g n y) −1/2 and the added condition (7) to estimate this additional term. Therefore, the details are omitted her.

Remark 5.
In Appendix 2 of the monograph by Gnedenko and Korolev [8], asymptotic expansions for generalized Cox processes are proved (see Theorems A2.6.1-A2.6.3). As random sample size, the authors considered a Cox process N(t) controlled by a Poisson process Λ(t) (also known as a doubly stochastic Poisson process) and proved asymptotic expansions for the random sum S(t) = ∑ N(t) k=1 X k , where X 1 , X 2 , . . . are independent identically distributed random variables. For each t ≥ 0, the random variables N(t), X 1 , X 2 , . . . are independent. The above-mentioned theorems are close to Proposition 1. The structure of the functions G 2;n (.) in (4) and the bounds on the right-hand side of inequality (3) in Proposition 1 differ from the corresponding terms in Theorems A2.6.1-A2.6.3. Thus, the bounds contain little o-terms.

Chebyshev-Edgeworth Expansions Based on Standard Normal and Chi-Square Distributions
We consider two classes of statistics which are asymptotically normal or chi-square distributed.

Examples for Asymptotically Normally Distributed Statistics
Let X, X 1 , X 2 , . . . be independent identically distributed random variables with The random variable X is assumed to satisfy Cramér's condition lim sup |t|→∞ Ee itX < 1.
Consider the asymptotically normal sample mean: It follows from Petrov [18], Theorem 5.18 with k = 5, that with C being independent of m and second order expansion where Φ(x) and ϕ(x) are standard normal distribution function and its density and H k (x) are the Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials Let the random variable χ 2 d be chi-square distributed with d degrees of freedom having distribution function G d (x) and density function g d (x): Next, we examine the scale-mixed normalized statistic T m = √ m Z/ χ 2 m , where Z and χ 2 m are independent random variables with the standard normal distribution Φ(x) and the chi-square distribution G m (x), respectively. Then, the statistic T m = √ m Z/ χ 2 m follows the Student's t-distribution with m degrees of freedom. Example 2.1 in [19] indicates Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions of Student's t-statistic under non-normality are well investigated, but only Hall [20] proved these under minimal moment condition. Let conditions (12) and (13) are satisfied for independent identically distributed random variables X 1 , X 2 , . . . Define T * m = m 1/2 (X m − µ)/σ m with sample mean X n and biased sample varianceσ 2 It follows from Hall [20] that for Student's t-statistic T * m : (19) uniformly in x, where u(m) → 0 as m → ∞, Remark 6. The estimate (19) does not satisfy (1) in Assumption 1 because we do not have a computable error bound U with |u(m)| ≤ U < ∞ for all m ∈ N + . The estimate (19) does not satisfy (1)  In [21], an inequality for a first order approximation is proved: where E|X| 4+ε < ∞ is required for arbitrary ε > 0 and P 1 (x) is defined in (20).

Examples for Asymptotically Chi-Square Distributed Statistics
The baseline distribution of the second order expansions is now the chi-square distribution G d (x) occurring as limit distribution in different multivariate tests (see [22], Chapters 5 and 8-10, [19,23]).
At first, we consider statistic T m = T 2 0 = m tr S q S −1 m , where S q and S m are random matrices independently distributed as Wishart distributions W p (q, I p ) and W p (m, I p ), respectively, with identity operator I p in R p . Note that W has Wishart distribution W p (q, Σ) if q ≥ p and its density is [23], Chapter 2, for some basic properties).

Chebyshev-Edgeworth Expansions for Distributions of Normalized Random Sample Sizes
As in the articles by, e.g., Bening et al. [9,10], Christoph et al. [11,12] and Christoph and Ulyanov [13] and Christoph and Ulyanov [14], we consider as random sample sizes N n the negative binomial random variable N n (r) and the maximum of n independent discrete Pareto random variables N n (s) where r > 0 and s > 0 are parameters.
"The negative binomial distribution is one of the two leading cases for count models, it accommodates the overdispersion typically observed in count data (which the Poisson model cannot)" [26]. Moreover, EN n (r) < ∞ and P(N n (r)/EN n (r) ≤ y) tends to the gamma distribution G r r (y) with identical shape and rate parameters r > 0.
On the other hand, the mean for the discrete Pareto-like variable N n (s) does not exist, yet P(N n (s)/n ≤ x) tends to the inverse exponential distribution W s (y) = e −s/y with scale parameter s > 0.

