REPRESENTING SUMS OF FINITE PRODUCTS OF CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS OF THE FIRST KIND AND LUCAS POLYNOMIALS BY CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS

In this paper, we study sums of finite products of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and Lucas polynomials and represent each of them in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of all kinds. Here the coefficients involve terminating hypergeometric functions 2F1 and these representations are obtained by explicit computations.


Introduction
In this article, we will consider the two sums of finite products in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and in terms of Lucas polynomials.More precisely, we will express these polynomials α m,r (x) and β m,r (x) of degree m as linear combinations of Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds.Here, the coefficients involve some terminating hypergeometric functions 2 F 1 .Before we state our main result at the end of this Section 1.1, we will mention some of the previous works that are related to our contribution.Along the same line as the present paper, various sums of finite products of several non-Appell polynomials, namely Chebyshev polynomials of the second, third and fourth kinds and Fibonacci, Legendre, Laguerre polynomials, have been represented by Chebyshev polynomials of all kinds (see [1][2][3]).For sums of finite products of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind and of Fibonacci polynomials, they are also represented by Hermite, generalized Laguerre, Legendre, Gegenbauer and Jacobi polynomials in [4].
In addition, representations by Bernoulli polynomials have been done for certain sums of finite products of some Appell and non-Appell polynomials.Indeed, certain sums of finite products of Bernoulli and Euler polynomials were studied in [5,6], and such sums of finite products were expressed as linear combinations of Bernoulli polynomials.These were done by deriving Fourier series expansions for functions closely related to those sums of finite products.The same had been done also for quite a few non-Appell polynomials in [7][8][9][10], namely Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds, and Legendre, Laguerre, Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials.
Our pursuit of this line of research can be justified by the following.Firstly, the present research can be viewed as a generalization of the classical linearization problems.Indeed, the linearization problem is concerned with determining the coefficients in the expansion of the product u m (x)v n (x) of two polynomials u m (x) and v n (x) in terms of an arbitrary polynomial sequence {w k (x)} k≥0 : Secondly, our problem has to do with the famous Faber-Pandharipande-Zagier and Miki's identities.Namely, it is possible to express the sums of products of two Bernoulli polynomials , as linear combinations of Bernoulli polynomials.Namely, we can show that where H m = ∑ m j=1 1 j are the harmonic numbers.This follows, for example, from the Fourier series expansion of denotes the fractional part of any real number x.Then, the Miki's and Faber-Pandharipande-Zagier identities respectively follow by letting x = 0 and x = 1 2 in (3).This approach via Fourier series expansions is simple compared to other much more involved ones.For some details on these, we let the reader refer to Introduction in [11] and the papers therein.
As we said in the above, we are going to investigate the sums of finite products of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind in (1) and those of Lucas polynomials in (2).Then, we will represent α m,r (x) and β m,r (x) in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the four kinds T n (x), U n (x), V n (x), and W n (x).These will be done by explicit computations, using the general formulas in Proposition 1 and Proposition 2. We note here that the results in Proposition 1 can be derived by making use of orthogonalities, Rodrigues' formulas and integration by parts.The next two theorems are the main results of this paper.
Theorem 1.Let m, r be any integers with m ≥ 2, r ≥ 1.Then, we have the following: Here, [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.
Theorem 2. Let m, r be integers with m ≥ 2, r ≥ 1.Then, we have the following identities: For related papers on Chebyshev polynomials, we let the reader refer to [12,13].

Preliminaries
In this section, after fixing some notations, we will recall some basic facts that are needed in this paper.
For any nonnegative integer n, the falling factorial polynomials (x) n and the rising factorial polynomials x n are respectively given by The two factorial polynomials are related by The hypergeometric function Below, we are going to recall some very basic facts about Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds, and Lucas polynomials.The Chebyshev polynomials belong to the family of classical orthogonal polynomials.For full accounts of this fascinating area of mathematics, we let the reader refer to [14][15][16].
In terms of generating functions, the Lucas polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds are respectively given by In addition, the Lucas polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds are respectively given by the following explicit expressions: The Chebyshev polynomials of the first, second, third and fourth kinds are given by Rodrigues' formulas: As is well known, the Chebyshev polynomials satisfy orthogonalities with respect to various weight functions as in the following: where Our paper is organized as follows.In Section 1, we give an introduction as to our problem of interest, justification of our research, our contributions to the problem and the necessary ingredients on Lucas polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of all kinds.In Section 2, we prove Theorem 1 by using the general facts in Propositions 1 and 2 and the key Lemma 1.In Section 3, we show Theorem 2 again by exploiting Propositions 1 and 2 and the crucial Lemma 2. In Section 4, we will be able to get identities among eight expressions by using the well known relationship between Lucas polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and combining Theorems 1 and 2. Finally, in Section 5, we present the conclusions of this paper.

