Influence of Marangoni Convection on Magnetohydrodynamic Viscous Dissipation and Heat Transfer on Hybrid Nanofluids in a Rotating System among Two Surfaces

: The present research paper explains the influence of Marangoni convection on magnetohydrodynamic viscous dissipation and heat transfer on hybrid nanofluids in a rotating system among two surfaces. Then, the properties of heat and mass transfer are analysed. With the similarity transformation, the governing equations of the defined flow problem are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These compact equations are solved approximately and analytically using the optimal homotopy analysis method. The impact of different parameters is interpreted through graphs in the form of velocity and temperature profiles. The influence of the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are presented in the form of tables. The comparison of the present research paper and published works is also presented table.


Introduction
Single-coated two-dimensional sheets of graphite are called graphene. Due to poor solubility, graphene is mostly used as a nanofluid. It is used in the form of graphene oxide (GO) due to its highly oxidised structure. GO is used in industrial machinery and many engineering apparatus, and its flow is used for the stability of centrifugal forces by engaging the circular pressure gradient. Heat transfer is one of the important properties in chemical processes. The heat transfer properties of the base fluid, such as water and mineral oil, are different methods used to increase the heat transfer. For instance, reduced heat transfer and time heat exchanger size can be minimised. Ethylene glycol (EG) can be used as a cooling fluid and anti-freezing agent to improve thermal properties because the thermal conductivity of metals and nonmetals and carbon structures are higher than those of the base fluids. Many studies have been conducted on nanofluids, but hybrid nanofluids, which are one of the new types of nanofluid, have recently attracted the attention of researchers. Hybrid nanofluids are produced in two forms: First, two or more types of nanofluids are suspended in the base fluid. Second, nanoparticles are suspended in the base fluid, such as composites. Researchers' attention on this topic can be attributed to the heat transfer rate enhancement and production cost reduction that can be achieved through the application of these nanofluids. This new type of heat transport fluid has also encouraged various researchers to study real-world problems. Moreover, hybrid nanofluids increase thermophysical properties and the heat transfer ratio. Hybrid nanofluids are subclasses of nanoliquids. They consist of two different nanoparticles sprinkled in a base fluid. They are characterised by high heat transfer ratios relative to conventional nanofluids, hence the current interest shown by the academic and industrial research communities. Specifically, researchers have taken interest in the magneto Marangoni convection of nanofluids due to its vast applications in chemical, industrial, process, thin liquid films and crystal growth. The convection is produced due to the surface tension known as Marangoni convection. Pop et al. [1] studied different structures of the thermo-solutal boundary film Marangoni convective method. Moreover, Al-Mudhaf and Chamkha [2] used a solute gradient to study Marangoni convection in porous media. Moreover, Wang [3] used a perturbation method to investigate Marangoni convection and thin-film spray, and Chen [4] investigated the power-law model of Marangoni convection and thin-film spray. Apart from that, Magyari and Chamkha [5] studied the impact of Reynolds number on Marangoni convection using the flow assumption. In addition, Lin et al. [6,7] used a thermal gradient to study the magnetic hydrodynamic Marangoni convective, and Aly and Ebaid [8] studied the exact solution of the Marangoni convection flow of viscid nanoliquid on a porous surface. Finally, Rehman et al. [9] analytically studied Marangoni convection on thin films using a stretching cylinder.
Nanofluids are defined as the colloidal combination of a nanosized particle (< 100 nm) in the base fluid, and they are used to increase the heat transfer ratio of the base fluid. Due to this property, nanofluids have some key applications in industry, such as heat exchange, coolants, lubricants and microchannel heat sinks. Nanofluids are used to determine the best thermal properties with the least possible (1%) volume fraction of the nanoparticle. Moreover, Rehman et al. [10] used a stretching surface to analytically study a unsteady thin-film nanofluid. Rehman et al. [11] used a stretching surface to analytically study an unsteady thin film along with the magnetic field. Moreover, Sandeep et al. [12] used a magnetic field to discuss the thermal enhancement of an unsteady nanofluid, and Khan et al. [13] investigated the impact of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluids using Riga plates. Sheikholeslami [14] used Darcy's law to discuss copper oxide-water nanofluids, and Sheikholeslami and Vajravelu [15] used variable magnetic fields to discuss the nanofluid heat transfer in a cavity. Furthermore, Aman et al. [16] used Poiseuille flow to study the variation of a thermal field, and Khan et al. [17] used a rotating conduit to discuss a three-dimensional (3D) squeezed flow. The heat transfer ratio of a nanofluid is greater than that of conventional fluids, such as water, EG and oil. Recently, a new type of nanofluid known as a hybrid nanofluid was used to increase the heat transfer ratio. A hybrid nanofluid is the mixture of two or more different nanoparticles distributed in a base fluid. Many research works have been conducted to investigate thermal conductivity, revealing several dynamic declarations of these properties. For example, Han et al. [18] used temperatures between 10 °C and 90 °C to discuss a hybrid CNT. Meanwhile, Suresh et al. [19] used volume concentrations from 0.1% to 2% to discuss a -/H2O hybrid nanofluid. Moreover, Madhesh and Kalaiselvam [20] examined a -water base nanofluid and showed that the enhancement of the heat transfer is approximately 48.4% for a concentration of 0.7%. Furthermore, Devi and Devi [21,22] used a stretching sheet to study the problems of heat transfer and flow of hydromagnetic hybrid nanofluids ( -/ ). By contrast, Tayebi et al. [23] numerically interpreted the problem of heat transfer analyses of -/ hybrid nanofluids in an annulus. The characteristics of the -/ hybrid nanofluid with Lorentz force were analysed by Ghadikolaei et al. [24]. Meanwhile, Hayat et al. [25] studied -/water hybrid nanofluids using rotating surfaces. In addition, Yousefi et al. [26] investigated the aqueous titania-copper hybrid nanofluid stagnation point flow toward the stretching cylinder. Consequently, Subhani and Nadeem [27] studied the behaviour of a -/ hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface. Based on the literature study, the number of researchers working on hybrid nanofluids is very low. Thus, the purpose of the present paper was to study the effect of Marangoni convection on the combined effect of magnetohydrodynamic viscous dissipation and heat transfer on hybrid nanofluids in a rotating system among two surfaces. The approximate analytical method, namely, the optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM), is used to solve nonlinear differential equations. Liao [28] used this method to solve the nonlinear differential equation. The results of important parameters, such as the magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Eckert number and Marangoni convection parameters, for the velocity and temperature profiles are plotted and discussed. The convergences of the flow problem are obtained with up to 25 iterations using the BVPh 2.0 package of Mathematica. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are explained in table form. The remainder of the paper is presented as follows: The literature review is presented in Section 1. The mathematical formulation of the important equation with boundary condition is derived in Section 2, and the results and discussion are described in Section 3. Moreover, the conclusion is presented in Section 4. The following structures define the novelty of this investigation: • Hybrid nanofluid along with the magnetic field • Effect of Marangoni convection on hybrid nanofluids along with the magnetic field and viscous dissipation • Approximate analytical method [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] for the approximate analytical series solution of the flow problem • Influence of Marangoni convection on the 3D flow.

