Numerical Investigation on the Swimming of Gyrotactic Microorganisms in Nanoﬂuids through Porous Medium over a Stretched Surface

: In this article, the e ﬀ ects of swimming gyrotactic microorganisms for magnetohydrodynamics nanoﬂuid using Darcy law are investigated. The numerical results of nonlinear coupled mathematical model are obtained by means of Successive Local Linearization Method. This technique is based on a simple notion of the decoupling systems of equations utilizing the linearization of the unknown functions sequentially according to the order of classifying the system of governing equations. The linearized equations, that developed a sequence of linear di ﬀ erential equations along with variable coe ﬃ cients, were solved by employing the Chebyshev spectral collocation method. The convergence speed of the SLLM technique can be willingly upgraded by successive applying over relaxation method. The comparison of current study with available published literature has been made for the validation of obtained results. It is found that the reported numerical method is in perfect accord with the said similar methods. The results are displayed through tables and graphs.


Introduction
The problems associated with the boundary layer mechanism and heat transfer flow through stretched subsurface have been eminently accepted through analysts as long as the presence in structures of enormous industrial and technologically significance. Few of the advanced spreading applications encompass the designing of plastic layers and copper cables, glass-fiber fabricating, food and polymer refining, geothermal power extraction, liquefying-spinning productions, polymer melting, hot roll glass blasting, in the formation of the final product, in the textile industry, and other abundant utilities. Sakiadis [1] performed the developing effort in the area of boundary layer flow on a continued stable subsurface flowing with steady velocities. Later, Crane [2] was the earliest who extended the conception for boundary layer flow through stretchable surfaces. He examined a closed mode result for the Newtonian fluid flow past a flat stretched subsurface. Banks [3] investigated the similarity solutions for the boundary layer flow through a stretched wall with non-Newtonian fluid. Gupta and Gupta [4] broadened the investigated idea by Crane with the heat and mass transfer past a stretchable surface, along with the influence of suction/blowing. Bujurke et al. [5] discussed the heat transfer phenomenon past a boundary layer, along with interval heat generation. Cortell [6] analyzed the viscous fluid flow numerically with heat transfer on a nonlinearly stretchable subsurface. Shahzad et al. [7] developed the exact solutions of the axisymmetric flow with heat transfer for MHD viscous fluid on a nonlinearly radial pervious stretched surface. Hayat et al. [8] explored the MHD axisymmetric flow for third-grade fluid with heat transfer over stretchable sheets. Shateyi and Makinde [9] recorded the heat transfer analysis for a viscous, electrically conducting fluid flow through a radial stretched and convectively heated disk. Khan et al. [10] discussed the mix convection heat transfer to Sisko fluid past radial stretchable surface together with the influence of convection boundary conditions, thermal radiation, and viscous dissipative terms. Since it is known that the standard of the final product relies on the rate of heat transfer as acknowledged, hence the nanofluids have a higher thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles utilized to enhance the rate for heat transfer [11,12]. For this purpose, distinct techniques are adopted to raise the thermal conductivity of the fluids by providing suspension of nano/micro or large-sized particles into liquids. An inventive approach to enhance the heat transfer rate is performed by utilizing nano-scale particles into the governing fluid by Choi et al. [13]. They recorded that by adding a tiny extent (less than 1% by volume) of the nanoparticles to regular heat transfer fluids enhanced the thermal conductivity for the fluids up to almost 4-times and higher. Kuznetsov and Nield [14] discussed the natural convection into a nanofluid through a vertical surface, along with the impact of thermophoresis and the Brownian-motion. Noghrehabadadi et al. [15] explored the heat transfer of nanofluids past a stretched subsurface with supposing of thermal convectively boundary conditions and partial slip. Zaraki et al. [16] analyzed the influence of the various shapes, sizes, and types of nanoparticles, and base-fluid flowing and heat transferring properties for a naturally convective boundary layer.
The investigations for magnetohydrodynamics have significant utilities, and also uses in cooling of nuclear reactors by the induction flow meter and liquid, depending on the capability variation into the fluid in order normal to the flow and the magnetic field. Ferdows et al. [17] explored the problem for magnetized nanofluid mixed convective flow past an exponential stretched plate. Bidin and Nazar [18] discussed the numerical investigation for boundary layer flow through an exponential stretchable surface, along with thermal emission. Khan et al. [19] studied the unsteady boundary layer flow for a nanofluid on a horizontal stretched plate together with the impact of MHD and thermal radiation. Mabood et al. [20] studied the MHD boundary layer nanofluid flowing with the influence of heat transfer and viscous dissipation through a nonlinear stretched surface. Freidoonimehr et al. [21] studied the magnetized stagnation point flow through a stretched/shrinkable surface alongside the impact of chemical reactions and heat absorption/generation. It is conclusive to mention here that Makinde and Animasaun [22] investigated an admirable work related to magnetized nanofluid flow alongside bioconvection with quartic autocatalysis chemical reaction. The results show that for a fixed numeric of a magnetic parameter, the local skin friction further develops at larger thickened parametric value, whereas the rate for local heat transfer turns lesser at a high-temperature parametric value past an uppermost subsurface of a paraboloid of an uprising. The possible developments and/or applications of the presented analysis to the same topic and to other related topics can be seen in [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].
The terminology bioconvection was first acknowledged in an article belonging to James Henry Platt to bring about other researchers to this consideration side towards the physics of streaming forms noticed in impenetrable fashions of free-floating microorganisms. In light of Platt [39], the movement of polygonal forms in impenetrable fashions of Tetrahymena (i.e., ciliate and flagellate), such as Benard cells, though not by thermo-convection. Since, it is well-known that the presence of microorganisms (bacteria) are everywhere, and it is illustrious evidence that a large number of bacteria may be accidentally suffered and sometimes can be shot down when periodically bared to a higher temperature, conflicting that thermophile is an organism that usually can be seen in different heated territories on the earth. The self-impelled motile microorganisms brought enhancement in the density of the base fluid in a peculiar way to produce a bioconvection kind of stream. Basing on the cause of propulsion, the motile microorganisms perhaps categorized into various types of microorganisms, counting oxytactic or chemotaxis, gyrotactic microorganisms, and negate gravitaxis. Contrasting the motile microorganisms, the nanoparticles are not self-propelled, and their migration is through the Brownian-motion and thermophoresis impact inward nanofluid. Ghorai and Hill [40] farther elucidated that bioconvection is a known terminology to indicate the phenomena for impromptu arrangement in the suspension of microorganisms, such as algae and bacteria. Bioconvection also can be explained as the macroscopic convective movement of fluid as a result of the density gradient, and is brought about by the jointly floating of motile microorganisms. Alike naturally convective process, bioconvection is induced by versatile stratification density. Kuznetsov and Avramenko [41] interpreted that when bioconvection takes place, it boosts mingling and diminishes the establishing of the particles that are decisive in medicine utilities. Khan and Makinde [42] examined nanofluid bioconvection caused by gyrotactic microorganisms and noticed that the self-propelled motile microorganisms enhance the density of the base-fluid as floating/swimming in a specific manner. Recently, Raees et al. [43] interpreted that bioconvection into nanofluids has enormous contributions in Colibri micro-volumes spectrometer and benefits the stability in nanofluids. Natural convection with double-diffusive effects over a boundary layer nanofluid flow has been examined by Kuznetsov and Nield [44]. Nonetheless, if the stimulators past the subsurface are more imperative and associate to the bulk-fluid, comprising 36 nm nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganism, alike chemical backlash could be examined by applying the conception of homogeneous-heterogeneous quartic strategy. Sivaraj et al. [45] have discussed the gyrotactic microorganisms on the mechanism of 29 nm copper water nanofluids propagated through a horizontal surface of paraboloid. Amirsom et al. [46] have considered the movement of microorganisms on a magnetized nanofluid in the presence of second order slip conditions via bvp4c computational scheme. Waqas et al. [47,48] used a shooting method to discuss the propagation of nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms through a stretching surface with magnetic and porous effects using non-Newtonian fluid models. A few other inquiries on gyrotactic microorganisms can be read here [49][50][51].
The impulsion of the current investigation is to explore the impact of a non-uniform magnetic field on the conduct of water suspension comprising nanoparticles and motile gyrotactic microorganisms flowing through a stretchable permeable sheet by employing Successive Local Linearization Method (SLLM) with the combination of Chebyshev spectral linearization method [52] not yet available in the existing literature. The governing flow equations and the boundary conditions were brought towards nonlinear ordinary differential equations by utilizing the similarity variable transformations, and are than solved numerically by spectral approach.

