Observation of a Change in Human Attitude in a Decision Making Process Equipped with an Interference of a Third Party

: In this paper, the attitudes of experts are observed for the possible changes after taking a certain decision. The decision is taken by two persons with different ﬁelds of expertise. There is also an annotation of such changes due to the interference of a third person, which is main idea of this paper. These observations are done by developing fuzzy soft differential equations with the help of optimum fuzzy soft constants (OFSCs), which are obtained through the ranking coefﬁcients. The ranking of alternatives is based on the coefﬁcients, which are obtained through a decision-making process. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is exploited to rank the alternatives, and the attitudes of resource persons are examined through phase portraits and line graphs of the respective system of differential equations. The utilization of TOPSIS is a practice of multi-criteria decision-making in the analysis of human behaviours. Dual hesitant fuzzy soft sets are taken to represent the initial data.


Introduction
A concept of a hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) [1] plays a vital role to handle the situations where assigning a single value from [0, 1] to an element becomes difficult. HFS theory can be viewed as an extension of a fuzzy set theory and has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its applications in social sciences and artificial intelligence. Torra [2] studied some basic operations on such sets. To rank the hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs), score functions are defined. Wang et al. [3] studied a special characteristic of score functions. Some useful information measures for HFSs were studied by Farhadinia [4]. A variety of distance and similarity measures were investigated by Xu and Xia (2011). They also presented ordered distance and ordered similarity measures. Distance and similarity measures have considerable importance in many scientific fields such as decision making, pattern recognition, machine learning and market prediction. Wang et al. [5] studied HFSs in the framework of a soft set theory and introduced the concept of hesitant fuzzy soft sets (HFSSs). In this way, they extended the notion of a classical soft set to hesitant fuzzy soft set. They first defined the operations of complement, "AND", "OR", union and intersection on HFSS, then proved De-Morgan Laws. Peng and Yang [6] proposed the concept of interval-valued hesitant fuzzy soft set (IVHFSS) which is the combination of the interval-valued hesitant fuzzy set and soft set. They also defined the basic operations and geometric operations on the IVHFSS. Intuitionistic fuzzy set theory [7] is used to describe the degree of membership as well as non-membership simultaneously. Grzegorzewski [8] defined the distances between intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) [9] encircles intuitionistic fuzzy set and hesitant fuzzy set. Zhu et al. [9] defined some basic operations on DHFS and then score function and accuracy function for dual hesitant fuzzy elements. Singh [10] presented the distance and similarity measures for DHFS.
Dual hesitant fuzzy soft set (DHFSS) was defined by Zhang and Shu [11]. Garg and Arora [12] defined the distance and similarity measures for DHFSS. They also presented some relations satisfied by different distance measures and found an application of such measures in pattern recognition.
Decision making is one of the unavoidable human needs in the daily life of business. Different decision making techniques are applied when some criteria/attributes or limitations are given. In such techniques, different weights are obtained from the group of experts for different criteria. Aruldoss et al. [13] proposed the methods for multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). They presented a comparison of contributions of MCDM methods. It can be seen that TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) has a remarkable contribution in multi-criteria decision making. Many researchers [6,[14][15][16][17][18] used TOPSIS to solve problems arising in various decision making processes based on fuzzy soft set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and hesitant fuzzy soft set theories. This method has an aspect that the solution should be close to the perfect situation and far from the poor situation. Wang et al. [19] employed TOPSIS in the setup of dual hesitant fuzzy set theory. Recently, some MCDM methods have been presented with different applications [20,21].
Uncertainty in dynamic systems is modelled by using fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) [22]. Puri and Ralescu [23] defined differentials of a fuzzy function. Kaleva ([24]) studied differentiability and integrability properties of fuzzy set-valued mappings and gave an existence and uniqueness theorem for a solution to a FDE. Buckley and Feuring [25] presented a solution to the fuzzy first order initial value problem. A lot of practical problems can be modelled as FDEs [26] and can be solved by replacing with system of differential equations [27]. Beg et al. [28] developed a system of differential equations to study the behaviour of some individual over the time depending on their companion's attitude under some particular situation. They used optimum fuzzy soft constant (OFSC) to model the system of differential equations. Strogatz [29] discussed the stability of such types of systems. This system of differential equations was also constructed by Sprott [30] to investigate the future behaviour of Romeo and Juliet in their love affair. He also extended that system when there is an interference of a third person in their affair. This interference may change their initial opinions or their interpersonal influences. Interpersonal influences are represented in matrix form and play a key role in influence models [31,32]. This paper is motivated by the dynamic model presented by Sprott [30]. After that, there has been a gap of the study related to the interferences in the field of decision making except [33,34]. This paper consists of the observation of the influence of a third person after a decision had been taken by two persons. For this purpose, a system of differential equations is developed with fuzzy initial conditions (FICs) and OFSCs are obtained from the coefficients of relative closeness. These coefficients are calculated by using TOPSIS due to its suitability while initial data is taken as dual hesitant fuzzy soft set since it includes multi-values for both membership and non-membership degrees. An illustrative example is given to understand the proposed idea.