Mathematical Formulation of the Given Flow Problem
Consider an incompressible time-independent viscous hybrid nanofluid between two parallel surfaces. In this combination of surfaces, one surface is stretchable, and the other is stationary. In this system, the plate and hybrid nanofluid rotate simultaneously around the -axis, the is equivalent to the plate's surface, and the -axis is normal to , , as shown in Figure 1. The plates are set at = 0 and = ℎ. The penetrable surface of the channel is at = ℎ, which depicts the unbroken suction and injection and the movable surface of the channel at = 0. We also consider the influence of the constant magnetic field of strength , which is normal to the plate from the -axis. The governing equations for continuity, momentum and temperature for the timeindependent 3D flow of hybrid nanofluid are given below: In the above equations, , , represent the velocity along , and -directions, respectively. Ω represents the portend angular velocity, shows the magnetic field, represents the pressure, represents the electric conductivity of the nanofluid, is the temperature, and = − * * is the heat flux for radiation.
The relative boundary conditions are = = , = 0, = 0, = at = 0 We used the approximate analytical method because it is difficult to solve nonlinear partial differential equations analytically. Thus, first, we convert nonlinear partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations with a single independent variable . For this, = − ℎ ( , = ( , = ( and = , from Equation (6) are substituted into Equations (1)-(4). Equation (6) satisfies Equation (1) identically. Next, we converted Equations (2)-(4) to the following forms: where and are constantly given by he transformed boundary conditions are given by The Prandtl number, rotation parameter, Reynolds number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter Eckert number and suction parameter are denoted by , , , , , , and , respectively, and the Marangoni convection parameter is = .
When > 0, the flow is an injection, and < 0 implies a suction flow.