Remark 8.
The authors of [1][2][3][4]27], among others, considered the binomial or Poisson distributions as random number N of observations. If N = N n is binomial (with parameters n and 0 < p < 1) or Poisson (with rate λ n, 0 < λ < ∞) distributed, then P(N n ≤ EN n x) tends to the degenerated in 1 distribution as n → ∞. Therefore, Assumption 2 for the Transfer Proposition 1 is not fulfilled. On the other hand, since binomial or Poisson sample sizes are asymptotically normally distributed and if the statistic T m is also asymptotically normally distributed, so is the statistic T N n , too (see [28]).
Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions for lattice distributed random variables exist so far only with bounds of small-o or large-O order (see [29]). For (2) in Assumption 2, computable error bounds C 2 are required because the constant C 3 in (3) depends on C 2 (see also Remark 6 on large-O-bounds and computable error bounds).
4.1. The Random Sample Size N n = N n (r) Has Negative Binomial Distribution with Success Probability 1/n The sample size N n (r) has a negative binomial distribution shifted by 1 with the parameters 1/n and r > 0, the probability mass function and g n = E(N n (r)) = r (n − 1) + 1. Bening and Korolev [30] and Schluter and Trede [26] showed where G r,r (y) is the gamma distribution function with its density In addition to the expansion of N n (r), a bound of the negative moment E(N n (r)) −a in (3) is required, where m −a is rate of convergence of the Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansion for T m in (1).
Moreover, negative moments E(N n (r)) −a fulfill the estimate for all r > 0, α > 0 and the convergence rate in case r = α cannot be improved.
4.2. The Random Sample Size N n = N n (s) Is the Maximum of n Independent Discrete Pareto Variables We consider the continuous Pareto Type II (Lomax) distribution function is the discrete counterpart on the positive integers to the continuous random variable Y * . Both random variables Y * and Y(s) have shape parameter 1 and scale parameter s > 0 (see [32]). The discrete Pareto distributed Y(s) has probability mass and distribution functions: Let Y 1 (s), Y 2 (s), . . . be a sequence of independent random variables with the common distribution function (35). Define The random variable N n (s) is extremely spread over the positive integers.
The Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansion (37) is proved in [11] (Theorem 4). In [12] (Corollary 5.2), leading terms for the negative moments E N n (s) −p are derived for the negative moments that lead to (39).

Remark 10.
Let the random variable V(s) is exponentially distributed with rate parameter s > 0.
Then, W(s) = 1/V(s) is an inverse exponentially distributed random variable with the continuous distribution function W s (y) = e −s/y I (0 ∞) (y). Both W s (y) and P(N n (s) ≤ y) are heavy tailed with shape parameter 1.

Remark 11.
Since E W(s) = ∞ and E N n (s) = ∞ for all n ∈ N + , we choose g n = n as normalizing factor for N n (s) in (37).
The jumps of the distribution function P(N n (s) ≤ n y) only affects the function Q 1 (.) in the term h 2;s (.).

Limit Distributions of Statistics with Random Sample Sizes Using Different Scaling Factors
The statistic T m from a sample with non-random sample size m ∈ N + fulfills condition (1) in Assumption 1. Instead of the non-random sample size m, we consider a random sample size N n ∈ N + satisfying condition (2) in Assumption 2. Let g n be a sequence with g n ↑ ∞ as n → ∞. Consider the scaling factor g γ n N γ * −γ n by the statistics T N n with γ ∈ {0, ±1/2} if F(x) = Φ(x) and γ * = 1/2 or γ ∈ {0, ±1} if F(x) = G u (x) and γ * = 1. Then, conditioning on N n and using (1) and (2), we have If there exists a limit distribution of P g γ n N γ * −γ n T N n ≤ x as n → ∞, then it has to be a scale mixture of parent distribution F(x) and positive mixing parameter H(y): ∞ 0 F(xy γ )dH(y) (see, e.g., [23,34], Chapter 13, and [19] and the references therein).