Proof of Theorem 1
Here, we will prove only (4) and ( 6) in Theorem 1, leaving ( 5) and ( 7) as an exercise for the reader.For this purpose, we first state two results that are needed in showing Theorems 1 and 2.
Proposition 2. Let m, k be nonnegative integers.Then, we have the following: (a) 1 −1 The following lemma was stated and proved in [10].
Lemma 1.Let m, r be integers with m ≥ 2, r ≥ 1.Then, we have the following identity: where the first and second inner sums on the left-hand side are respectively over all nonnegative integers i 1 , From ( 22), the rth derivative of T n (x) is given by Thus, in particular, we With α m,r (x) as in (1), we let Then, from (a) of Proposition 1, (35), (37), and integration by parts k times, we have We note from (a) in Proposition 2 that 1 −1 From ( 38)-( 40), and, after some simplifications, we get This completes the proof for (4) in Theorem 1.
Next, we let Then, from (c) of Proposition 1, (35), (37) and integration by parts k times , we obtain From (c) of Proposition 2, we observe that 1 −1 By ( 42)-( 44), and, after some simplifications, we get Further modifications of (45) give us This finishes up the proof for ( 6) in Theorem 1.

Proof of Theorem 2
Here, we will show only ( 9) and ( 11) in Theorem 2, leaving the proofs for ( 8) and ( 10) as an exercise for the reader.The following lemma is crucial to our discussion in this section.As it is stated in [10] but not proved, we are going to show this.Lemma 2. Let m, r be integers with m ≥ 2, r ≥ 1.Then, the following identity holds: where the first and second inner sums on the left-hand side are respectively over all nonnegative integers i 1 , Proof.By differentiating (16) r times, we have Equating ( 48) and (49), we obtain On the other hand, from ( 16) and (50), we note that Thus, from (51), we have In turn, from (52), we get Comparing the coefficients on both sides of (53), we get the desired result.
From (10), we note that the rth derivative of L n (x) is given by In particular, we have With β m,r (x) as in (2), we put Then, from (b) of Proposition 2, (47), (55), and integration by parts k times, we have We observe from (b) in Proposition 2 that 1 −1 Now, from (56)-(58), and, after some simplifications, we get This completes the proof for (9) in Theorem 2.
Next, we let Then, from (d) of Proposition 1, (47), (55) and integration by parts k times, we have From (d) of Proposition 2, we note that 1 −1 By ( 60)-( 62), and after some simplifications, we obtain After further modifications of (63), we get This finishes up the proof for (11) in Theorem 2.

Further Remarks
It is well known that the Lucas polynomials L n (x) and the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind T n (x) are related by ).
Then, it is immediate to see from ( 1), ( 2) and (65) that the following identity holds: Now, the following theorem follows from Theorem 1, Theorem 2, and (66).

Conclusions
In the present paper, we considered the sums of finite products of Chebyshev polynomials α m,r (x) of the first kind in (1) and those of Lucas polynomials β m,r (x) in (2), and expressed each of them as linear combinations of T n (x), U n (x), and V n (x), and W n (x), to find that all the coefficients involve terminating hypergeometric functions 2 F 1 .Here, we remark that Lemmas 1 and 2 have been crucial to our discussion, which say that α m,r (x) and β m,r (x) are respectively equal to 1  2 r−1 r! T m+r (x) by using the generating functions in ( 16) and (17).Then, our results were obtained by using those Lemmas 1 and 2, Propositions 1 and 2, and integration by parts.Consequently, by using a well known relation between Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and Lucas polynomials and combining Theorems 1 and 2, we were able to discover the amusing identities in (67) among all kinds of Chebyshev polynomials.It is certainly possible to express such sums of finite products in terms of other orthogonal polynomials, which is one of our ongoing projects.More generally, along the same line as the present paper, we are planning to study various sums of finite products of certain special polynomials and want to discover many applications of them.