Asymptotic Behavior and Stability in Linear Impulsive Delay Differential Equations with Periodic Coefﬁcients

: We study ﬁrst order linear impulsive delay differential equations with periodic coefﬁcients and constant delays. This study presents some new results on the asymptotic behavior and stability. Thus, a proper real root was used for a representative characteristic equation. Applications to special cases, such as linear impulsive delay differential equations with constant coefﬁcients, were also presented. In this study, we gave three different cases (stable, asymptotic stable and unstable) in one example. The ﬁndings suggest that an equation that is in a way that characteristic equation plays a crucial role in establishing the results in this study.


Introduction and Preliminaries
The impulsive delay differential equation is considered as: x(t k ) = k , k ∈ Z + = {1, 2, · · · }, (2) where I is the initial segment of natural numbers, a and b i for i ∈ I the continuous real-valued functions on the interval [0, ∞), and τ i for i ∈ I positive real numbers with τ i 1 = τ i 2 for i 1 , i 2 ∈ I such that i 1 = i 2 . Suppose that the functions b i for i ∈ I are not identically zero on [0, ∞) and also the coefficients a and b i for i ∈ I are the periodic functions with a common period T > 0 where τ i = m i T for positive integers m i for i ∈ I. Furthermore, k for k ∈ Z + are real constants and x(t k ) = x(t + k ) − x(t − k ). The impulsive positive points t k satisfy 0 < t 1 < · · · < t k < t k+1 < · · · and lim k→∞ t k = ∞.
Define τ = max i∈I τ i .
Gopalsamy and Zhang, in their extraordinary monograph [12], (Section 3). achieved significant results in linear impulsive delay differential equations in the form where τ is a positive real number, p ∈ C([0, ∞), [0, ∞)) and b i are real numbers. Here, the authors conducted the first to study the oscillation behavior of solutions of linear impulsive delay differential equations. Also, the authors of Reference [44] have obtained a sufficient condition for the persistence of the non-oscillatory solutions of the same equation.
In the following years, Zhao and Yan [45,46] reached some important results by generalizing a little more as given in the form below where p i ∈ C([0, ∞), R), 0 ≤ τ 1 < τ 2 < · · · < τ n , 0 < t 1 < · · · < t k < t k+1 < · · · , lim k→∞ t k = ∞, and b k are constants. Here, the authors have achieved the asymptotic behavior of solutions for impulsive delay differential equations in Reference [45] and the existence of positive solutions for impulsive delay differential equations in Reference [46]. Next, the authors of Reference [47] examined the positive solutions and asymptotic behavior of the same equation with nonlinear Impulses. In the following years, some significant results were obtained behavior of solutions of the linear impulsive delay differential equations with variable delays [48,49]. In recent years, K.E.M. Church and X. Liu [50,51] have obtained very interesting results for linear and semilinear impulsive delay differential equations. The authors of Reference [50] (Section 7) proved that a periodic linear impulsive delay differential system is a periodic center manifold. Later, the authors of Reference [51] developed a computational framework for the center manifold reduction of periodic impulsive delay differential equations. Finally, the same authors of Reference [52] used the center manifold theory for the impulsive delay differential equations [50,51] to obtain information about the orbit structure in a particular pulsed SIR vaccination model involving delay.
Our aim in this paper is to present some new results on the asymptotic behavior and stability for linear impulsive delay differential equations with periodic coefficients. Note that the results in Reference [45] are that sufficient conditions are provided for the oscillatory and non-oscillatory solutions of linear impulsive delay differential equations to tend to zero. However, the article in Reference [45] has no information about unstable of solutions. Different from the article in Reference [45], in this article, we have obtained the stability, asymptotic stability and instability of solutions of (1)-(3) by making use of a suitable real root of the characteristic equation. A combination of several methods [28,[53][54][55][56][57] is referred for the used techniques.
The linear autonomous impulsive delay differential equation is a special version of the impulsive delay differential Equation (1) where τ is positive constant, a, b the real constants for x(t) ∈ R. The impulse times t k satisfy 0 < t 1 < · · · < t k < t k+1 < · · · and lim k→∞ t k = ∞. (see Reference [28] (Chapter 4) In Reference [28], the asymptotic and stability criteria were determined for linear impulsive delay differential equations, including constant coefficients and constant delays.
Providing that (i) x(t) is a continuous function at any point except t k , k ∈ Z + ; (ii) x(t) is continuously differentiable for t ≥ 0 and t = t k , k ∈ Z + ; (iii) for any t k , k ∈ Z + , x(t + k ) and x(t − k ) are available and x(t + k ) = x(t k ); (iv) x(t) satisfies (1) for almost any point in [0, ∞)\{t k }, (2) for all t = t k , k ∈ Z + and (3).
Then, the function x(t) is described as a solution of the initial value problem (1)-(3) on [−τ, ∞). Clearly, any x(t) of (1)-(2) is right-hand continuous at t = t k , t ≥ 0. This paper uses the notation (Clearly, A, B i and B i for i ∈ I are real constants.) We obviously have Furthermore, we associate the following equation with the differential Equation (1) specified as the characteristic equation of (1). There were given sufficient conditions to obtain a unique real root of the characteristic Equation (4) in Philos [53].
In what follows, the T-periodic extensions are denoted by a and b i for i ∈ I for the coefficients a and b i for i ∈ I, respectively, on the interval [−τ, ∞). To construct a suitable mapping for the asymptotic criterion of the solutions, we should reach a finding as follows. Suppose that λ 0 is a real root of (4). We can now write and set Therefore, by (1) we obtain for all t ≥ 0 and t = t k for k ∈ Z + : or, using (5), from the last equation Furthermore, the initial condition (3) is equivalent to Additionally, if x(t) fulfills the impulsive conditions (2), it will be evident that The following lemma will be effective to obtain the basic asymptotic criterion.