Mathematical Modeling
A two-dimensional, steady, incompressible viscous and electrically conducting nanofluid flow, comprising gyrotactic microorganisms through a stretched porous sheet by Darcy-Forchheimer relation is considered. It is also assumed that the flow field is under the effect of a varying magnetic field of strength B(x) = B 0 (x). The sheet is stretched vertically with velocity U w = ax, with positive constant a. The induced magnetic field is ignored because it is minimal in comparison to the extraneous magnetic field, as can be seen in Figure 1. The concentration C w, temperature T w , and densities for motile microorganisms are N w and N ∞ past the stretched subsurface are considered constant and bigger than the ambient concentration C ∞ , temperature T ∞ , respectively. It is further presumed that nanoparticles are not affecting the direction and velocity of microorganisms, and both the nanoparticles and the base fluid are in local thermal stability state; and the nanoparticles, motile microorganisms, and the base-fluid are having the equivalent velocities. Hence, for a suchlike problem, the governing equations for continuity, momentum, nanoparticle concentration, thermal energy, and microorganisms can be written as Mathematics 2020, 8, x 4 of 18 Their respective boundary conditions can be read as ̃→ 0,̃→̃∞,̃→ 0,̃→̃∞,̃→̃∞ as ̂→ ∞ By cancelling Equation (3) from the momentum equations by cross-differentiation, only Equation (2) survives. In Equations (1)-(8), ̃ and ̃ are the velocity components for ̂ and ̂ directions correspondingly. Where ̃ is the temperature, ̃ is the concentration for nanoparticle, ̃ is the density for motile microorganism, ̃ is the pressure, , , are the densities of nanofluid, microorganisms, and nanoparticles, , , denote the Brownian-diffusion coefficient, diffusivity of microorganisms and thermophoresis-diffusion coefficient, the porosity parameter, Their respective boundary conditions can be read as By cancelling Equation (3) from the momentum equations by cross-differentiation, only Equation (2) survives. In Equations (1)-(8), u and v are the velocity components forx andŷ directions correspondingly. Where T is the temperature, C is the concentration for nanoparticle, N is the density for motile microorganism, p is the pressure, ρ f , ρ m , ρ p are the densities of nanofluid, microorganisms, and nanoparticles, D b , D m , D T denote the Brownian-diffusion coefficient, diffusivity of microorganisms and thermophoresis-diffusion coefficient, k the porosity parameter, σ, k t are the electrical and thermal conductivity for the fluid, γ indicates the average volume for a microorganism, respectively. α = k t / ρc p is the thermal diffusivity, bW C are the constants, and the proportion of the effected heat capacitance of the nanoparticle to the base-fluid τ = (ρC) p (ρC) f , respectively, are the other parametric quantities.
Invoking the following transformation In Equations (1)-(8), the non-dimensional form of resulting equations, along with associated boundary conditions, can be written as In which These parametric quantities are permeability parameter β D , Hartmann number M, the local Richardson number G r /R 2 e , the buoyancy proportion parameter N r , Prandtl number P r , the bioconvection Rayleigh number R b , the thermophoresis parameter N t , the Brownian motion parameter N b , Eckert number E c , the conventional Lewis number and the bioconvection Lewis number L e and L b , the bioconvection Peclet number P e , and Ω d is the concentration of the microorganisms variance parametric quantity, respectively.
The motile density number, Sherwood, and Nusselt number for the present flow in dimensionless form are: where Re x = U 0x ν , the local Reynolds number.