Remark 14.
Formula (40) shows that different normalization factors at T N n lead to different scale mixtures of the limit distribution of the normalized statistics T N n .
(i) If γ = 1/2, then the limit distribution is Student-s t distribution S 2r (x) having density (ii) If γ = 0, the standard normal law Φ(x) is the limit one with density ϕ(x).
(iii) For γ = −1/2, the generalized Laplace distributions L r (x) occur with density (see [13], Section 5.1.3): where K α (u) is the Macconald function of order α or modified Bessel function of the third kind with index α. The function K α (u) is also sometimes called a modified Bessel function of the second kind of order α. For properties of these functions, see, e.g., Chapter 51 in [35] or the Appendix on Bessel functions in [36].
If r ∈ N + , the so-called Sargan densities l 1 (x), l 2 (x), . . . and their distribution functions are computable in closed forms (see Formulas (63)-(65) below in Section 7): The double exponential or standard Laplace density is l 1 (x) with variance 1 and distribution function L 1 (x) given in (43). The Sargan distributions are therefore a generalisation of the standard Laplace distribution. The statistics considered in Section 3.2 asymptotically approach chi-square distribution G d (x). The limit distribution for the normalized random sample size N n (s)/n is the inverse exponential distribution W s (y) = e −s/y I (0,∞) (y).
(i) If γ = 1, then the generalized gamma distribution W d (x; 2s) occurs with density w d (x; 2s): where the Macconald function K α (u) already appears in Formula (42) with different α and argument. For α = m + 1/2, where m is an integer, the Macconald function K m+1/2 (u) has a closed form (see Formulas (63)-(65) below in Section 7). Therefore, if d = 1, 3, 5 . . . is an odd number, then the density w d (x; 2s) may be calculated in closed form. The distribution functions W d (x; 2s) with density functions w d (x; 2s) for d = 1, 3, 5 and x > 0 are Remark 15. Functions in (45) are Weibull density and distribution functions, in (46) there are density and distribution functions of a generalized gamma distribution, but w 5 (x) and W 5 (x) are even more general.
The family of generalized gamma distributions contains many absolutely continuous distributions concentrated on the non-negative half-line.

Remark 17. The Weibull density in
(ii) If γ = 0, the standard normal law Φ(x) is the limit distribution with density ϕ(x).
(iii) If γ = −1, as limit distribution the inverse Pareto distribution occurs V d/2 (x; 2s) with shape parameter d/2, scale parameter 2 s and density v d/2 (x; 2s): In [39], a robust and efficient estimator for the shape parameter of the inverse Pareto distribution and applications are given.

Main Results
We examine asymptotic approximations of P g γ n N γ * −γ n T N n ≤ x depending on the scaling factor g γ n N γ * −γ n for γ ∈ {0, ±1/2, ±1}, for γ * = 1/2 if the statistic T m is asymptotically normal or γ * = 1 if T m is asymptotically chi-square distributed.

Asymptotically Normal Distributed Statistics with Negative Binomial Distributed Sample Sizes
Consider first the statistics estimated in (15), (18) and (21) with the normal limiting distribution Φ(x). They have the form The sample size is negative binomial N n = N n (r) with probability mass function (28). Theorem 1. Let r > 0. If inequality (50) for the statistic Z m and inequality (31) for random sample size N n (r) with g n = EN n (r) = r(n − 1) + 1 hold, then, for all n ∈ N + , the following expansions apply: i: The non-random scaling factor √ g n by statistic Z N n (r) leads to Student's t-approximation.

Remark 19.
The approximating functions in the expansions for P g γ n N n (r) 1/2−γ T N n (r) ≤ x with the statistics estimated in (15), (18) and (21) can only be given in closed form for all r > 0 in the case of non-random (γ = 1/2) or random (γ = 0) normalization factors. In the case of the mixed (γ = −1/2) normalization factor, only for positive integer r closed forms are available, while in the other cases Macconald functions are involved.

Asymptotically Chi-Square Distributed Statistics with Pareto-Like Distributed Sample Sizes
Consider now the statistics, estimated in (26) and (27) with limit chi-square distributions. They have the form (56) The sample size is the Pareto-like random variable N n = N n (s) with probability mass function (35).