Preliminaries
Throughout this paper, X denotes a non-empty set of objects.

Definition 1 ([2]
). Hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) M on X can be characterized as: 1], representing the possible membership degrees of an element x ∈ X to the set M.
In the sequel, by hesitant fuzzy set, we mean a discrete hesitant fuzzy set where each h A (x) is a finite set in [0, 1].

Definition 2 ([7]
). An intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) I on X is an object having the form I = { x, µ I (x), ν I (x) | x ∈ X}, that is, an intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) I on X is characterized by a membership function µ I and a non-membership function ν I , where µ I : X −→ [0, 1] and ν I :

Definition 3 ([9]). A dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) D on X is represented by the set D
where h D (x) and g D (x) are two sets having some values in [0, 1] representing the possible membership degrees and non-membership degrees of the element x ∈ X, respectively, satisfying the conditions: If each h D (x) and g D (x) are finite sets, then D is known as a discrete dual hesitant fuzzy set (DDHFS).

Definition 4 ([11]
). Let (X, E) be a soft universe and P ⊆ E. A pair F, P is called a dual hesitant fuzzy soft set (DHFSS) over X provided that F is a mapping from P to the set of all DHF sets on X. F, P is called a discrete dual hesitant fuzzy soft set (DDHFSS) over U if F is a mapping from P to the set of all DDHF sets on U.

Definition 5 ([19]
). Let A and B be two DHFSs on X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n }. Then, the distance between A and B is denoted by d(A, B) and satisfies the following properties:

Definition 6 ([19]
). let M and N be two DHFSs on X = {x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n }, then generalized dual hesitant normalized distance between the sets M and N is defined as: where #h and #g are the numbers of the elements in the sets given by h and g, respectively.
The above distance measure is the generalization of the distances given by Grzegorzewski [8] and Xu and Xia [35]. If λ = 1, then the generalized dual hesitant normal distance becomes the dual hesitant normalized Hamming distance; if λ = 2, then it reduces to the dual hesitant normalized Euclidean distance. 1.

Definition 8 ([27])
. Let x = (x, x) and y = (y, y) be two arbitrary numbers, then the distance between x and y is defined as follows: It can be proved that (E 1 , d) is a complete metric space [23].

Definition 9 ([27]).
A fuzzy function g : R 1 → E 1 is said to be continuous if for an arbitrary fixed t • ∈ R 1 and ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that: then g is said to be continuous.
. Let x, y ∈ E 1 . If there exists z ∈ E 1 such that x = y + z, then z is called the H-difference of x, y and it is denoted by x − y.

First Order Fuzzy Differential Equation
A first order fuzzy differential equation is written in the following form: where x is a fuzzy function of t and f (t, x) is a fuzzy function of the crisp variable t and the fuzzy variable x. Here, x is the fuzzy derivative of x. Consider the initial value problem A mapping x : R 1 → E 1 is a solution to the problem (1) if and only if it is continuous and satisfies the integral equation for all t ∈ R 1 [24].

Fuzzy Soft Differential Equations
To analyse the human attitude: a system of linear fuzzy soft differential equations is designed in two variables, namely P 1 and P 2 which represent the attitude of two persons at the time t of decision making, whereas dP 1 dt and dP 2 dt denote the change in persons , attitudes after some time due to the decision they made (Beg et al., 2018).
where a i P j (i, j = 1, 2) are signed fuzzy numbers called optimum soft fuzzy constants. We may interpret a i P i as the influence on ith person of their internal feelings and a i P j the influence on ith person of jth person , s feelings. Positive and negative sign is assigned to a i P j based on encouragement or discouragement of a person about a decision. Stability of system (1) depends on eigen values of the matrix