Method of Solution
Equations (8)-(10) are solved analytically using the OHAM given below: where is a linear operator, is the independent variable, ( is the unknown function, is the nonlinear operator and ( is a boundary operator. We first determine a family of equations using this method (12): The initial guess for the velocity and temperature is which are calculated from the linear operator given below: Liao [28] presented this method to identify the residual error, so Equations (7)-(9) can be written as = + + .

Analysis of OHAM
This approach is usually applied to solve boundary value functional equations. Consider the following boundary value functional equation, where and are the linear and nonlinear operators, respectively, ( is a known function, ( is an unknown function, and is the boundary operator. Consider the following deformation equation, given by where ∈ 0,1 is an embedding parameter and ( for ≠ 0 is a non-zero auxiliary function, such that ( = 1 for = 0 and = 1. We also have ( , 0 = ( and ( , 1 = ( . Thus, as increases from 0 to 1, the solution ( , varies from ( to ( , where ( is an initial guess that satisfies the linear operator, which is obtained from Equation (14) for = 0. This condition yields , .
The auxiliary function ( is considered in the following power series in p: where and are constants to be determined. The approximate analytical solution is given by It is usually a power series on p as follows: ( , , , … , = ( + ( , , , … , Substituting Equation (23) in Equation (24) and equating the coefficients of the terms with the identical power of lead to the governing equation ( , ( up to ( , which begins from Equation (23) given by where ( , , , … , is given in Equation (28), where the convergence of Equation Then, the m-th-order approximation is then given by ( , , , … , = ( + ( , , , … , .
The result for the residual is defined as If ( , , , … , = 0, then ( , , , … , will be an exact solution, which, in general, does not happen, especially in nonlinear problems. To determine the optimal value of , = 1,2, … , , we apply the least square method.
where ( , , … , = ( , , , … , Here, the closed interval [ ,b] supports the given problem. Knowing these constants, the approximate solution of order can be easily determined.