Spectral Local Linearization Scheme
Let us having a system of differential equations G = g 1 (ξ), g 1 (ξ), . . . , g p (ξ) satisfying the system: where p describes the number of differential equations, each H j is a function of ξ [A, B] and L j , N j are the linear and nonlinear components in the system, respectively. Usually, the SLLM is an iterative approach to solve the differential equations, starts from an initial approximation g 0 , and then implements the SLLM successively, yielding the new approximations g 1 , g 2 , . . ., where G t = g 1,t , g 2,t , . . . , g p,t for each t = 0, 1, 2. When once linearized, the nonlinear components are N j .
For this intention, the j-th differential Equation (18) after the first t + 1 iterations can be express as The nonlinear components can be linearized by using Taylor series where V t is an n-tuple of G j,t and its differentials. Now using Equations (19) and (20) in Equation (18), it becomes

Successive Local Linearization Method
For the implementation of Successive Local Linearization Method, first we have to reduce the order of Equation (24). To serve the purpose, a new transformation g = h, leads Equation (10) to Equation (13) into the following form: Linearizing the non-linear term h 2 by applying Taylor series expansion can be written as where the component having subscripts t and t + 1 stand for current previous and current approximated values. When Equation (26) is placed in Equation (22), then the non-linear system by means of Gauss-Seidel relaxation method can be decoupled as: The corresponding boundary conditions become Writing a compact expression of Equations (27)-(31) as follows where Now, employing the Chebyshev spectral collocation method at the system of Equations (34)- (38), where the differentiation matrix D = 2 l D utilized to perform approximation for the derivatives of unknown variables in the above equations and our new system become With their respective boundary conditions The system can be expressed in a more simplified way as where T are vectors of sizes (N + 1) × 1 whereas 0 is a vector of order (N + 1) × 1 and I is an identity matrix of order (N + 1) × (N + 1).
In view of boundary conditions, the Equations (48)-(63) take the following form: The initial guesses are: These initial assumptions approximation satisfying the boundary conditions (46)-(47) achieve subsequent approximations of g t , h t , θ t , φ t , φ t for each t = 1, 2, . . . . . . by employing the successive local linearization method.

Convergence Analysis
As the Gauss-Seidel method with the SOR parameter is utilized to enhance the convergence of the linear system of equations in the field of numerical linear algebra, therefore as matter of fact, an identical approach is applied to enhance the rate of convergence for successive local linearization method. If, for resolving function Z, the SLLM technique at the (t + 1)th iteration is Then by revising, the new mode of the SLLM technique is indicated as Here ω represents the convergence improving the parametric quantity, and B 1 , E 1 are the matrices. This revised SLLM technique enlarges in improving the accuracy and efficiency of current results.