Theorem 2. Let s > 0 and (36) be the distribution function of the random sample size N n = N n (s).
If for the statistic T m the inequality (56) with limiting chi-square distribution G d (x) and the inequality (37) with g n = n for the random sample size N n (s) hold, then for all n ∈ N + one has the following approximation: i: The non-random scaling factor n by T N n (s) leads to the limiting generalized gamma distributions.
sup x>0 P n T Nn(s) ≤ x − W d ; n (x; 2s) ≤ C(s) n −2 ln n for d = 1 and d = 3, (57) where the limit law W d (x; 2s) with density w d (x; 2s) for d = 1 and d = 3 are given in (45) and (46). ii: The random scaling factor N n (s) by T N n (s) induces the limiting chi-square distribution.

Remark 21.
For the statistics estimated in (26) and (27), the approximating functions in the expansions for P g γ n N n (s) 1−γ T N n (s) ≤ x can only be given in closed form for all integer d in the case of non-random (γ = 1) or random (γ = 0) normalization factors. In the case of the mixed (γ = −1) normalization factor, only for odd integer d in closed form can be presented; for even integer d, the Macconald functions are involved.
Define q * j = q j I 2 (x; γ, 2, j) for j = 1, 2 with the coefficient q j from (56). Calculating the corresponding terms in (71) we find

Proof of Theorems
We find from Lemmas A1 and A2 that D n in (5) in Proposition 1 is bounded and the integrals in (10) and (11) in Proposition 2 have the necessary convergence rates. It remains to calculate the integrals in (9).

Conclusions
Chebyshev-Edgeworth expansions are derived for the distributions of various statistics from samples with random sample sizes. The construction of these asymptotic expansions is based on the given asymptotic expansions for the distributions of statistics of samples with a fixed sample sizes as well as those of the distributions of the random sample sizes.
The asymptotic laws are scale mixtures of the underlying standard normal or chisquare distributions with gamma or inverse exponential mixing distributions. The results hold for a whole family of asymptotically normal or chi-squared statistics since a formal construction of asymptotic expansions are developed. In addition to the random sample size, a normalization factor for the examined statistics also has a significant influence on the limit distribution. As limit laws, Student, standard normal, Laplace, inverse Pareto, generalized gamma, generalized Laplace and weighted sums of generalized gamma distributions occur. As statistica the random mean, the scale-mixed normalized Student t-distribution and the Student's t-statistic under non-normality with normal limit law, as well as Hotelling's generalized T 2 0 and scale mixture of chi-squared statistics with chi-square limit laws, are considered. The bounds for the corresponding residuals are presented in terms of inequalities.

Appendix A. Auxiliary Statements and Lemmas
In Section 3, we consider statistics satisfying (1) in Assumption 1 and in Section 4 random sample sizes satisfying (2) in Assumption 2. The statistics T m in (15), (18) and (21) satisfy Assumption 1 with the normal limit distribution Φ(x) and in (26) and (27) with chi-square limit distributions G d (x) and G 4 (x), defined in (17), respectively.

Remark A1.
If P k (0) = 0, i.e., the absolute term of the polynomial P k (z) is not equal to zero, then it is also the absolute term of Q k (z), i.e., Q k (0) = 0.
Consider now the statistics estimated in (26) and (27) with limit chi-square distributions. We only need to examine x > 0 and γ ∈ {0, ±1}. In the cases now under review, we have f 1 (x) = 0 and f 2 (z) = (Az + Bz 2 )g d (z) with some real constants A and B. The proof is completed with (A1) and (A2), (iiib) The mixing distribution is H(y) = W s (y) = e −s/y with g n = n and b = 2 as in Case (iib). Then, sup x |I 4 (x, n)| = sup x ∞ 1/g n f 2 (x y γ ) n 2 y dh 2;s (y) ≤ C 5 (r)n −2 . for s > 0, γ ∈ {0, ±1/2}. (A13) Proof of Lemma A2. (i) Insertion of G r,r (y) with h 2,r (y) and W s (y) = e −s/y with h 2,s (y) and simple calculation result in the necessary estimates in (6)- (8). In the case of W s (y) = e −s/y , one even gets for all terms exponentially fast decrease.
(ii) The limit distribution of the considered statistics is standard normal Φ(x).