An Attitude Analyzer Method Based on Fuzzy Soft Differential Equations
In the process of decision making, the study of a change in attitude of two or three persons after a decision is an interesting area of a research. Indeed, the attitude of two persons when they take same decision may be different to the case when they take the different decisions. This process of investigation contains the following steps: Step 1: Initial data is taken as DDHFSS under the consideration of m alternatives given by A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A m and n attributes given by B 1 , B 2 , . . . , B n .
Step 2: Weight vector W = (w 1 , w 2 , . . . , w n ) with n ∑ i=1 w i = 1 is considered for each person. Different weight vectors are considered for different persons.
Step 3: TOPSIS is used as described by Eraslan and Karaaslan [16] to obtain the coefficients of relative closeness RC(A j ) = c j where the distance measure given in Definition 6 is used with λ = 1 to calculate the distances of the values from positive and negative ideal solutions.
Step 4: Optimal fuzzy soft constants a i P j (i, j = 1, 2) are chosen from RC(A j ) = c j , j = 1, 2, . . . , m while constructing a dynamical system (2). If two persons select same alternative, then we have If two persons select different alternatives, then we have In the case of a third person interference, the following system is considered which is an extension of the system (2) and inspiration of the model presented by Sprott [30].
where a i P i and a i P j denote the effect on ith person of their internal feelings and jth person , s feelings, respectively, and each dP i dt represent the future attitude of three persons over a time. Note that the state-space is 9 dimensional in this case. Each person has feelings of two types (positive and negative) and hence there are 18 parameters if each person adopts different attitudes towards the others. Some out of the several cases are as under: (1) if a 1 P 1 > 0, a 1 P 2 > 0, a 1 P 3 < 0 (P 1 , P 2 both agree for particular decision, but P 3 do not agree).
Step 5: Future attitude of two or three persons is observed through the line graphs and phase portraits. A phase portrait is a graphical tool to visualize how the solutions of a given system of differential equations would behave in the long run.
The following example shows the attitude of two persons after a decision and effect of the third person , s interference on their attitudes. Example 1. Aleeza and Sophie want to get admission into a senior school. They have five different choices A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 for the school. They will make the decision under the consideration of four attributes, B 1 : monthly fee, B 2 : distance from the residence, B 3 : reputation and B 4 : curriculum. They will consider the weight vectors 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 and 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 , respectively, for the attributes. Analysis of their future attitude is based on the following steps.
Step 1: A dual hesitant fuzzy soft set representing expert opinion is constructed, which is given by Table 1.
Step 3: Positive ideal solutions and negative ideal solutions from Tables 2 and 3 are represented  in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.    The following are the distances d(A i , A + ) and d(A i , A − ) calculated from Tablse 2 and 4 using Definition 6.
Co-efficients of relative closeness are given as: We now rank the four alternatives for Aleeza as follows: Tables 3 and 5: Note that RC(A 1 ) = 0.4779, RC(A 2 ) = 0.3100, RC(A 3 ) = 0.3783, RC(A 4 ) = 0.7581, RC(A 5 ) = 0.5080. Ranking the four alternatives, we have Step 4: A system of fuzzy soft differential equations constructed as (2) using the co-efficients of relative closeness is given by dA dt = aA + bS dS dt = cA + dS, where A and S are the variables used for Aleeza and Sophie, respectively. Since they choose the same alternative A 4 , so we take a = c = 0.7494 and b = d = 0.7581 Line graphs for Aleeza and Sophie in Figure 3 overlap, which is an indication of the same behaviour in the future, and Figure 4 shows that the system is unstable.    Figure 5. Line graph for differential Equation (4) with FICs.
Line graph in Figure 6 (A 1 and S 1 stand for increasing parts of triangular fuzzy numbers, A 2 and S 2 stand for decreasing parts of triangular fuzzy numbers) shows that Aleeza and Sophie will show the same behaviour in the future. It means that there is no change due to interference of Qadeer. Furthermore, the graphs for Aleeza and Sophie are overlapping. Figure 7 is a projection of 3D (A, S, Q) on AS plane and shows that the system is unstable.  Figure 6. Line graph for differential Equation (6) with FICs. Line graph in Figure 8 shows that Aleeza and Sophie will show different behaviours in the future, and Figure 9 shows that the system is stable.  Figure 8. Line graph for differential Equation (7) with FICs. Values of S Figure 9. Phase portrait for differential Equation (7).

Case 3:
If we assume that Aleeza and Sophie have no effect on each other, i.e., a A S = a S A = 0, then the system (7) reduces to the following system (8): The line graph in Figure 10 shows that Aleeza and Sophie will exhibit almost the same behaviour in the future, but Qadeer will behave differently. Note that Figure 11 indicates that the system is of saddle type. This result can also be obtained by using FICs. Attitudes of A, S and Q 10 4 Aleeza Sophie Qadeer Figure 10. Line graph for differential Equation (8).

Conclusions
The system of linear differential equations is advantageous for the analysis of experts , attitudes and FICs are appropriate due to the association with uncertainties. The line graph represents whether the experts agree with each other or not in the future, whereas phase portrait is essential to check the stability of the system. Interference of a third person in a decision taken by two persons affects their future attitudes. They may rethink their decisions positively or negatively. If two persons make the same decision, they also agree with each other in the future unless a third person interferes between them with a different opinion. This kind of result may also be examined by using some MCDM method other than TOPSIS. This research work is inspired by Sprott [30] and would also contribute to the post-consensus analysis, group decision processes, interpersonal influences and opinion dynamics due to some research gaps referred to the interferences.