Lemma 1.
Suppose that λ 0 is a real root of the characteristic Equation (4) and set (5). Thus y is the single solution of the initial value problem (7)- (9) if and only if y is a solution of the following system where n(t) = max{k ∈ Z + : t k ≤ t} and n(t) = 0 if t < t 1 .
Proof. Assume that y is an appropriate solution of (7)- (9). Considering (7) for t ∈ [t k , t k+1 ), we get If we take into account (9) from the last equation, for t ∈ [t k , t k+1 ), we obtain We remark that the equation is satisfied only when t ∈ [t k , t k+1 ); however, we use the analogous formula to (11) through backstepping to express When we step back similarly, we obtain: . . .
Applying recursive substitution into (11), we obtain in general, the solution y(t) necessarily fulfills: Because of (8), the above equation is equivalently written as Hence, y is a solution for (10). Assume that y solves the integral Equation (10), so y will become the solution of (7)- (9). In fact, using (10), we get It can be easily showed as follows Thus, we have already proved Lemma 1.
By Lemma 1 the following corollary can be derived.
is the solution of the integral Equation (10) which gives the initial condition

The Asymptotic Behaviour of Solutions
We give a fundamental asymptotic criterion as a theorem to solve the problem (1)-(3).

Stability Criterion
Theorem 2. Assume that Theorem 1 is satisfied and µ(λ 0 ) < 1, where µ(λ 0 ) is identified by (12), and h λ 0 (t) and β(λ 0 ) are specified by (5) and (15), respectively. Set Accordingly, the solution x of (1)-(3) meets the following condition where and Note: It is guaranteed by the property (12) that 0 < 1 + β(λ 0 ) < 2. Furthermore, the trivial solution of (1)-(2) is: or, equivalently, providing that the conditions (24) and (25) are met, (ii) asymptotically stable if Proof. Suppose that x is the solution of (1)-(3) and y, z are defined as above, that is, for t ≥ −τ where L(λ 0 ; φ) is defined as in (14). Therefore, we specify W(λ 0 ; φ) as in the proof of Theorem 1, that is, Hence, as in Theorem 1, it can be also proved that z satisfies inequality (22). Thus, for t ≥ 0 we get Using (26) and (29), from (14), we obtain Furthermore, using the definition of W(λ 0 ; φ), we have Thus, using (26) and (28), by (33), we reach for t ≥ 0 Last of all, using the definition of y, we get Therefore, the first part of this theorem has been proven. Now, we can start to establish a proof for the second part (stability criterion).