Graphical Illustrations
This section is dedicated to the numerical results, their validation, and the discussion. To examine the inclusion of all the leading parameters numerically, computational software MATLAB is used for the numerical simulations. Table 1 is drawn for the computed convergent outcomes of Nu x /Re 1/2 x , Sh x /Re 1/2 x , and Nn x /Re 1/2 x across the number of collocation points N, N t , and N b by fixing other parameters, whereas, Table 2 depicts the comparability of −θ (0) with previously published data [53][54][55] across P r with the preceding investigations by fixing other parameters of the governing equations. Table 3 is calculated to compare our computational results with the shooting method, and it can be observe that the results matched perfectly with the shooting method results. Figures 1-11 have been plotted against all the leading parameters for microorganism distribution, nanoparticle concentration, temperature, and velocity distribution, respectively. Table 1. Numerical convergent values of Nusselt number, Sherwood Number, and the local density number of the motile microorganisms across N, N t , and N b by fixing M = 1, β D = E c = 0, N r = 0.5, R b = 0.5, G r R 2 e = 0.5, P r = 10, L e = 10, L b = 2, P e = 0.5, Ω d = 1.0.       Figure 5, it is determined that by taking an increment in Prandtl number , the temperature distribution slows down, although by enhancing the Hartmann number , it accelerates the temperature distribution. Figure 6 is adorned for the effect of thermophoresis parameter and the Brownian-motion parameter of the temperature distribution, and also notice that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value     Figure 5, it is determined that by taking an increment in Prandtl number , the temperature distribution slows down, although by enhancing the Hartmann number , it accelerates the temperature distribution. Figure 6 is adorned for the effect of thermophoresis parameter and the Brownian-motion parameter of the temperature distribution, and also notice that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value of these parameters. The influence of Eckert number and the Brownian-motion parameter of the temperature distribution is sketched in Figure 7, and it is noticed that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value of these parameters. The further heating due to the interacting of the fluid to nanoparticles because of the Brownian-motion, thermophoresis impact, and viscous dissipation enhance the temperature. Therefore, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer turns into high-thicker across the larger numeric of , , and , and temperature overshoots into the neighborhood of the stretched permeable sheet.   of these parameters. The influence of Eckert number and the Brownian-motion parameter of the temperature distribution is sketched in Figure 7, and it is noticed that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value of these parameters. The further heating due to the interacting of the fluid to nanoparticles because of the Brownian-motion, thermophoresis impact, and viscous dissipation enhance the temperature. Therefore, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer turns into high-thicker across the larger numeric of , , and , and temperature overshoots into the neighborhood of the stretched permeable sheet.     The impact of bioconvection Lewis number , the Brownian-motion parameter , the thermophoresis parameter , the bioconvection , Peclet number , and the microorganisms concentration difference parameter Ω for concentration distribution and the density of motile microorganisms successively are shown through Figures 8-11. Figure 8 is adorned for the effect of bioconvection Lewis number and thermophoresis parameter of the concentration distribution, and also observed that the concentration distribution decelerates by enhancing the numeric value of Lewis number because the convection of nanoparticles enhances by adding more immense value in Lewis number , and also found decremented by taking increment in thermophoresis parameter . Therefore, the nanoparticles' boundary layer thickening has been developed to grow thicker with . From Figure 9, it observed that by enlarging the Brownianmotion parameter and the bioconvection Lewis number , the concentration profile slows down for both the parameters. The graphical behavior of various values of the bioconvection and Peclet number in Figure 10 portrays that a decrement in the density for motile microorganisms quickly occurs by enhancing the bioconvection and Peclet number . That is, the density of motile microorganisms sharply slow downed, and indeed, by strengthening the bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number , interprets the decrement of microorganisms diffusion, hence the density and boundary layer thickness together downturns for motile microorganisms by rising value in and . The influence of the Peclet number and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω is sketched in Figure 11, and it is found that the density of motile microorganisms slowed down by enhancing both the parameters, i.e., the Peclet number and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω .   thermophoresis parameter , the bioconvection , Peclet number , and the microorganisms concentration difference parameter Ω for concentration distribution and the density of motile microorganisms successively are shown through Figures 8-11. Figure 8 is adorned for the effect of bioconvection Lewis number and thermophoresis parameter of the concentration distribution, and also observed that the concentration distribution decelerates by enhancing the numeric value of Lewis number because the convection of nanoparticles enhances by adding more immense value in Lewis number , and also found decremented by taking increment in thermophoresis parameter . Therefore, the nanoparticles' boundary layer thickening has been developed to grow thicker with . From Figure 9, it observed that by enlarging the Brownianmotion parameter and the bioconvection Lewis number , the concentration profile slows down for both the parameters. The graphical behavior of various values of the bioconvection and Peclet number in Figure 10 portrays that a decrement in the density for motile microorganisms quickly occurs by enhancing the bioconvection and Peclet number . That is, the density of motile microorganisms sharply slow downed, and indeed, by strengthening the bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number , interprets the decrement of microorganisms diffusion, hence the density and boundary layer thickness together downturns for motile microorganisms by rising value in and . The influence of the Peclet number and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω is sketched in Figure 11, and it is found that the density of motile microorganisms slowed down by enhancing both the parameters, i.e., the Peclet number and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω .       Figure 2 shows that the velocity distribution decelerates by enhancing the permeability parameter β D . It can be seen as a deceleration in momentum by taking increment in M, due to the existing body-force brought through the magnetic field. A well-known Lorentz force, causing a decrement for the velocity overshooting and momentum boundary-layer thickness. In Figure 3, it is recorded that by taking the increment in N r , the velocity distribution decreases as a result of an increase in the negate buoyancy generated through the existence of nanoparticles, while for the Richardson number G r /R 2 e , it is also found to be decreased by enhancing the values of the Richardson number. Figure 4 portrays that, by taking an increment in R b , the velocity distribution falls because the power of convection due to bioconvection boosted against the convection of buoyancy force. In contrast, for the Richardson number G r /R 2 e , it is found to be decreased by enlarging the values of the Richardson number. The influence of Prandtl number P r , Hartmann number M, the Brownian-motion parameter N b , the thermophoresis parameter N t , local Eckert number E c , for various numeric values are drawn through Figures 5-7. From Figure 5, it is determined that by taking an increment in Prandtl number P r , the temperature distribution slows down, although by enhancing the Hartmann number M, it accelerates the temperature distribution. Figure 6 is adorned for the effect of thermophoresis parameter N t and the Brownian-motion parameter N b of the temperature distribution, and also notice that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value of these parameters. The influence of Eckert number E c and the Brownian-motion parameter N b of the temperature distribution is sketched in Figure 7, and it is noticed that the temperature distribution boosts for both parameters by enhancing the numeric value of these parameters. The further heating due to the interacting of the fluid to nanoparticles because of the Brownian-motion, thermophoresis impact, and viscous dissipation enhance the temperature. Therefore, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer turns into high-thicker across the larger numeric of N t , N b, and E c , and temperature overshoots into the neighborhood of the stretched permeable sheet.
The impact of bioconvection Lewis number L e , the Brownian-motion parameter N b , the thermophoresis parameter N t , the bioconvection L b , Peclet number P e , and the microorganisms concentration difference parameter Ω d for concentration distribution and the density of motile microorganisms successively are shown through Figures 8-11. Figure 8 is adorned for the effect of bioconvection Lewis number L e and thermophoresis parameter N t of the concentration distribution, and also observed that the concentration distribution decelerates by enhancing the numeric value of Lewis number L e because the convection of nanoparticles enhances by adding more immense value in Lewis number L e , and also found decremented by taking increment in thermophoresis parameter N t . Therefore, the nanoparticles' boundary layer thickening has been developed to grow thicker with N t . From Figure 9, it observed that by enlarging the Brownian-motion parameter N b and the bioconvection Lewis number L e , the concentration profile slows down for both the parameters. The graphical behavior of various values of the bioconvection L b and Peclet number P e in Figure 10 portrays that a decrement in the density for motile microorganisms quickly occurs by enhancing the bioconvection L b and Peclet number P e . That is, the density of motile microorganisms sharply slow downed, and indeed, by strengthening the bioconvection Lewis number L b and Peclet number P e , interprets the decrement of microorganisms diffusion, hence the density and boundary layer thickness together downturns for motile microorganisms by rising value in L b and P e . The influence of the Peclet number P e and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω d is sketched in Figure 11, and it is found that the density of motile microorganisms slowed down by enhancing both the parameters, i.e., the Peclet number P e and the concentration of the microorganisms varying parametric quantity Ω d .