Results and Discussion
The main objective of this section is to study the nature of the approximate analytical solution of the given flow problem and the influence of different model factors, such as suction parameter , magnetic field parameter , rotation parameter , Marangoni convection parameter , Prandtl number , Reynolds number and Eckert number , on the velocity and temperature distribution. Two sorts of hybrid nanofluids − + − and − have been used for heat enhancement applications. In this combination, − is the base fluid, and − + − represents a hybrid nanofluid. The thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluid have been used for the experimental data available in the literature. The flow analysis is settled over a rotating surface in a magnetic field and viscous dissipation. The approximate analytical method, i.e., OHAM, is used for the approximate analytical solution. The convergence of the OHAM for particular problems is also discussed. Moreover, the series solution for velocity and temperature profiles are calculated using OHAM. The obtained results are highlighted in Figures 2-13. Figures 2-10 portray the effects of different parameters on the velocity profile, and Figures 11-13 show the effects of different parameters on the temperature profile. Furthermore, Tables 1 and 2 represent the comparison of the present approximate analytical method and integral method from the literature. In Tables 1 and 2, represents the number of iterations. In Tables 3 and 4, the numerical results illustrate the influences of dissimilar model factors on the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number of − + − and − . The influence of different parameters on the local skin friction coefficient is presented in Table 3. The table shows that the skin friction coefficient decreases in the cases of − and − + − for the increasing values of the suction parameter and Reynolds number . Meanwhile, by increasing these parameters, viscous forces decrease. As a result, the skin friction coefficient decreases. Table 4 Tables 5 and 6. Tables 5 and 6 show that increasing the number of iterations reduces the residual error and strong convergence attained. Moreover, Tables 7 and 8 represent the compression of the present skin friction and Nusselt number with the literature. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the given flow problem, and Figure 2 shows the influence of the suction parameter on the velocity in the x direction.
In Figure 2, the velocity profile initially increases by increasing the suction parameter, but this effect is limited due to Marangoni convection. This effect changes, and after some intervals, the velocity profile decreases by increasing the suction parameter. Figure 3 shows the suction parameter's influence on the velocity profile in the y -direction, indicating that the velocity profile is the increasing function of the suction parameter. That is, the increasing value of the suction parameter increases the velocity distribution. Figure 4 shows the influence of the Reynolds number on velocity in the x direction. In Figure 4, the velocity profile initially increases by increasing the Reynolds number, but this effect is limited due to Marangoni convection. This effect changes, and after some intervals, the velocity profile decreases by increasing the Reynolds number. Figure 5 shows the influence of the Reynolds number on the velocity profile in the y direction. The velocity profile is the increasing function of the Reynolds number. That is, the increasing value of the Reynolds number increases the velocity distribution. Moreover, Figure 6 shows the influence of the magnetic field parameter on the velocity in the x direction. The velocity profile initially decreases by increasing the magnetic field parameter, but this effect is limited due to the Marangoni convection. This effect changes, and after some intervals, the velocity profile increases by increasing the magnetic field parameter. Figure 7 shows the influence of the magnetic field parameter on the velocity profile in the y direction. The velocity profile is the decreasing function of the magnetic field parameter. That is, the increasing value of the magnetic field parameter decreases the velocity distribution. Moreover, Figure 8 shows the influence of the Marangoni convection parameter in the x direction. The Marangoni convection parameter shows a double effect on the velocity profile. Initially, the velocity profile decreases by increasing the Marangoni convection parameter, but this effect is limited due to the Marangoni convection. This effect changes, and after some intervals, the velocity profile increases by increasing the Marangoni convection parameter. Furthermore, Figure 9 shows the influence of the rotation parameter on the velocity in the x direction. In Figure 9, the velocity profile increases by increasing rotation parameters, but this effect is limited due to the Marangoni convection. This effect changes, and after some intervals, the velocity profile decreases by increasing the rotation parameter. Furthermore, Figure 10 shows the influence of rotation parameters on the velocity profile in the y direction. In Figure 10, the velocity profile is the increasing function of the rotation parameter. That is, the increasing value of the rotation parameter increases the velocity distribution. Figure 11 shows the influence of the Prandtl number on the temperature distribution. The Prandtl number has an inverse relation to the temperature distribution, in which a large Prandtl number decreases the temperature distribution. Figure 12 shows the influence of the Eckert number on the temperature distribution. The Eckert number directly relates to the temperature distribution. In other words, a large Eckert number increases the temperature distribution. This effect is due to the direct relation of the Eckert number to the kinetic energy. Moreover, Figure 13 shows the influence of the magnetic field parameter on the temperature distribution. The magnetic field parameter directly relates to the temperature distribution, that is, a large magnetic field parameter increases the temperature distribution. This effect is due to the direct relation of the magnetic field parameter to the resistance forces.

Conclusions
In this research work, the influence of Marangoni convection on magnetohydrodynamic viscous dissipation and heat transfer on a hybrid nanofluid in a rotating system among two surfaces is examined. The properties of the heat and mass transfer were analysed. Applying the analytical method makes it difficult to solve nonlinear partial differential equations, so we used similarity transformation; the major partial differential equation was converted to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The approximate analytical method, i.e., OHAM, was used to determine the approximate analytical solution of the nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The impact of important parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles were plotted and discussed through graphs and tables. The skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number were explained in table form. The comparison of ADM and OHAM was presented in Tables 1 and 2, where represents the number of iterations. Finally, the obtained outputs are deliberated as follows: Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.