The Special Case of Linear Impulsive Delay Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
It can be found here a unique case of first order autonomous linear impulsive delay differential equations. Suppose that it is where I is the initial segment of natural numbers, a, b i for i ∈ I are the real constants, and τ i for i ∈ I the positive real numbers with τ i 1 = τ i 2 for i 1 , i 2 with i 1 = i 2 . Furthermore, k for k ∈ Z + are real constants and . The impulsive positive points t k satisfy 0 < t 1 < · · · < t k < t k+1 < · · · and lim k→∞ t k = ∞.
Let τ be defined by τ = max i∈I τ i . and the initial function be given as in (3). The characteristic equation of (36) is There were given sufficient conditions to obtain a unique real root of characteristic equation (37) in Philos [53] (Chapter 5).
The following observation will be made to get a mapping appropriate to the asymptotic criterion for the solutions. Let λ 0 , be a real root of (37). Define Thus, from (36) we get It can also be written that the initial condition (3) is equivalent to In addition, if x(t) meets the impulsive conditions (2), it is evident that The constant coefficients a and b i of (36) can be considered as T -periodic functions, for each real number T > 0. Moreover, as it concerns the autonomous delay differential Equation (36), the hypothesis that there exists positive integers m i for i ∈ I such that τ i = m i T holds by itself. After these observations, it is not difficult to apply the main results of this paper, that is, Lemma 1, Theorems 1 and 2, to the special case of the autonomous linear impulsive delay differential Equation (36). For the impulsive delay differential system (36) and (3), we have the proofs presented below.

Lemma 2.
Suppose that λ 0 is a real root of the characteristic Equation (37). Thus y is the unique solution of (38)- (40) if and only if y is a solution of the following system where n(t) = max{k ∈ Z + : t k ≤ t} and n(t) = 0 if t < t 1 .
By Lemma 2 the following corollary can be derived.
Theorem 3. Suppose that λ 0 be a real root of (37) with Thus the solution x of the system (36) and (3) satisfies Note: It is guaranteed by the property (42) that 0 < 1 + ∑ i∈I b i τ i e −λ 0 τ i < 2.
Application of the Theorem 3 with λ 0 = 0 leads to the following corollary.

Corollary 4.
Assume that The solution x of the system (36) and (3) satisfies Theorem 4. Assume that Theorem 3 is satisfied and Let λ 0 be a real root of (37) satisfying (42) and set Thus the solution x of the system (36) and (3) satisfies Moreover, the trivial solution of (36) and (2) is: stable if λ 0 = 0 or, equivalently, providing that the conditions (43) are met, and (iii) asymptotically stable if λ 0 < 0.

Example
In the following example, we will apply the stability criteria of the Theorem 2. For simplicity of example we consider the problem as follows: x(t k ) = k , k ∈ Z + = {1, 2, · · · }, where a(t) = c 1 + sin 2πt, b(t) = c 2 − sin 2πt (c 1 and c 2 are fixed constants) with period T = 1, t k = k and φ(t) is an arbitrary continuous initial function on [−τ, 0]. The characteristic equation of (44) is from (4) where A = 1 T T 0 a(t)dt and B = 1 We will find the real roots of the characteristic Equation (45) in all three cases below. Note that for each real root λ 0 the characteristic Equation (45), there is from (5) h λ 0 (t) = a(t) + b(t)e −λ 0 τ , for t ≥ 0, and from (12), it becomes We have λ 1 ≈ −1.9 and λ 2 = 0 are real roots of characteristic equation. Let λ 0 ≈ −1.9. Then, the last term in (46) e 1. 9 3 ≈ 2.23. Therefore, Theorem 2 cannot be applied to Equation (44). But, let λ 0 = 0. We check the condition for Theorem 2 as follows: Since h λ 0 (t) = 0, from (46), we obtained easily Therefore, the condition of Theorem 2 is satisfied. Since lim sup the trivial solution of (44) is stable.

Conclusions
In this study, firstly, we created a very useful lemma to prove our fundamental asymptotic criterion. Later, we proved that there was a basic asymptotic criterion for the solutions of the initial value problem (1)-(3). Finally, using this asymptotic criterion, we obtained a useful exponential boundary for solutions of (1)-(3) and showed the stability of trivial solutions. In other words, we determined the stability of the trivial solution by converting the constructed equation into two integral equations. These results were obtained using a suitable real root for the characteristic equation. Namely that, this real root played an important role in establishing the results of the article. We have also presented the application in the special case of constant coefficients of the results obtained. In addition, we gave three different cases in one example.
It would be interesting to use the same method for the stability of first order linear impulsive neutral delay differential equations, which can be the subject of a future study to extend the current results to first order linear impulsive neutral delay differential equations with periodic coefficients to provide valuable insights into the literature.