Conclusions
The present analysis deals with the behavior of the swimming of the gyrotactic microorganisms in nanofluid propagating past a stretching permeable surface. The effects of porosity and magnetic field are also examined. The Successive Local Linearization Method is found very efficient in solving the nonlinear coupled equations. The SLLM is used across the shooting method, which utilizes the initial guesses for the missing slopes (a Newton-Raphson based iteration method for solving boundary value problem). To see the limitations and validations of this proposed computational methodology, the results are compared with previously published data and shooting method, and it is noticed that the obtained numerical results are in perfect accord with the other similar method. The significant findings of key parameters along with the performance of SLLM are:

1.
It is observed that the permeability parameter and the magnetic field retard the velocity distribution while Richardson parameter boosts the velocity distribution.

2.
Bioconvection Rayleigh number and Buoyancy proportion parametric quantity diminish the velocity distribution.

3.
Prandtl number elevates the temperature distribution while it has been demoted by enlarging the values of the magnetic field. 4.
The thermophoresis parameter and Eckert number significantly uplift the temperature distribution. 5.
Brownian-motion parameter and Lewis number suppress the concentration distribution, whereas an enhancement in the thermophoresis parameter actively elevates the concentration profile. 6.
Bioconvection Lewis number and Peclet number significantly demote the motile microorganism profile. 7.
The SLLM algorithm is smooth to establish and employ because the scheme based on a simple univariate linearization of nonlinear functions. 8.
The convergence speed of the SLLM technique can be willingly upgraded by applying successive over relaxation (SOR) method, the convergence was improved through relaxation parameter in the study.